Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing

Principles and Practices

3rd Edition - February 14, 2015
Imprint: Gulf Professional Publishing
Authors: Saeid Mokhatab, William A. Poe, John Y. Mak
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 4 9 9 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 6 6 4 - 0

Written by an internationally-recognized author team of natural gas industry experts, the third edition of Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing is a unique, w… Read more

Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing

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Written by an internationally-recognized author team of natural gas industry experts, the third edition of Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing is a unique, well-documented, and comprehensive work on the major aspects of natural gas transmission and processing. Two new chapters have been added to the new edition: a chapter on nitrogen rejection to address today's high nitrogen gases and a chapter on gas processing plant operations to assist plant operators with optimizing their plant operations. In addition, overall updates to Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing provide a fresh look at new technologies and opportunities for solving current gas processing problems on plant design and operation and on greenhouse gases emissions. It also does an excellent job of highlighting the key considerations that must be taken into account for any natural gas project in development.

Chapter 1. Natural Gas Fundamentals

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Natural gas history
1.3. Natural gas origin and sources
1.4. Natural gas composition and classification
1.5. Natural gas phase behavior
1.6. Natural gas properties
1.7. Natural gas reserves
1.8. Natural gas exploration and production
1.9. Natural gas transportation
1.10. Natural gas processing
1.11. Sales gas transmission
1.12. Underground gas storage

Chapter 2. Raw Gas Transmission

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Multiphase flow terminology
2.3. Multiphase flow regimes
2.4. Determining multiphase flow design parameters
2.5. Predicting temperature profile of multiphase pipeline
2.6. Velocity criteria for sizing multiphase pipelines
2.7. Multiphase pipeline operations
2.8. Multiphase flow assurance

Chapter 3. Basic Concepts of Natural Gas Processing

3.1. Introduction
3.2. Natural gas processing objectives
3.3. Gas processing plant configurations
3.4. Finding the best gas processing route
3.5. Support systems
3.6. Contractual agreements

Chapter 4. Phase Separation

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Gravity separators
4.3. Multistage separation
4.4. Centrifugal separators
4.5. Twister supersonic separator
4.6. Slug catchers
4.7. High-efficiency liquid/gas coalescers
4.8. High-efficiency liquid–liquid coalescers
4.9. Practical design of separation systems

Chapter 5. Condensate Production

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Condensate stabilization
5.3. Condensate hydrotreating
5.4. Effluent treatment
5.5. Condensate storage

Chapter 6. Natural Gas Treating

6.1. Introduction
6.2. Gas treating specifications
6.3. Gas treating processes
6.4. Chemical absorption processes
6.5. Physical solvent processes
6.6. Mixed physical and chemical absorption processes
6.7. Solid bed absorption processes
6.8. Solid bed adsorption process
6.9. Membrane
6.10. Cryogenic fractionation
6.11. Microbiological treatment processes
6.12. Selecting the gas treating process

Chapter 7. Natural Gas Dehydration

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Water content determination
7.3. Glycol dehydration
7.4. Solid-bed dehydration
7.5. Other gas dehydration processes
7.6. Gas dehydration process selection
7.7. Mercury removal

Chapter 8. Natural Gas Liquids Recovery

8.1. Introduction
8.2. Refrigeration processes
8.3. Liquid recovery processes
8.4. Selection of NGL recovery process
8.5. NGL recovery technology development
8.6. NGL recovery unit design considerations
8.7. NGL recovery unit operating problems
8.8. NGL fractionation
8.9. Liquid product processing

Chapter 9. Sulfur Recovery and Handling

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Sulfur properties
9.3. Sulfur recovery
9.4. Tail gas cleanup
9.5. Sulfur degassing
9.6. Sulfur storage and handling
9.7. SRU design considerations
9.8. SRU operation problems
9.9. Selecting the sulfur recovery process
9.10. Sulfur disposal by acid gas injection

Chapter 10. Nitrogen Rejection

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Nitrogen rejection options
10.3. Nitrogen rejection unit integration
10.4. Cryogenic nitrogen rejection
10.5. Design considerations
10.6. Operating problems

Chapter 11. Natural Gas Compression

11.1. Introduction
11.2. Reciprocating compressors
11.3. Centrifugal compressors
11.4. Comparison between compressors
11.5. Compressor selection
11.6. Thermodynamics of gas compression
11.7. Compression ratio
11.8. Compressor design
11.9. Compressor control
11.10. Compressor performance maps
11.11. Example for operating a compressor in a pipeline system

Chapter 12. Sales Gas Transmission

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Gas flow fundamentals
12.3. Predicting gas temperature profile
12.4. Transient flow in gas transmission pipelines
12.5. Compressor stations
12.6. Reduction and metering stations
12.7. Design considerations of sales gas pipelines
12.8. Pipeline operations

Chapter 13. Gas Processing Plant Automation

13.1. Introduction
13.2. Early methods of gas plant automation
13.3. Microprocessor-based automation
13.4. Control of equipment and process systems
13.5. Automation applications
13.6. Condensate stabilizer case study

Chapter 14. Gas Processing Plant Operations

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Commissioning and start-up
14.3. Control room management
14.4. Maintenance
14.5. Troubleshooting
14.6. Turnarounds

