Handbook of Biofuels Production

2nd Edition - May 19, 2016
Editors: Rafael Luque, Carol Sze Ki Lin, Karen Wilson, James Clark
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 4 5 5 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 4 5 6 - 2

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Approx.748 pages

Part One. Key issues and assessment of biofuels production

1. Introduction: An overview of biofuels and production technologies

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Development of (bio)chemical conversion technologies
1.3. Development of biological conversion technologies
1.4. Thermochemical conversion technologies
1.5. Process integration and biorefinery
1.6. Future trends

2. Multiple objectives policies for biofuels production: Environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory issues

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Energy security and supply
2.3. Emission reductions, land use, and other environmental impacts
2.4. Food safety and development of rural areas
2.5. Biofuels support policies
2.6. Conclusions

3. Life cycle sustainability assessment of biofuels

3.1. Introduction
3.2. Main challenges for biofuel sustainability
3.3. Life cycle sustainability assessment methodology
3.4. LCA considerations of biomass to biofuel conversion routes
3.5. Overview of major findings of selected LCA studies in biofuel production
3.6. Conclusions

4. Biofuels: Technology, economics, and policy issues

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Moving from fossil fuel to biofuels: insights from socio-technical transition theory
4.3. Assessing first- and next-generation biofuels
4.4. Economic, environmental, and social issues
4.5. Policy actions and the regulatory framework
4.6. Conclusions

5. Feedstocks and challenges to biofuel development

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Edible vegetable raw materials for biodiesel production
5.3. Nonedible/low-cost raw materials for diesel engine biofuel production
5.4. Raw materials for bioethanol production

Part Two. Biofuels from chemical and biochemical conversion processes and technologies

6. Production of biodiesel via catalytic upgrading and refining of sustainable oleagineous feedstocks

6.1. Introduction
6.2. General background to biodiesel
6.3. Recent robust technology in biodiesel catalysis
6.4. Concluding remarks

7. Biochemical catalytic production of biodiesel

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Lipases
7.3. Enzymatic production of biodiesel
7.4. New tendencies in enzymatic production of biodiesel
7.5. Biofuels similar to biodiesel produced using several acyl acceptors, different to methanol
7.6. Industrial biodiesel production using enzymes
7.7. Conclusions

8. Production of fuels from microbial oil using oleaginous microorganisms

8.1. Introduction
8.2. Oleaginous yeasts and raw materials used for microbial oil production
8.3. The biochemistry of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous microorganisms
8.4. Microbial oil production in fed-batch cultures
8.5. Biodiesel production from microbial oil
8.6. Techno-economic evaluation of biodiesel production from microbial oil
8.7. Perspective of biofuel production from microbial oil

9. Biochemical production of bioalcohols

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Types of biomass for bioalcohol production
9.3. Bioalcohols
9.4. New technologies for bioethanol production

10. Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Factors affecting the anaerobic digestion process
10.3. Advantages and limitations
10.4. Reactor configurations
10.5. Methods for enhancing the efficiency of anaerobic digestion
10.6. Process modeling
10.7. Process monitoring and control
10.8. Biogas utilization
10.9. Existing biogas installations
10.10. Conclusions and future trends

11. Biological and fermentative production of hydrogen

11.1. Introduction
11.2. Fundamentals of biohydrogen production
11.3. Biological hydrogen production strategies
11.4. Enhancing hydrogen production through metabolic engineering
11.5. Hydrogen production by cell-free enzymatic systems
11.6. Comparison of biohydrogen production techniques
11.7. Conclusions and outlook

12. Biological and fermentative conversion of syngas

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Fundamentals of syngas fermentation
12.3. Bacteria for syngas conversion
12.4. Effects of process parameters
12.5. Reactors for fermentative conversion of syngas
12.6. Product recovery
12.7. Examples of commercial and semicommercial processes
12.8. Conclusions for biological fermentation of syngas

13. Chemical routes for the conversion of cellulosic platform molecules into high-energy-density biofuels

13.1. Introduction
13.2. Oxygenated fuels via 5-HMF: furanic compounds
13.3. Levulinic acid as platform molecule to oxygenated fuels: alkyl levulinates and valeric biofuels
13.4. Oxygenated fuels via furfural: furan derivatives
13.5. Blending effect of oxygenated biofuels with conventional fuels
13.6. Catalytic conversion of γ-valerolactone to liquid hydrocarbon fuels
13.7. Furan derivatives as platform molecules for liquid hydrocarbon fuels
13.8. Sugars to hydrocarbon fuels: aqueous phase reforming process
13.9. Final remarks and future outlook

Part Three. Biofuels from thermal and thermo-chemical conversion processes and technologies

14. Catalytic fast pyrolysis for improved liquid quality

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Pyrolysis background
14.3. Catalytic pyrolysis
14.4. Catalytic pyrolysis: catalysts used
14.5. Catalytic pyrolysis: reactor setup
14.6. Conclusion and future opportunities

