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Handbook of Orthodontics
- 3rd Edition - June 11, 2024
- Authors: Martyn T. Cobourne, Andrew T. DiBiase
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 8 2 6 1 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 8 2 6 2 - 0
The Handbook of Orthodontics offers a concise and accessible overview of the scientific and clinical basis of orthodontics. This popular textbook explores the concepts of oc… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe Handbook of Orthodontics offers a concise and accessible overview of the scientific and clinical basis of orthodontics.
This popular textbook explores the concepts of occlusion and malocclusion, craniofacial development, postnatal growth and development of the dentition. It takes the reader through the principles of patient examination, orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning - with detailed chapters on the management of malocclusion, dentofacial orthopaedics, fixed appliances, skeletal anchorage, aligner systems and orthognathic surgery. There is a strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine throughout, with a dedicated chapter outlining the theoretical basis of good clinical research and critical appraisal, with summaries of the latest clinical evidence throughout the book.
A clear writing style and the inclusion of over 500 high-quality illustrations make the Handbook a defining text for postgraduate students training for specialist exams and dental undergraduates wanting to learn more about clinical orthodontics.
This popular textbook explores the concepts of occlusion and malocclusion, craniofacial development, postnatal growth and development of the dentition. It takes the reader through the principles of patient examination, orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning - with detailed chapters on the management of malocclusion, dentofacial orthopaedics, fixed appliances, skeletal anchorage, aligner systems and orthognathic surgery. There is a strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine throughout, with a dedicated chapter outlining the theoretical basis of good clinical research and critical appraisal, with summaries of the latest clinical evidence throughout the book.
A clear writing style and the inclusion of over 500 high-quality illustrations make the Handbook a defining text for postgraduate students training for specialist exams and dental undergraduates wanting to learn more about clinical orthodontics.
- Covers the theoretical basis of orthodontics in detail, including definitive chapters on craniofacial development, postnatal growth, development of the dentition and craniofacial syndromes.
- Full coverage of clinical orthodontics including examination, diagnosis and the use of contemporary removable, fixed and clear aligner appliance systems.
- Evidence-based updates are present throughout – ideal for students wanting a comprehensive overview of the latest clinical research.
- Controversies and areas of special interest are covered in standalone text boxes.
- Consolidated bibliography with short summaries of important papers so you can easily keep up to date.
- More than 500 illustrations and photographs to help explain and illustrate specific points.
- Easy to read and navigate – helps you to understand the complex concepts.
- Small enough to carry around with you as a quick reference guide.
- An enhanced eBook version is included with each purchase – search and customise your content, highlight and make notes, and have content read out loud to you.
M5 - HHS Nursing/allied reference
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Preface to the First Edition
- Preface to the Third Edition
- Acknowledgements
- Dedication
- CHAPTER 1. Evidence-Based Orthodontics
- PICO: Formulating The Right Question
- Clinical Study Design
- Patient-Centred Research
- Qualitative research
- Research ethics
- THE HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE
- Choosing the Right Study Design
- Bias and Confounding
- Hypothesis testing and estimation
- Randomised Controlled Trials
- All RCTs are not equal
- Split-mouth trials
- Systematic Review
- Risk of Bias
- Meta-analysis
- Effect sizes
- Interpreting the forest plot
- Heterogeneity
- Fixed-effect and random-effects analysis
- Core Outcomes for Orthodontic Clinical Trials
- Core Outcomes in Clinical Trials
- Clinical Practice Guidelines
- The GRADE Framework
