Handbook of Emerging Materials for Sustainable Energy

Handbook of Emerging Materials for Sustainable Energy provides a comprehensive accounting on the fundamentals, current developments, challenges and future prospects of emerging materials for the development of sustainable energy. Each chapter addresses a distinct and important area within the energy field and includes comprehensive data to support the materials being presented. Sections cover Batteries, Capacitors and Supercapacitors, Fuel cells, Thermoelectrics, Novel illumination sources and techniques, Photovoltaics & Solar cells, Alternative energy sources, hydrogen as an energy source, including hydrogen production and fuel generation, the use of Biofuels and Carbon dioxide.

The book concludes with three chapters related to advanced materials under development for energy conservation and environmental protection, including theories, methodologies and simulations established for advanced materials.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
1 Section 1: Advanced Materials in Battery Technology
2 Section 2: Emerging Materials in Electrochemistry
3 Section 3: Novel Materials for Solar Energy
4 Section 4: Emerging Materials in Photocatalysis
5 Section 5: Advanced Materials for Biofuels and Biohydrogen
6 Section 6: Materials for Carbon Capture
7 Section 7: Modern Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications
1: Advanced materials in batterytechnology
Chapter 1. Recent advances of nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries: opportunities and challenges
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cathode material advances
1.3 Advancements in nanomaterials for anodes
1.4 Summary
References
Chapter 2. Functional materials for solid-state battery applications
Abstract
Graphical abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Present battery technology
2.3 Challenges for solid-state battery
2.4 Recent progress in solid-state batteries technologies
2.5 Nanomaterials for solid-state batteries
2.6 Functionalization of nanomaterials
2.7 Synthesis of functionalized nanomaterials
2.8 Carbon nanomaterials for battery applications
2.9 Metals for battery applications
2.10 Metal oxides for battery applications
2.11 Polymers for battery applications
2.12 Conclusions
References
2: Emerging materials inelectrochemistry
Chapter 3. Supercapacitors: basics and progress
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy storage mechanism in a supercapacitor
3.3 Classifications of supercapacitors
3.4 Advanced electrode materials for supercapacitor applications
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Electrochemical capacitors: basic concepts and emerging nanomaterials for electrodes
Abstract
Abbreviations and symbols
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Capacitors in general
4.3 Electrochemical capacitors
4.4 Case studies of emerging electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor applications
4.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 5. Nanoporous silicon materials for solar energy by electrochemical approach
Abstract
5.1 Nanoporous materials
5.2 Methods for synthesis of nanoporous materials
5.3 Porous silicon
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Mixed transition metal oxides for electrochemical energy storage
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrode materials for Li-ion batteries
6.3 Different morphologies of MTMOs
6.4 ZnMn2O4 (ZMO) and ZMO/rGO
6.5 Transition metal oxides and MTMOs for Supercapacitors
References
Further reading
Chapter 7. Bi- and trimetallic MOFs and their MOF-derived nanocarbons in electrocatalytic water splitting processes
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrocatalytic water splitting
7.3 Metal-organic frameworks: properties, peculiarities, and stability
7.4 Polymetallic metal-organic frameworks as electrocatalytic water-splitting catalysts
7.5 Bi- and trimetallic metal-organic framework-derived nanocarbons as water splitting catalysts
7.6 Conclusions
References
3: Novel materials for solarenergy
Chapter 8. Photovoltaic devices: dye sensitized and perovskite solar cells
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Photovoltaic solar cells
8.3 Third generation solar cells
8.4 Methods of synthesis of NPs of TiO2
8.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9. Photovoltaics: background and novel carbon-based materials for third-generation solar cells
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Photovoltaics
9.3 Carbon-based materials
9.4 Dye-sensitized solar cells
9.5 Perovskite solar cells
9.6 Organic solar cells
9.7 Summary and outlook
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 10. Photochromic molecules and materials: design and development
Abstract
10.1 Photochromism
10.2 Organic photochromic compounds
10.3 Photochromic metal complexes
10.4 Photochromism in metal oxides
10.5 Solar thermal energy storage
10.6 Applications
References
Chapter 11. Designing heterostructures for production of solar fuels
