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Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners

1st Edition - July 29, 2015

Editors: Miguel Esteban, Hiroshi Takagi, Tomoya Shibayama

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 0 6 0 - 0

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 2 7 0 - 3

The world’s population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by 2020. About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas and 65% of the cities with a… Read more

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The world’s population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by 2020. About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas and 65% of the cities with a population of over 2.5 million are located in coastal areas. Written by an international panel of experts in the fields of engineering and risk management, The Handbook of Coastal Disasters Mitigation presents a coherent overview of 10 years of coastal disaster risk management and engineering, during which some of the most relevant events of recent time have taken place, including the Indian Ocean tsunami, hurricanes Katrina and Sandy in the United States or the 2011 Japanese tsunami.

Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction: Lessons from the Last 10 Years of Coastal Disasters
- 1 From the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami to the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan Storm Surge
Part I: Analysis of Recent Disasters
- Chapter 1: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Methodology and Description of Basic Tsunami Parameters
  - 3 Surveys in Sri Lanka (Shibayama et al., 2006)
  - 4 Surveys in Banda Aceh, Indonesia (Shibayama et al., 2006)
  - 5 Discussion
  - 6 Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 2: 2005 Storm Surge by Hurricane Katrina
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Survey Results of JSCE Team (Shibayama et al., 2006)
  - 3 Discussion and Conclusions
- Chapter 3: Observations and Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge due to Cyclone Sidr 2007 in Bangladesh
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Case Study: Cyclone Sidr
  - 3 Numerical Simulation
  - 4 Results
  - 5 Current State of Disaster Management Preparedness
  - 6 Challenges in Disaster Mitigation
  - 7 Conclusions
- Chapter 4: Storm Surge Due to 2008 Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and Post-cyclone Preparedness Activities
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Cyclone Nargis and Field Surveys
  - 3 Numerical Simulation
  - 4 Results
  - 5 Post Nargis Disaster Management Preparedness in Myanmar
  - 6 Conclusions
- Chapter 5: Tsunami Disasters in Remote Islands: 2009 Samoan and 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunamis
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgements
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Field Survey of the 2009 Samoan Islands Tsunami
  - 3 Field Survey of the 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunami
  - 4 Discussion
  - 5 Conclusions
- Chapter 6: Tsunami Resonance in the Bay of Concepción (Chile) and the Effect of Future Events
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 The 2010 Chile Tsunami
  - 3 Study Area
  - 4 Natural Oscillation Modes
  - 5 Numerical Simulation of Past Tsunamis
  - 6 Effect of Possible Future Tsunamis
  - 7 Conclusions
- Chapter 7: Storm Surge in New York City Caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgements
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Hurricane Sandy
  - 3 Storm Surge Field Survey in New York City
  - 4 Infrastructure Damage in New York City
  - 5 New York City Response to Hurricane Sandy
  - 6 Conclusions
- Chapter 8: Storm Surge Due to 2013 Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in Leyte Gulf, the Philippines
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgements
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Historical Tropical Cyclones and Typhoon Yolanda
  - 3 Observation of Storm Surge Through Field Survey
  - 4 Storm Surge Simulation
  - 5 Discussion
  - 6 Conclusions
Part II: Assessments of Vulnerability
- Chapter 9: Building Damage Assessment and Implications for Future Tsunami Fragility Estimations
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Cause of Building Damage
  - 3 Structural Fragility Assessment Methods
  - 4 Tsunami Fragility Functions
  - 5 Future Improvements and Applications
  - 6 Conclusions
- Chapter 10: Tsunami Fatality Rate and Evacuation Behavior During the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Mitigation Investigation After the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
