Handbook of Natural Polymers, Volume 1

Sources, Synthesis, and Characterization

1st Edition - May 31, 2023

Editors: M.S. Sreekala, Lakshmipriya Ravindran, Koichi Goda, Sabu Thomas

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 8 5 3 - 6

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 8 5 4 - 3

The Handbook of Natural Polymers: Sources, Synthesis, and Characterization is a comprehensive resource covering extraction and processing methods for polymers from natural… Read more

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The Handbook of Natural Polymers: Sources, Synthesis, and Characterization is a comprehensive resource covering extraction and processing methods for polymers from natural sources, with an emphasis on the latest advances.

The book begins by introducing the current state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities in natural polymers. This is followed by detailed coverage of extraction, synthesis, and characterization methods, organized by polymer type. Along with broad chapters discussing approaches to polysaccharide-based polymers, dedicated chapters offer in-depth information on nanocellulose, chitin and chitosan, gluten, alginate, natural rubber, gelatin, pectin, lignin, keratin, gutta percha, shellac, silk, wood, casein, albumin, collagen, hemicellulose, polyhydroxyalkanoates, zein, soya protein, and gum. The final chapters explore other key themes, including filler interactions and properties in natural polymer-based composites, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, biodegradability, life cycle, and recycling. Throughout the book, information is supported by data, and guidance is offered regarding potential scale-up and industry factors.