- The Cochrane Collaboration
- CHAPTER 2. Occlusion and Malocclusion
- Ideal Occlusion
- Classification of Malocclusion
- Molar Classification
- Variation in the molar relationship
- Canine Classification
- Incisor Classification
- Prevalence of Malocclusion
- Aetiology of Malocclusion
- Genetic Influences
- Environmental Factors
- Soft tissue envelope
- Mouth breathing
- Muscular activity
- Non-nutritive sucking behaviour
- Diet
- Pathology
- Childhood fractures of jaws
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Excessive growth hormone
- Periodontal disease
- Dentoalveolar trauma
- Early loss of primary teeth
- Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment
- Resistance to Caries and Periodontal Disease
- Improvement in Masticatory Efficiency
- Improvement in Speech
- Improvement in Breathing
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Prevention of Trauma
- Psychological Benefits
- Risks of Orthodontic Treatment
- Risks From Appliances
- Enamel demineralisation
- Enamel fracture
- Root resorption
- Pain and damage to the pulp
- Gingivitis
- Alveolar bone loss
- Oral ulceration
- Headgear injury
- Generalised Risks Associated With Orthodontic Treatment
- Facial aesthetics
- Relapse
- Failure of treatment
- Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction
- Contemporary management of TMD in orthodontic practice
- Provision of Orthodontic Treatment
- Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
- Dental Health Component
- Aesthetic Component
- Monitoring Orthodontic Treatment
- Peer Assessment Rating
- Index of Complexity and Orthodontic Need
- CHAPTER 3. Prenatal Development of the Craniofacial Region
- Embryonic Origins of the Head and Neck
- The Prechordal Plate – A Molecular Organiser for the Brain and Face
- Early Organisation of the Craniofacial Region
- The Pharyngeal Arches
- Development of the Face
- Achieving Individual Facial Variation
- Development of the Palate
- Development of the Pharyngeal Region
- Development of the Skull
- The Cranial Vault (Desmocranium)
- The Cranial Base (Chondrocranium)
- Facial Skeleton (Viscerocranium)
- Molecular Regulation of Early Craniofacial Development
- Early Development of the Head is Based Upon Segmentation
- Lessons From the Fly
- Hox Genes and Craniofacial Development
- Patterning the First Pharyngeal Arch
- Giving the Jaws Identity: Dlx Genes
- Orchestrating Development of the Upper Lip and Palate
- Upper lip formation
- Secondary palate
- Molecular Regulation of Bone Formation
- Endochondral ossification
- Intramembranous ossification
- Osteoblast differentiation
- CHAPTER 4. Postnatal Growth of the Craniofacial Region
- General Growth of The Body
- Growth Studies
- Growth charts
- Craniofacial Growth
- Craniofacial Growth Studies
- Secular trends in growth
- Using data from craniofacial growth studies in orthodontic research
- The Skull at Birth
- Mechanisms of Craniofacial Bone Growth
- Patterns of Bone Remodelling
- Theories of Craniofacial Growth
- The Remodelling Theory
- The Sutural Theory
- The Cartilaginous Theory
- The Functional Matrix Theory
- Jan van Limborgh
- The Part–Counterpart Principle
- The Servosystem Theory
- Growth of The Cranial Vault
- Growth of The Cranial Base
- Growth of The Face
- Growth of the Upper Face
- Growth of the Nasomaxillary Complex
- Growth of The Mandible
- Condylar Cartilage
- Condylar cartilage and the epiphysis
- Mandibular Growth Rotations
- Abnormalities of Mandibular Growth
- Dentoalveolar Compensation
- Growth Prediction
- Visualised Treatment Objective
- Craniofacial Growth and the Adolescent Growth Spurt
- Hand–Wrist Radiographs
- Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM)
- Dental Development
- Adult Craniofacial Growth
- CHAPTER 5. Development of the Dentition
- Prenatal Development of the Dentition
- The Anatomy of Tooth Development
- The Molecular Control of Tooth Development
- Patterning the dentition: a molecular code for tooth shape
- Postnatal Development of the Dentition
- The Jaws at Birth
- The Primary Dentition
- The Mixed Dentition
- Eruption of first permanent molars and incisors
- Eruption of premolars, canines and second permanent molars
- Eruption of the third permanent molars
- Occlusal Changes in the Permanent Dentition
- Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- CHAPTER 6. Orthodontic Tooth Movement
- Biological Basis of Tooth Movement
- Physiology of Bone
- Bone remodelling
- The Periodontal Ligament