  - 3 Evacuation Behaviors During the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
  - 4 Discussion
  - 5 Conclusion
- Chapter 11: The Emergence of Global Tsunami Awareness: Analysis of Disaster Preparedness in Chile, Indonesia, Japan, and Vietnam
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Central Chile
  - 3 Mentawai Islands, Indonesia
  - 4 Tohoku, Japan
  - 5 Central Vietnam: Emergence of Awareness in Countries Not Recently Affected By Tsunamis
  - 6 Emergence of Global Tsunami Awareness
  - 7 Conclusions
- Chapter 12: Coastal Disasters in Vietnam
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgment
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Overview of Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam
  - 3 Tropical Cyclones
  - 4 Storm Surges
  - 5 Tsunami
  - 6 Coastal Erosion
  - 7 Floods and Sea-Level Rise in the Mekong Delta
  - 8 Conclusions
- Chapter 13: Estimation of the Current Risk to Human Damage Life Posed by Future Tsunamis in Japan
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Influence of Tsunami Height and Arrival Time on Loss of Life
  - 3 Analysis of Prioritization of Tsunami Counter-measures in the South Kanto Region (Including Tokyo Bay)
  - 4 Discussion of Possible Counter-Measures
  - 5 Conclusions
- Chapter 14: A Study on the Probability of Tsunami Attacks in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Tsunamis in the Persian Gulf
  - 3 Tsunamis in Gulf of Oman
  - 4 Concluding Remarks
Part III: Mitigation Measures (Structural Measures)
- Chapter 15: Stability of Breakwaters Against Tsunami Attack
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Breakwater Failures During Past Tsunami Events
  - 3 Bearing Capacity Failure
  - 4 Design of Armor Units Against Tsunami Attack
  - 5 Design of Armor Units Against Tsunami Events
  - 6 Sample Design
  - 7 Discussion
  - 8 Conclusions
- Chapter 16: Stability and Disaster Mitigation Effect of Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks of Detached Breakwaters Against Tsunami Waves
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Hydraulic Model Tests
  - 3 Test Results and Discussions
  - 4 Conclusions
- Chapter 17: Destruction of Coastal Structures after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Post Tsunami Field Surveys
  - 3 Recommendation to Improve the Resilience of Structures to Future Tsunamis
  - 4 Conclusions
- Chapter 18: Breakwater Damage and the Effect of Breakwaters on Mitigation of Inundation Extent During Tsunamis: Case Study of The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Analysis of Breakwater Failures due to the 2011 Tsunami
  - 3 Effectiveness of Conventional Breakwaters in Reducing Tsunami Inundation
  - 4 Conclusions
- Chapter 19: Mechanisms of Damage to Coastal Structures due to the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Kamaishi Bay-Mouth Breakwater
  - 2 Utatsu Highway Bridge
  - 3 Concrete Road Bridge in Noda-Mura
  - 4 Scour
  - 5 Conclusions
- Chapter 20: Post-Tsunami Engineering Forensics: Tsunami Impact on Infrastructure—Lessons from 2004 Indian Ocean, 2010 Chile, and 2011 Tohoku Japan Tsunami Field Surveys
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Basic Tsunami Transformation and Tsunami-Induced Force Characteristics
  - 3 Tsunami Forensic Field Investigations
  - 4 Tsunami Forensic Field Investigations: Lessons Learned
  - 5 Tsunami Design Guidelines for Structures: A Brief Review
  - 6 Conclusions
- Chapter 21: The ASCE 7 Tsunami Loads and Effects Design Standard for the United States
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 General Requirements
  - 3 Definitions
  - 4 Tsunami Risk Categories
  - 5 Analysis of Design Inundation Depth and Velocity
  - 6 Inundation Depths and Flow Velocities Based on Run-Up
  - 7 Inundation Depth and Flow Velocities Based on Site-Specific PTHA
  - 8 Structural Design Procedure for Tsunami Effects
  - 9 Hydrostatic Loads
  - 10 Hydrodynamic Loads
  - 11 Debris Impact Loads
  - 12 Foundation Design
  - 13 Structural Countermeasures for Tsunami Loading
  - 14 Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Refuge Structures
  - 15 Designated Nonstructural Components and Systems
  - 16 Non-Building Structures
  - 17 Conclusions
  - Symbols and Notation
- Chapter 22: The New ASCE Tsunami Design Standard Applied to Mitigate Tohoku Tsunami Building Structural Failure Mechanisms
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Proposed ASCE 7 Tsunami Loads and Effects Design Provisions