As part of a 3-volume handbook offering comprehensive coverage of natural polymers, this book will be of interest to all those looking to gain a broad knowledge of natural polymers, including academic researchers, scientists, advanced students, engineers, and R&D professionals from a range of disciplines and industries.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. The state of the art of biopolymers-new challenges, opportunities, and future prospects
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Classifications of natural polymers
1.3. Summary and future outlook
Chapter 2. Extraction and classification of starch from different sources: Structure, properties, and characterization
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Sources of starch and its content
2.3. Extraction and isolation of starch
2.4. Structure of starch
2.5. Functional properties of starch and their methods of analyses
2.6. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Starch as a promising replacement for synthetic polymers
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Starch modifications and thermoplastic starch
3.3. Thermoplastic starch
3.4. Applications of starch as a bioplastic and to food
3.5. Starch biodegradability
3.6. Conclusion and future outlook
Chapter 4. Recent studies on starch-based materials: Blends, composites, and nanocomposites
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Starch
4.3. Starch-based blends
4.4. Starch-based composites and nanocomposite
4.5. Processing
4.6. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Recent perception into the extraction of nanocellulose: cross talk between natural resources and progressive applications
Abbreviations
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Cellulosic biomass
5.3. Nanocellulose
5.4. Preparative techniques in nanocellulose production
5.5. Extraction of nanocellulose
5.6. Characterization of nanocellulose
5.7. Applications of nanocellulose
5.8. Concluding remarks and future outlook
Chapter 6. Extraction of chitin, preparation of chitosan and their structural characterization
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Structural characterization of chitin and chitosan
6.3. Solution properties of chitosan, determination of molar mass
6.4. Extraction of chitin
6.5. Deacetylation of chitin: preparation of chitosan
6.6. Role of process and structure of original chitin
6.7. Role of the source
6.8. Preparation of chitins and chitosans with controlled physicochemical properties
6.9. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Chitin and chitosan-based polymer blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, and gels
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Modification of chitosan
7.3. Applications of chitosan-based polymer blends
7.4. Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 8. Antibacterial efficacy of natural compounds chitin and chitosan: a mechanistic disclosure
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Historical perspective
8.3. Chitin
8.4. Chitosan
8.5. Antibacterial effect of chitin
8.6. Mechanism of action of chitosan against pathogenic microbes
8.7. Factors affecting the antibacterial activity of chitosan
8.8. Applications of chitosan
8.9. Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 9. Anisotropic nanoscale green materials: prior and current status of nanocellulose and nanochitin systems
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Cellulose and nanocellulose
9.3. Chitin and nanochitin
9.4. Utility of biobased nanomaterials
9.5. Conclusions and future prospects
Chapter 10. Grafted natural polymers: synthesis and structure–property relationships
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Natural polymers/polysaccharides
10.3. Structure–property relationship of grafted natural polymer
10.4. Goals of grafting of natural polymer
10.5. Concept of grafting
10.6. Types of grafting
10.7. Techniques of synthesis of grafted natural polymers
10.8. Controlling factors of grafting
10.9. Reported grafted natural polysaccharides
10.10. Characterization of the grafted natural polymeric materials
10.11. Conclusions and outlook
Chapter 11. Isolation of gluten from wheat flour and its structural analysis
11.1. Gluten
11.2. Structure
11.3. Gluten sources and properties
11.4. Importance of gluten in food
11.5. Role of gluten in wheat
11.6. Milling of wheat cultivars
11.7. Extraction, characterization and structural analysis of gluten
11.8. Uses and applications of gluten
11.9. Future perspectives
11.10. Conclusion
Chapter 12. Extraction of alginate from natural resources
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Extraction of alginate from natural sources
12.3. Factors in alginate extraction
12.4. Characterization techniques for structural analysis of alginate
12.5. Applications of alginate
12.6. Future scope
Chapter 13. Physical and chemical impact of nanoparticle-reinforced alginate-based biomaterials
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Potent versatilities of alginates-biomaterials as nanomaterials
13.3. Physical (morphological transformation during fabrication) of nanoalginates (NAs)
13.4. Morphological characterization
13.5. Chemical (utilities in physical outputs and environmental remediation)
13.6. Magnetic alginates
13.7. Biological (biomedical applications)
13.8. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Natural rubber-based micro- and nanocomposites
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Natural rubber and composite formation
14.3. Micro and nanofillers
14.4. Natural rubber-based microcomposites
14.5. Natural rubber-based nanocomposites
14.6. Applications of natural rubber-based micro/nanocomposite
14.7. Outlook
Chapter 15. Isolation and structural evaluation of pectin, pectin-based polymer blends, composites, IPNs and gels
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Structure of pectin and extraction methods
15.3. Technological and biological properties
15.4. Pectin gelation, pectin based-gels, hydrogels, interpenetrating polymer networks, and composites
15.5. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Extraction, properties, and applications of keratin-based films and blends
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Physicochemical properties of keratin
16.3. Keratin sources
16.4. Keratin extraction methods
16.5. Methods for preparing keratin films
16.6. Applications of films and membranes of keratin
16.7. Conclusion
Chapter 17. Silk-based natural biomaterials: Fundamentals and biomedical applications
17.1. Fundamentals
17.2. Application
17.3. Conclusion
Chapter 18. Wool, a natural biopolymer: extraction and structure–property relationships
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Chemical composition of wool
18.3. Structure of wool
18.4. Biopolymer of wool—keratin
18.5. Structure–property relationship
18.6. Extraction of wool fiber
18.7. Extraction of keratin
18.8. Application of keratin
18.9. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Extraction and properties of casein biopolymer from milk
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Casein
19.3. General applications of extracted caseins
19.4. Composition and typical properties of caseins
19.5. Casein biopolymers
19.6. General applications of casein-based biopolymers
19.7. Final remarks
Chapter 20. Collagen - a highly developed and abundant fibrous protein: synthesis and characterization
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Molecular structure and chemical composition of collagen
20.3. Types of collagen proteins
20.4. Synthesis of collagen
20.5. Methods used to characterize collagen
20.6. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Bioconversion of waste to polyhydroxyalkanoates—A circular bioeconomic approach
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Current status of the polyhydroxyalkanoate industry
21.3. Challenges associated with polyhydroxyalkanoate production
21.4. Current trend in polyhydroxyalkanoate research
21.5. Bioconversion of waste to polyhydroxyalkanoate
21.6. Bioconversion of waste to polyhydroxyalkanoate by mixed microbial cultures
21.7. Trending polyhydroxyalkanoate research
21.8. Future avenues for research
21.9. Exploring bioeconomy
21.10. Perspectives
21.11. Conclusion
Chapter 22. Sources, extraction, and characterization of zein
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Corn processing
22.3. Extraction of zein
22.4. Zein characteristics
22.5. Applications of zein
22.6. Limitations of zein
22.7. Future trends and outlook
22.8. Conclusions
Chapter 23. Isolation, characterization, and industrial processing of soybean proteins
23.1. Soybean cultivation, agronomic characteristics, geographic distribution, and economic importance
23.2. Main chemical components of soybean seed
23.3. Main protein fractions in soybean seed
23.4. Soybean protein isolation
23.5. Soy proteins as food ingredients
23.6. Soy proteins as bioactive peptide source
23.7. Nonfood applications of soy proteins
23.8. Conclusions
Chapter 24. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of exudate gums
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Tree gum exudates
24.3. Extraction of tree gum exudates
24.4. Physicochemical properties of gums
24.5. Color
24.6. Size and shape
24.7. Solubility
24.8. Taste and smell
24.9. Viscosity
24.10. Hardness and density
24.11. Characterization of gums
24.12. Molecular weight of gums
24.13. Thermal properties
24.14. Structural elucidation of gums
24.15. Functional group analysis
24.16. Elemental analysis
24.17. Amino and fatty acid compositions
24.18. Conclusions
Chapter 25. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of gum
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Gum sources
25.3. Common extraction process
25.4. Novel techniques for gum extraction
25.5. Modification of gum
25.6. Application of gum
25.7. Characterization of gums
25.8. Conclusion
Chapter 26. Natural biopolymers combined with metallic nanoparticles: a view of biocompatibility and cytotoxicity
26.1. Natural biopolymers: introduction, sources, and availability
26.2. Nanotechnology and natural biopolymers: combination and scope
26.3. Natural biopolymers composed of nanomaterials
26.4. Current state of biopolymer-based nanostructures and their biocompatibility
Index