- Biomechanics of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
- Pressure–tension theory
- Bone-bending and bioelectric signalling
- Mechanotransduction of orthodontic forces
- Root Resorption
- The Mechanical Basis of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
- Tipping Teeth and the Use of Conventional Removable Appliances
- Design of Conventional Removable Appliances
- Retentive components
- Active components
- Clinical applications of conventional removable appliances
- Bodily Movement and the Use of Fixed Appliances
- Force Systems
- One-couple force system
- Two-couple force system
- Friction
- Anchorage
- Sources of anchorage
- Headgear
- Direction of force
- Duration of force
- Level of force
- Headgear and safety
- Anchorage Loss
- Heavy forces
- Maxillary arch
- Occlusal interferences
- Vertical growth pattern
- CHAPTER 7. The Orthodontic Patient: Examination and Diagnosis
- Patient’s Complaint and Motivation
- Dental History
- Medical History
- Heart Defects With Risk of Infective Endocarditis
- Bleeding and Haematological Disorders
- Childhood Malignancies
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Organ Transplantation and Immunosuppression
- Epilepsy
- Asthma
- Allergies
- Bisphosphonates
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Eating Disorders
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Anxiety
- EXTRAORAL Examination
- Frontal View
- Vertical relationship
- Transverse relationship and symmetry
- Profile view
- Anteroposterior relationship
- Nasolabial angle and lip protrusion
- Vertical relationship
- Intraoral Examination
- Oral and Dental Health
- Dental Arches
- Bolton ratios and tooth-size discrepancy
- Static Occlusion
- Incisor relationship
- Overjet
- Overbite
- Anterior crossbite
- Centrelines
- Buccal segments
- Posterior crossbite
- Functional Occlusion
- Temporomandibular Joint
- Orthodontic Records
- Study Models
- Digital study models
- Clinical Photographs
- Radiographs
- Radiation protection
- Routine radiographs used in orthodontic assessment
- When to take radiographs
- Three-Dimensional Imaging
- Cone-beam computed tomography
- Optical laser scanning and stereo photogrammetry
- Cephalometric Radiography
- Cephalometric Analysis
- Diagnosis and treatment planning
- Monitoring treatment progress
- Research
- Growth prediction
- Tracing a Lateral Skull Cephalometric Radiograph
- Computer-based cephalometric analysis
- Horizontal Reference Planes
- Frankfort horizontal plane
- Sella–Nasion plane
- Maxillary plane
- Occlusal plane
- Mandibular plane
- Assessing the Anteroposterior Skeletal Relationship
- The ANB angle
- Wits appraisal
- Harvold unit lengths
- Ballard conversion tracing
- Assessing the Vertical Skeletal Relationship
- Maxillary–mandibular plane angle
- Frankfort–mandibular plane angle
- Anterior and posterior face heights
- Assessing the Dental Relationship
- Maxillary incisor relationship
- Mandibular incisor relationship
- Mandibular incisor position within the face
- Interincisal angle
- Cephalometric Analyses
- Downs analysis
- Steiner analysis
- McNamara analysis
- Sassouni analysis
- Eastman analysis
- Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis
- Ricketts’ E-line
- Nasolabial angle
- Holdaway soft tissue analysis
- Errors in Cephalometric Analysis
- Cephalometric Superimposition
- Analysing changes in the facial skeleton
- Analysing changes in the maxilla and mandible
- CHAPTER 8. The Orthodontic Patient: Treatment Planning
- Timing of Treatment
- Arch Development
- Growth Modification
- Early treatment for class II skeletal discrepancies
- Early treatment for class III malocclusion
- Occlusal Correction to Eliminate a Mandibular Displacement
- Treatment Planning: Basic Principles
- Aims of Treatment
- Facial Aims
- Occlusal Aims
- Planning to Achieve The Facial AIMS of Treatment
- Anteroposterior Position of the Maxillary Incisors
- Vertical position of the maxillary incisors
- Dentogingival aesthetics
- Anteroposterior Position of the Mandibular Incisors
- Class I malocclusion
- Class II malocclusion
- Class III malocclusion
- Planning to Achieve The Occlusal AIMS of Treatment
- Space Creation
- Extraction of teeth
- Transverse arch expansion
- Anteroposterior arch lengthening
- Reduction of tooth widths
- Planning Orthodontic Tooth Movement
- Mandibular arch
- Maxillary arch
- Buccal occlusion
- Incisor relationship
- Choice of Appliance
- How Long Will Orthodontic Treatment Take?