Chapter 15. Dynamic Simulation of Gas Processing Plants

15.1. Introduction
15.2. Areas of application of dynamic simulation
15.3. Modeling considerations
15.4. Control of equipment and process systems
15.5. Case study I: Analysis of a fuel gas system start-up
15.6. Case study II: Online dynamic model of a trunk line

Chapter 16. Real-Time Optimization of Gas Processing Plants

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Real-time optimization
16.3. RTO project considerations
16.4. Example of RTO

Chapter 17. Maximizing Profitability of Gas Plant Assets

17.1. Introduction
17.2. The performance strategy—integrated gas plant
17.3. Strategies for organizational behavior and information
17.4. Organizational behavior model
17.5. The successful information strategy
17.6. The impact of living with information technology
17.7. Vision of the modern plant operation
17.8. Operations strategy
17.9. Model-based asset management
17.10. Optimization
17.11. Industrial relevance
17.12. The technology integration challenge
17.13. Scientific approach
17.14. Other miscellaneous initiatives
17.15. Conclusion

Chapter 18. Gas Plant Project Management

18.1. Introduction
18.2. Project management overview
18.3. Industry perspective
18.4. The project management process
18.5. Project controls
18.6. Quality assurance
18.7. Commissioning and start-up
18.8. Operate and evaluate
18.9. Project closeout
18.10. Conclusion

Appendix 1. Conversion Factors

Appendix 2. Standard Gas Conditions

Appendix 3. Physical Properties of Fluids

Saeid Mokhatab

Saeid Mokhatab is an internationally renowned process expert in the fields of natural gas transmission and processing. Over the past two decades, he has been actively involved in different phases of several large-scale projects in the natural gas midstream sector, from conceptual design through facilities startup and operational support. He has also provided consulting services and expert guidance to a number of pioneering technology-based and operating companies in Canada and Europe. He has made significant contributions to his areas of expertise through four reference books (published by Elsevier in the United States) and more than 300 technical papers, many of which have been coauthored with leading experts from the largest international engineering companies and prominent process licensors. To bridge the gap between engineering and the science of natural gas, he founded Elsevier’s peer-reviewed “Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering” which has become a leading publication in the field. He has been an editorial contributor for the 14^th edition of the GPSA Engineering Data Book, and has served on the editorial or advisory boards of several other notable publications pertaining to the midstream business. He is a lifetime member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and has served that organization in various capacities, including as a member of the Distinguished Achievement for Petroleum Engineering Faculty Award Committee and a member of the Projects, Facilities & Construction Award Committee. He has also been active in other professional organizations, including the Gas Processors Association Europe (GPAE) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He has delivered several invited lectures and short courses for both commercial and academic institutions, and has served on the technical program and advisory committees of many acclaimed midstream gas conferences worldwide.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant – Natural Gas Midstream Industry, Arendal, Norway

William A. Poe

William A. “Bill” Poe is a Senior Principal Technical Consultant at AVEVA, the United States. He has over 35 years of international business and industrial experience in design, operations and project management of gas processing plants with a special focus on automation, multivariable predictive control (MPC), advanced process control (APC), optimization design and implementation, and real-time performance monitoring. Bill started his career at Shell Oil Company, USA, in 1981, working over a decade in natural gas processing plants operations and engineering as well as management of multimillion-dollar projects. In 1993, he joined Continental Controls to lead the process engineering department in support of executing contracts with the Gas Research Institute, USA, where he developed new multivariable control applications in the natural gas industry. After joining GE as part of the Continental Controls acquisition, he became vice president of this division of GE where his responsibilities included direction of product development, projects, technical sales support, and customer service for multivariable control and optimization applications in the natural gas industry. In 2001, Bill joined Invensys Process Systems, USA, where he has developed APC and Optimization Master Plans for international companies such as Saudi Aramco, ADNOC, Statoil, and PDVSA, as well as automation and advanced process control feasibility studies for over 100 natural gas processing plants worldwide. After Schneider Electric acquired Invensys Process Systems in 2014 and merged its software division with AVEVA in 2018, he has continued to work with the top gas processing companies. Bill is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, has authored or co-authored more than 60 technical papers, and made numerous technical presentations at prestigious international conferences. He received the GE Innovators Award in 1999 and attained the Invensys Circle of Excellence in 2011.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Principal Technical Consultant, AVEVA, USA

John Y. Mak

John Y. Mak is a Senior Fellow and Technical Director at Fluor, the United States, and leads the technology and design development for Fluor chemical and energy division. He is the technical expert and SME with Fluor for over 40 years and has been leading major oil and gas, petrochemical and refinery projects from conceptual designs, feasibility studies, FEED development, detailed engineering, to plant start-up and performance testing. John has made contributions to innovations in natural gas treating and processing, NGL recovery, LNG liquefaction and regasification, synthesis gas purification, and carbon capture methods. John is the co-author of the Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas, first edition (2013) published by Elsevier, the United States. He has published over 80 technical papers and has frequently presented his findings at technical conferences such as GPA Midstream Convention, GPA Europe, Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, LNG Summit, Offshore Technology Conference, GASTECH, and China Coal Forum. John is the inventor of over 90 patents and patent pending processes. John is specializing in more complex NGL recovery designs for conventional and unconventional gases, treating high CO2 content gases using physical solvents, acid gas removal with amines, cryogenic nitrogen rejection and helium recovery.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Fellow and Technical Director, Fluor, USA

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Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing

Principles and Practices

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Saeid Mokhatab

William A. Poe

John Y. Mak

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