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Strategies to improve photocatalyst properties
11.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12. Evacuated solar energy collector
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Evacuated tube collector
12.3 Classification of the evacuated tube collector
12.4 Benefits and difficulties of solar collectors with evacuated tubes
12.5 Future recommendations
12.6 Summary
References
4: Emerging materials inphotocatalysis
Chapter 13. Nanostructured semiconductors for hydrogen production through photocatalyatic water splitting
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanisms of semiconductor photocatalytic water-splitting/hydrogen production
13.3 Semiconductors with nanostructured morphology for photocatalytic water splitting/hydrogen production
13.4 Advantages of nanostructured semiconductor morphology for photocatalytic water splitting
13.5 Conclusions and prospects
References
Chapter 14. Doped mixed phase transition metal oxides for photocatalysis
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Zinc oxide and ceria
14.3 Titania
14.4 Niobium pentoxide
14.5 Tungsten oxide
14.6 Titania-Tungsten-Niobium pentoxide oxide composite
14.7 Tungsten-ceria composite
14.8 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15. Graphitic carbon nitride as a metal free photocatalyst for solar water splitting
Abstract
15.1 Current global energy needs
15.2 Solar energy
15.3 H2 as a future fuel
15.4 Renewable energy resources for H2 fuel production
15.5 Semiconductor photocatalysis
15.6 Photoelectrochemical water splitting
15.7 Graphitic carbon nitride as metal free photocatalyst
References
Chapter 16. Lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks as a promising visible light photocatalyst for hydrogen production
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fundamentals of photocatalytic water splitting
16.3 Nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
16.4 Metal-organic frameworks
16.5 Evaluation of metal-organic frameworks as photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction
16.6 Conclusion
References
5: Advanced materials for biofulesand biohydrogen
Chapter 17. Biofuels
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of biofuels
17.3 Applications of Biofuels
17.4 Potential of Biofuels in the World
17.5 Comparison with other renewable energy sources
17.6 Biorefineries
17.7 Environmental, social, and economic sustainability of biofuel production
17.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Trends in valorization of biomass to biofuels: biobutanol
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of biofuels
18.3 Biobutanol
18.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Bioethanol as an alternative energy resource for a sustainability: an approach
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Current status
19.3 Feedstocks and raw materials
19.4 Classification of agricultural waste
19.5 Processing routes to bioethanol
19.6 Methods for bioethanol production
19.7 Scenario of bioethanol production in India
19.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20. Biodiesel production from various nonedible plant seeds via transesterification process as an alternate feedstock
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Identification of various alternatives
20.3 Biodiesel production and conversion
20.4 The biodiesel policy
20.5 Benefits of biodiesel emanation
20.6 Threats about biodiesel industry development
20.7 Successful case study
20.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Microalgae as a source of sustainable energy resource for biofuels: a review
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biofuels
21.3 Algae as a source of biofuel
21.4 Case studies related to the production of biofuels from algae
21.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Mesoporous polymers for the catalytic conversion of biomass platform molecules to value-added chemicals
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Characterization and application of mesoporous polymers in upgrading biomass-derived molecules
22.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23. Sustainable biohydrogen production: technoeconomic analysis
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biohydrogen production routes and mechanism
23.3 Technoeconomic analysis of biohydrogen production
23.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 24. Catalytic hydrogen generation from biomass and its derivatives
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Biomass
24.3 Hydrogen production from biomass
24.4 Glycerol as feedstock for hydrogen production
24.5 Conclusion and future perspective
Conflict of interest
References
6: Materials for carbon capture
Chapter 25. Carbon dioxide sequestration, conversion and utilization
Abstract
25.1 Overview
25.2 Definitions
25.3 Key Words
25.4 Introduction
25.5 Carbon capture storage
25.6 CCSU putting CO2 to use: a sustainable approach toward sequestration
25.7 Future scope