- Consent
- Limiting Factors to Orthodontic Treatment
- Limiting Factors Relating to the Patient
- Limiting Factors Relating to the Malocclusion
- Orthodontics and Dentoalveolar Trauma
- CHAPTER 9. Functional Jaw Orthopaedics
- Maxilla
- Maxillary Expansion
- Maxillary expansion and the airway
- Maxillary Retraction in Class II Cases
- Total Maxillary Arch Distalisation Using Fixed Anchorage
- Maxillary Protraction in Class III Cases
- Bone-anchored maxillary protraction
- Functional Appliances
- How Do Functional Appliances Work?
- Facial skeleton
- Dentition and occlusion
- Orofacial soft tissues
- Muscles of mastication
- Biological Effects of Functional Appliances
- Animal studies
- Clinical studies
- Clinical Effects of Functional Appliances
- Removable Functional Appliances
- Activators
- Andresen activator
- Harvold or Woodside activator
- Balters Bionator
- Medium opening activator
- Functional Regulator
- Clark Twin Block
- Digital twin blocks
- Clinical Use of Functional Appliances
- Timing of Treatment
- Early orthopaedic treatment
- Later treatment during the growth spurt
- A pragmatic approach to treatment timing in class II cases
- Pre-functional Stage
- Expansion and labial segment alignment appliances
- Impressions and Bite
- Appliance Fitting and Review
- End of Functional Appliance Treatment and Retention
- Managing the Transition From Functional to Fixed Appliances
- Fixed Class II Correctors
- Herbst Appliance
- Forsus Spring and Powerscope
- Carriere Motion 3D Appliance
- MANDIBULAR RESTRAINT
- Chin Cup Therapy
- Functional Appliances for Class III Malocclusion
- CHAPTER 10. Contemporary Fixed Appliances
- The Evolution of Fixed Appliances
- The Standard Edgewise Appliance
- Light Wire Appliances
- The pre-adjusted Edgewise Appliance
- Customised pre-adjusted edgewise appliances
- Lingual Appliances
- Components of Fixed Appliances
- Brackets
- Edgewise brackets
- Aesthetic edgewise brackets
- Light wire appliance brackets
- Self-ligating brackets
- Lingual brackets
- Archwires
- Archwire materials
- Auxiliaries
- Palatal and lingual arches
- Fixed expansion arches
- Using The pre-adjusted Edgewise Appliance
- Molar Banding
- Bracket Bonding and Placement
- Acid-etch or self-etch primer?
- Direct and indirect bonding
- Bracket positioning
- Bracket Prescriptions
- Individual bracket variations
- Archwire Placement
- Removal of Appliances
- Stages of Fixed Appliance Treatment
- Levelling and Aligning
- Laceback ligatures
- Overbite Control
- Space Closure and Overjet Correction
- Finishing
- How Long Should Orthodontic Treatment With Fixed Appliances Take?