15. Production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen via gasification

15.1. Introduction
15.2. Biomass feedstock for gasification
15.3. Biomass gasification process
15.4. Gasification technology
15.5. Syngas technology: composition, conditioning and upgrading to valuable products
15.6. Current status in commercial gasification of biomass
15.7. Challenges and opportunities

16. Production of bioalcohols via gasification

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Gasification routes for alcohol production
16.3. Technical and economical analysis of the oxidative coupling of methane process
16.4. Conclusions and future perspectives

17. Production of biofuels via hydrothermal conversion

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Process chemistry
17.3. Process layout
17.4. Feedstock considerations
17.5. Product distribution and properties
17.6. Development of technology and current research
17.7. Lifecycle and techno-economic assessment
17.8. Conclusions

18. Production of biofuels via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Biomass-to-liquids

18.1. Introduction
18.2. Biomass-to-liquids process steps and technologies
18.3. Biomass-to-liquids final fuel products
18.4. Environmental and economic considerations of the BTL process
18.5. Commercial status of the biomass-to-liquids processes
18.6. Future prospects and challenges

19. Production of biofuels via bio-oil upgrading and refining

19.1. Introduction
19.2. Upgrading of biomass liquefaction products
19.3. Liquid fuel products from biomass through direct liquefaction and hydroprocessing
19.4. Conclusions

Part Four. Integrated production and application of biofuels

20. Biofuel production from food wastes

20.1. Introduction
20.2. Characteristics of food waste
20.3. Common food waste managements
20.4. Biofuels production
20.5. Conclusions and future trends
List of abbreviations

21. Biochar in thermal and thermochemical biorefineries—production of biochar as a coproduct

21.1. Introduction
21.2. Biochar as a coproduct in biofuels and bioenergy production
21.3. Biochar from biorefinery residues

22. Algae for biofuels: An emerging feedstock

22.1. Introduction
22.2. Microalgal biomass and oil
22.3. Oil biosynthesis in microalgae
22.4. Mass cultivation
22.5. Biomass harvesting and dewatering
22.6. Oil extraction and transesterification
22.7. Conclusions and future directions

23. Utilization of biofuels in diesel engines

23.1. Introduction
23.2. Utilization of vegetable pure plant oil and crude oil in diesel engines
23.3. Utilization of biodiesel-based palm oil, jatropha oil, coconut oil, and kapok nut oil in diesel engines
23.4. Utilization of biodiesel B5-based cat-fish fat in diesel engines
23.5. The concept of using biofuel on engines (prime mover)
23.6. Conclusion and remarks

Rafael Luque

Rafael Luque (PhD 2005, Universidad de Cordoba, Spain) has significant experience in biomass and waste valorization practices to materials, fuels, and chemicals as well as nanoscale chemistry, green chemistry and (photo)catalysis (600+ publications, h-index 92, >39,000 citations, 7 patents, 10 edited books). He is Editor-in-chief of Molecular Catalysis (Elsevier) and has been named 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 Highly Cited Researcher (Clarivate Analytics).

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

Carol Sze Ki Lin

Carol Lin received her BEng degree in Chemicals & Material Engineering from the University of Auckland, New Zealand and her Ph.D. from The University of Manchester, UK. Dr. Lin is currently Associate Professor at the School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong. She is internationally known for her work on bioconversion of agricultural, food and industrial residues for production of chemicals, materials and fuels through green and sustainable chemistry. Her current research interests include cultivation of anaerobic human gut microbial consortia in cellulose hydrogel-based immobilized bioreactors, waste and biomass valorisation. Dr. Lin leads a team of researchers with a current grant portfolio of over HK$18M and on-going collaborations with numerous companies. She has given numerous Keynote and Plenary speeches at major international conferences. In 2016 and 2018, her research team won the Gold Medal at the Geneva Invention Exhibition. In 2017, she received The President’s Awards, CityU.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Karen Wilson

Karen Wilson is Professor of Catalysis in the School of Science at RMIT University and was previously Chair of Catalysis and Research Director of the European Bioenergy Research Institute at Aston University (2013-17), where she also held a Royal Society Industry Fellowship in collaboration with Johnson Matthey. She holds a BA and PhD from the University of Cambridge, and MSc in heterogeneous catalysis from the University of Liverpool and has held academic positions at the University of York and Cardiff University. Her research interests lie in the design of tunable porous materials for sustainable biofuels and chemicals production from renewable resources. She is currently Associate Editor of the academic journals Sustainable Energy & Fuels, and Energy & Environmental Materials.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Catalysis, School of Science, RMIT University, Australia

James Clark

Prof James Clark is a founding director of the world-leading Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence at the University of York, UK.

Affiliations and expertise

University of York, UK

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Handbook of Biofuels Production

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Rafael Luque

Carol Sze Ki Lin

Karen Wilson

James Clark