25.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26. Carbon capture using NaCl (halite)
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Basic concept
26.3 Process 1: Recovery of captured CO2
26.4 Use of halite to make NaHCO3
26.5 Processes 4, 5: Carbon capture by halite from a reducing gas
26.6 Process 5: Aqueous NaCl–Fe0 (zero valent iron) carbon capture
26.7 Solvay Processes: Process 1–3
26.8 CO2 adsorption—by saline solutions
26.9 Direct adsorption of CO2 by saline water containing Fe0
26.10 Removal of CO, CO2, and CH4 from flue gas
26.11 Process 3: Removal of Na+ ions as NaHCO3 and Na2CO3
26.12 Stoichiometry: summary
26.13 Conclusions
References
Chapter 27. Carbon capture using halite, seawater, and saline water
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 MacLaurin carbonisation reactor with halite carbon capture
27.3 Aqueous Fe0 (zero valent iron) carbon capture
27.4 Polymerization theory model: capture of CO2 in saline water
27.5 Solvay process
27.6 CO2 adsorption—by saline solutions
27.7 Direct adsorption of CO2 by saline water containing Fe0
27.8 Removal of CO, CO2, and CH4 from flue gas
27.9 Methodology for confirmatory experiments
27.10 Scoping trials using halite to remove COx
27.11 Short-duration trials to demonstrate the effect of changing halite composition
27.12 Long-duration trial removing carbon oxides
27.13 Long-duration trial removing CH4 and COx to produce hydrogen
27.14 General model for CO2 removal
27.15 Catalytic Solvay process model suitable for low-pressure direct capture from air
27.16 Conclusions
References
7: Modern materials for energy andenvironmental applications
Chapter 28. Recent developments in techniques and technologies for analytical, spectroscopic, structural, and morphological characterization of modern materials of advanced applications
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Modern materials: production techniques, properties, and applications
28.3 Thermal evaporator
28.4 Thin film depositor
28.5 Advanced techniques in materials characterisations
28.6 Analytical, spectroscopic, and structural techniques
28.7 Microstructural techniques
28.8 Physical and mechanical properties determination
28.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29. Recent trends and future potential of sustainable energy efficient materials for commercial buildings
Abstract
Nomenclature
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Methodology
29.3 Facility history details
29.4 Detailed performance assessment of equipment and energy audit of a building
29.5 Energy efficiency using Industry 4.0
29.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30. Materials for energy-efficient systems and environmental remediation
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Carbonaceous materials for energy and environmental applications
30.3 Metal oxides and metallic nanostructures for energy and environmental applications
30.4 Polymers and polymer nanocomposite–based materials for energy and environmental applications
30.5 Inorganic clay fillers for environmental and energy applications
References
Chapter 31. Chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals—optoelectronic applications
Abstract
31.1 Semiconductor nanocrystals
31.2 Quantum dots
31.3 Semiconductor alloy nanocrystals
31.4 Role of capping molecules
31.5 Chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals
31.6 Summary
References
Chapter 32. Elemental semiconductor nanocrystals
Abstract
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Semiconductor nanocrystals
32.3 Semiconductor quantum dots
32.4 Elemental semiconductor nanocrystals
32.5 Summary
References
Chapter 33. Metal oxide nanocrystals—applications
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Synthesis of metal oxide nanocrystals
33.3 Metal oxide nanocrystals—important results
33.4 Optoelectronic applications of metal oxide nanocrystals
33.5 Photocatalytic applications of metal oxide nanocrystals
33.6 Summary
References
Chapter 34. Special modifying inorganic physical vapor deposition coatings and surface systems for sustainable energy products
Abstract
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Physical vapor deposition coatings improving corrosion resistance
34.3 Physical vapor deposition coatings improving surface hardness and wear resistance
34.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 35. Growth of 2D boron materials
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Borophenes grown on metal substrates
35.3 Borophenes grown on semiconductor/insulator substrates
35.4 2D boron compounds
35.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 36. Surface modification of metal-organic frameworks and their applications for the gas adsorption
Abstract
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Postsynthetic modifications in metal-organic frameworks
36.3 Conclusions
References
Index

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Handbook of Emerging Materials for Sustainable Energy

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Naveen V. Kulkarni

Boris I. Kharissov