- CHAPTER 11. Skeletal Anchorage
- Development of Skeletal Anchorage
- Design of Miniscrews
- Benefits and Risks of Skeletal Anchorage
- Damage to Tooth Roots and Periodontal Tissues
- Inflammation and Gingival Hyperplasia
- Perforation of the Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Cavity
- Damage to Nerves and Blood Vessels
- Miniscrew Fracture
- Miniscrew Failure
- Placement and Removal of Miniscrews
- Force Application
- Clinical Applications of Skeletal Anchorage
- Anchorage Reinforcement
- Molar Distalisation
- Intrusion
- Expansion
- Maxillary Protraction
- CHAPTER 12. Management of the Developing Dentition
- Early Loss of Primary Teeth
- Balancing and Compensating Extractions
- Space maintenance
- Prolonged Retention of Primary Teeth
- Retained Primary Second Molars
- Hemisection
- Infraocclusion and Ankylosis
- Ankylosed permanent maxillary incisors
- Selective Tooth Agenesis
- Nonsyndromic STHAG
- Syndromic STHAG
- Management of tooth agenesis
- Supernumerary Teeth
- Abnormalities of Tooth Size
- Abnormalities of Tooth Form
- Abnormalities of Eruption
- Unerupted Maxillary Permanent Incisor
- Clinical examination
- Conventional radiography
- Cone-beam computed tomography
- Management
- Unerupted Maxillary Permanent Canine
- Clinical examination
- Conventional radiography
- Cone-beam computed tomography
- Interceptive treatment
- Unerupted Mandibular Permanent Canine
- Unerupted First Permanent Molar
- Unerupted Second Permanent Molar
- Primary Failure of Eruption
- Management
- Transposition
- Management
- Maxillary Midline Diastema
- Management
- Early Loss of Permanent Teeth
- Early Loss of First Permanent Molars
- Interceptive extraction of first permanent molars
- First permanent molar extraction within the context of managing malocclusion
- Balancing and compensating first permanent molar extractions
- Class I Malocclusion
- Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
- Class II Division 2 Malocclusion
- Class III Malocclusion
- Early Loss of the Maxillary Central Incisor
- Management
- Management
- Non-Nutritive Sucking Behaviour
- Tongue-Tie
- Crowding in The Mixed Dentition
- Mixed Dentition Space Analysis
- Management
- Crossbites in The Mixed Dentition
- Posterior Crossbite
- Removable appliances
- Fixed tooth-borne appliances
- Fixed tooth and bone-borne or exclusively bone-borne appliances
- Anterior Crossbites
- Removable appliances
- Fixed appliances
- Skeletal Problems in The Mixed Dentition
- Class II Malocclusion
- Removable appliances
- Functional appliances
- Class III Malocclusion
- Functional appliances
- Fixed appliances
- Maxillary protraction
- Abnormalities of Tooth Structure
- Enamel Defects
- Amelogenesis Imperfecta
- Dentine Defects
- Inherited conditions affecting dentine
- Orthodontic management of AI and DGI
- CHAPTER 13. Management of the Permanent Dentition
- Tooth–Arch Size Problems
- Crowding
- Mild crowding
- Moderate crowding
- Severe crowding
- Impacted Maxillary Permanent Canine
- Surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment
- Autotransplantation
- Extracting the canine or leaving it in situ
- Spacing
- Maxillary midline diastema
- Tooth agenesis
- Anteroposterior Problems
- Increased Overjet
- Mechanotherapy for reducing an overjet
- Reduced or Reverse Overjet
- Mechanotherapy for correcting a class III incisor relationship
- Orthognathic surgery and class III malocclusion
- Bimaxillary Protrusion
- Vertical Problems
- Increased Overbite
- Mechanotherapy for correcting an increased overbite
- The Dahl concept
- Anterior open bite
- Mechanotherapy to correct an anterior open bite
- Transverse Problems
- Buccal Posterior Crossbite
- Mechanotherapy to correct a posterior crossbite
- Lingual posterior crossbites
- Adult Orthodontics
- Why Do Adults Undertake Orthodontic Treatment?
- Special Problems Associated With Orthodontic Treatment in Adults
- Previous orthodontic treatment
- Growth and biological maturity
- Periodontal tissues
- Restorations
- Aesthetics
- Adult Orthodontics as an Adjunct to Restorative Treatment
- Adult Orthodontics as an Adjunct to Periodontal Treatment
- Short-Term Orthodontics
- Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
- Mandibular Advancement Splints
- Relapse and Retention
- Relapse
- Periodontal and gingival tissues
- Soft tissues
- Occlusion
- Growth and aging
- Retention
- Original malocclusion
- Tooth movement
- Growth pattern
- Type of Retainers
- Removable retainers
- Fixed retainers
- Duration of Retention
- No retention
- Medium-term retention
- Permanent retention
- CHAPTER 14. Clear Aligners
- Orthodontic Clear Aligners – The Renaissance of Removable Appliances?
- How Do Aligner Systems Achieve Tooth Movement?
- How Effective Are Aligners at Moving Teeth?