M.S. Sreekala

Dr M.S. Sreekala is an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Postgraduate Research Department of Chemistry, Sree Sankara College, Kalady, India. Her research interests include polymer composites, biodegradable and green composites, and thermosetting materials. She has published more than 50 papers in peer-reviewed journals and has edited 6 books. Dr. Sreekala received the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt post-doctoral fellowship from the Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, and conducted research at the Institute for Composite Materials, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. She was also awarded a post-doctoral fellowship from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan, and conducted research at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan. She has organized many national and international conferences and delivered invited talks at many international conferences within India and abroad.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, and Joint Director, International and Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and School of Nanoscience and Technology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Lakshmipriya Ravindran

Lakshmipriya Ravindran, is a Senior Research Fellow at the Postgraduate Research Department of Chemistry, Sree Sankara College, Kalady, India. Her research interests include polymer nanocomposites, nanofillers of bio origin, carbon nanotubes, the incorporation of nanofillers to thermosetting polymers, and their applications. She has attended, and presented papers at, several international conferences and seminars, published peer-reviewed research articles in international journals, and has authored two book chapters.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Koichi Goda

Prof. Koichi Goda is Chair of Mechanical Engineering and Full Professor, in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, at Yamaguchi University, Japan. Prof. Goda has significant experience in areas including biopolymers, composite materials, reliability, and nanotechnology, with recent research focusing on green composites. He has received numerous awards for his work in including most recently the Meritorious Contribution Award from JCOM (Committee on Composite Materials of JSMS – The Society of Materials Science, Japan) in 2018, and the JSMS Award for Distinguished Service to Chugoku Branch in 2020.

Affiliations and expertise

Full Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan

Sabu Thomas

Professor Sabu Thomas is currently the Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University and Director of the School of Energy Materials. He is also a full professor of Polymer Science and Engineering at the School of Chemical Sciences of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, and the Founder Director and Professor of the International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Prof. Thomas has received international acclaim for his work in Nanoscience, Polymer Science and Engineering, Polymer Nanocomposites, Elastomers, Polymer Blends, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, Polymer Membranes, Green Composites and Nanocomposites, Nanomedicine and Green Nanotechnology.

Affiliations and expertise

Vice-chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India