  - 3 Comparison of Tsunami Loads with Seismic Loads on Generic Structures
  - 4 Comparison of Observed Performance of Structures During the Tohoku Tsunami Compared to Design Performance Calculated Using the ASCE 7 Standard
  - 5 Conclusions
- Chapter 23: Disturbance of Port Operations Due to Long-Period Waves and Countermeasures Using Submerged Mound Structures
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Wave Absorbing Properties
  - 3 Stability Against Wave Overtopping
  - 4 Design Example
  - 5 Conclusions
Part IV: Mitigation Measures (Soft Measures)
- Chapter 24: Wave Reduction in Mangrove Forests: General Information and Case Study in Thailand
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Basic Knowledge of Mangrove Forests
  - 3 Mechanism of Wave Reduction in Mangrove Forests
  - 4 Research on the Reduction of Wave Energy in Mangrove Forests
  - 5 Wave Reduction Potential of Mangrove Forests
  - 6 Factors Affecting Wave Reduction in Mangrove Forests
  - 7 Deterioration and Efforts Regarding Mangrove Restoration in Thailand
  - 8 Recommendation for Further Research into the Wave Reduction Potential of Mangrove Forests
  - 9 Conclusions
- Chapter 25: Cost-Efficient Design of Multilayer Safety Systems Against Large-Scale Coastal Disasters
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Case Study Description
  - 3 Multi-Layer Safety in a Cost-Benefit Perspective
  - 4 Ground Elevation
  - 5 Investment Cost Functions
  - 6 Frequency of Tsunami Water Levels
  - 7 Loss Functions
  - 8 Optimal Multi-Layer Safety Design
  - 9 Discussion
  - 10 Conclusion
- Chapter 26: Coastal Erosion and Demonstration Project as Coastal Adaptation Measures in Mauritius
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Coastal Issues in Mauritius
  - 3 Demonstration Project: Gravel Beach
  - 4 Public Participation in Beach Control and Maintenance
  - 5 Conclusions
Part V: Post-Disaster Reconstruction
- Chapter 27: Reconstruction from the Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster: Case Study of Indonesia and Sri Lanka and the Philosophy of “Build Back Better”
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Summary of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster—Indonesia and Sri Lanka
  - 3 “Build Back Better” Concept in Tsunami Reconstruction
  - 4 Urban Reconstruction
  - 5 Housing Relocation
  - 6 Organizational Arrangement for Reconstruction and Disaster Risk Reduction After the Disaster
  - 7 Conclusions
- Chapter 28: Tsunami Signs, Memorials and Evacuation Drills in Miyagi Prefecture After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 The 2011 Tsunami Signs
  - 3 The 2011 Tsunami Memorials
  - 4 Evacuation Drills
  - 5 Conclusions
- Chapter 29: Reconstruction Following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami: Case Study of Otsuchi Town in Iwate Prefecture, Japan
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgment
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Otsuchi Town Before and Right After the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami
  - 3 Reconstruction and Recovery Plans in Iwate Prefecture
  - 4 Sustainability Issues
  - 5 Conclusion
Part VI: Climate Change Influence on Coastal Disasters
- Chapter 30: Stochastic Design of Caisson Breakwaters: Lessons from Past Failures and Coping with Climate Change
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Methodology
  - 3 Application to Actual Breakwaters
  - 4 Stability of Breakwaters Under Climate Change
  - 5 Failure Estimation Tables for Practicing Engineers
  - 6 Conclusion
  - Appendix A Fourth-Order Approximation of Standing Waves
  - Appendix B Expected Sliding Distance (ESD) and Expected Frequency Exceeding of a Critical Load (EFEC) for a Total of 360 Caisson Dimensions
- Chapter 31: Stability of Shallow Rubble Mound Breakwaters under Climate Change Induced Sea Level Rise
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgements
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Breakwaters in the World
  - 3 Methodology
  - 4 Results
  - 5 Case Study in Vietnam
  - 6 Discussion
  - 7 Conclusions
- Chapter 32: Considering Sea Level Change When Designing Marine Civil Works: Recommendations for Best Practices
  - Abstract
  - Acknowledgments
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Sea Level Change
  - 3 Toward a New Process for the Resilient Design
  - 4 Conclusion
- Chapter 33: Adaptation to Sea Level Rise in Tokyo Bay: Opportunities for a Storm Surge Barrier?
  - Abstract
  - 1 Introduction
  - 2 Methodology
  - 3 Storm Surge Model Results
  - 4 Economic Damage of Flooding
  - 5 Adaptation Options and Costs
  - 6 Conclusions
Index