- Providing Orthodontic Treatment With Aligners
- Diagnostic Data Acquisition
- Intraoral scanning
- Digital workflow
- Attachments
- Interproximal Reduction
- Treatment Adjuncts
- Staging Treatment
- Manufacture of Aligners
- Indirect Aligner Production
- Direct 3D-Printed Aligners
- Mechanical Properties of Aligner Materials
- Treatment Outcomes With Aligners
- Refinements
- Alternative Removable Aligner Systems
- Barrer Retainer and Inman Aligner
- CHAPTER 15. Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery
- Common Facial Deformities
- Patients Presenting for Orthognathic Surgery
- Do Patients Benefit From Orthognathic Surgery?
- Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need
- Assessment of Patients for Orthognathic Treatment
- Facial Assessment of the Orthognathic Patient
- Soft tissue cephalometric analysis for facial deformity
- The Process of Combined Orthodontic AND Surgical Treatment
- Pre-surgical Orthodontic Treatment
- Alignment of the dental arches
- Altering the labiolingual position of the incisors
- Arch levelling
- Transverse arch coordination
- Final Surgical Planning
- Model surgery
- Digital planning
- Final preoperative checks
- Surgical Movements
- Maxillary procedures
- Mandibular procedures
- Post-surgical Orthodontic Treatment
- Distraction osteogenesis
- Common Malocclusions and Their Surgical Treatment
- Class II Malocclusion
- Class III Malocclusion
- Anterior open bite
- Vertical maxillary excess
- Facial asymmetry
- Condylar hyperplasia
- Stability of Orthodontic–Surgical Treatment
- CHAPTER 16. Cleft Lip and Palate, and Syndromes Affecting the Craniofacial Region
- Identifying Candidate Genes for Genetic Conditions
- Exome Sequencing: Reading the Whole Genome
- Genomic medicine – personalised to you
- Cleft Lip and Palate
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Management of CLP and CP
- Antenatal (Before Birth) Care
- Care From Birth to 3 Months of Age
- Pre-surgical orthopaedics
- Care From 3 to 12 Months of Age
- Lip repair
- Palate repair (palatoplasty)
- Care From 18 Months to 5 Years of Age
- Velopharyngeal insufficiency
- Middle ear disease
- Dental care in the primary dentition
- Full assessment at 5 years of age
- Care From 6 to 12 Years of Age
- Orthodontic care during the mixed dentition
- Alveolar bone grafting
- Care From 13 to 20 Years of Age
- Orthodontic care during the permanent dentition
- Local surgical revisions
- Care From 21+ Years of Age
- Cleidocranial Dysplasia
- Ectodermal Dysplasia
- Hemifacial Microsomia
- 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
- Treacher Collins Syndrome
- Pierre Robin Syndrome
- Craniosynostosis
- Isolated Craniosynostosis
- Apert Syndrome
- Crouzon Syndrome
- Oral–Facial–Digital Syndromes
- Holoprosencephaly
- Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 608
- Language: English
- Edition: 3
- Published: June 11, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323882613
- eBook ISBN: 9780323882620
MC
Martyn T. Cobourne
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Development, King's College London Dental Institute; Hon Consultant in Orthodontics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, King’s Health Partners, UKAD
Andrew T. DiBiase
Andrew DiBiase is a consultant orthodontist based at East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust in Ashford and works in part-time NHS and private practice in Kent. He graduated as a dental surgeon from King’s College London School of Medicine and Dentistry in 1990. After a series of junior hospital appointments in maxillofacial surgery, oral pathology, paediatric dentistry and periodontology he obtained a Fellowship in Dental Surgery from the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1994. A three-year period of specialty training in orthodontics at the Royal London Hospital led to a Membership in Orthodontics from the Royal College of Surgeons of England and entry onto the Specialist List in Orthodontics in 1997. He carried out his higher orthodontic training in Sheffield and Leicester and was awarded the Intercollegiate Specialty Fellowship in Orthodontics in 2000, being appointed Consultant Orthodontist at the Kent and Canterbury Hospital shortly after.
Andrew is involved in the postgraduate training programmes and is an MSc examiner at the Royal London and Guy’s Dental Schools. He is active in the British Orthodontic Society and he is registered on the Specialist Orthodontic List of the General Dental Council. He is a provisional member of the Angle Society of Europe.
Affiliations and expertise
Consultant in Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK