Part One. Key issues and assessment of biofuels production
1. Introduction: An overview of biofuels and production technologies
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Development of (bio)chemical conversion technologies
- 1.3. Development of biological conversion technologies
- 1.4. Thermochemical conversion technologies
- 1.5. Process integration and biorefinery
- 1.6. Future trends
2. Multiple objectives policies for biofuels production: Environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory issues
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Energy security and supply
- 2.3. Emission reductions, land use, and other environmental impacts
- 2.4. Food safety and development of rural areas
- 2.5. Biofuels support policies
- 2.6. Conclusions
3. Life cycle sustainability assessment of biofuels
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Main challenges for biofuel sustainability
- 3.3. Life cycle sustainability assessment methodology
- 3.4. LCA considerations of biomass to biofuel conversion routes
- 3.5. Overview of major findings of selected LCA studies in biofuel production
- 3.6. Conclusions
4. Biofuels: Technology, economics, and policy issues
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Moving from fossil fuel to biofuels: insights from socio-technical transition theory
- 4.3. Assessing first- and next-generation biofuels
- 4.4. Economic, environmental, and social issues
- 4.5. Policy actions and the regulatory framework
- 4.6. Conclusions
5. Feedstocks and challenges to biofuel development
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Edible vegetable raw materials for biodiesel production
- 5.3. Nonedible/low-cost raw materials for diesel engine biofuel production
- 5.4. Raw materials for bioethanol production
Part Two. Biofuels from chemical and biochemical conversion processes and technologies
6. Production of biodiesel via catalytic upgrading and refining of sustainable oleagineous feedstocks
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. General background to biodiesel
- 6.3. Recent robust technology in biodiesel catalysis
- 6.4. Concluding remarks
7. Biochemical catalytic production of biodiesel
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Lipases
- 7.3. Enzymatic production of biodiesel
- 7.4. New tendencies in enzymatic production of biodiesel
- 7.5. Biofuels similar to biodiesel produced using several acyl acceptors, different to methanol
- 7.6. Industrial biodiesel production using enzymes
- 7.7. Conclusions
8. Production of fuels from microbial oil using oleaginous microorganisms
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Oleaginous yeasts and raw materials used for microbial oil production
- 8.3. The biochemistry of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous microorganisms
- 8.4. Microbial oil production in fed-batch cultures
- 8.5. Biodiesel production from microbial oil
- 8.6. Techno-economic evaluation of biodiesel production from microbial oil
- 8.7. Perspective of biofuel production from microbial oil
9. Biochemical production of bioalcohols
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. Types of biomass for bioalcohol production
- 9.3. Bioalcohols
- 9.4. New technologies for bioethanol production
10. Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Factors affecting the anaerobic digestion process
- 10.3. Advantages and limitations
- 10.4. Reactor configurations
- 10.5. Methods for enhancing the efficiency of anaerobic digestion
- 10.6. Process modeling
- 10.7. Process monitoring and control
- 10.8. Biogas utilization
- 10.9. Existing biogas installations
- 10.10. Conclusions and future trends
11. Biological and fermentative production of hydrogen
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Fundamentals of biohydrogen production
- 11.3. Biological hydrogen production strategies
- 11.4. Enhancing hydrogen production through metabolic engineering
- 11.5. Hydrogen production by cell-free enzymatic systems
- 11.6. Comparison of biohydrogen production techniques
- 11.7. Conclusions and outlook
12. Biological and fermentative conversion of syngas
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Fundamentals of syngas fermentation
- 12.3. Bacteria for syngas conversion
- 12.4. Effects of process parameters
- 12.5. Reactors for fermentative conversion of syngas
- 12.6. Product recovery
- 12.7. Examples of commercial and semicommercial processes
- 12.8. Conclusions for biological fermentation of syngas
13. Chemical routes for the conversion of cellulosic platform molecules into high-energy-density biofuels
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Oxygenated fuels via 5-HMF: furanic compounds
- 13.3. Levulinic acid as platform molecule to oxygenated fuels: alkyl levulinates and valeric biofuels
- 13.4. Oxygenated fuels via furfural: furan derivatives
- 13.5. Blending effect of oxygenated biofuels with conventional fuels
- 13.6. Catalytic conversion of γ-valerolactone to liquid hydrocarbon fuels
- 13.7. Furan derivatives as platform molecules for liquid hydrocarbon fuels
- 13.8. Sugars to hydrocarbon fuels: aqueous phase reforming process
- 13.9. Final remarks and future outlook
Part Three. Biofuels from thermal and thermo-chemical conversion processes and technologies
14. Catalytic fast pyrolysis for improved liquid quality
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Pyrolysis background
- 14.3. Catalytic pyrolysis
- 14.4. Catalytic pyrolysis: catalysts used
- 14.5. Catalytic pyrolysis: reactor setup
- 14.6. Conclusion and future opportunities
15. Production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen via gasification
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. Biomass feedstock for gasification
- 15.3. Biomass gasification process
- 15.4. Gasification technology
- 15.5. Syngas technology: composition, conditioning and upgrading to valuable products
- 15.6. Current status in commercial gasification of biomass
- 15.7. Challenges and opportunities
16. Production of bioalcohols via gasification
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Gasification routes for alcohol production
- 16.3. Technical and economical analysis of the oxidative coupling of methane process
- 16.4. Conclusions and future perspectives
17. Production of biofuels via hydrothermal conversion
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Process chemistry
- 17.3. Process layout
- 17.4. Feedstock considerations
- 17.5. Product distribution and properties
- 17.6. Development of technology and current research
- 17.7. Lifecycle and techno-economic assessment
- 17.8. Conclusions
18. Production of biofuels via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Biomass-to-liquids
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Biomass-to-liquids process steps and technologies
- 18.3. Biomass-to-liquids final fuel products
- 18.4. Environmental and economic considerations of the BTL process
- 18.5. Commercial status of the biomass-to-liquids processes
- 18.6. Future prospects and challenges
19. Production of biofuels via bio-oil upgrading and refining
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. Upgrading of biomass liquefaction products
- 19.3. Liquid fuel products from biomass through direct liquefaction and hydroprocessing
- 19.4. Conclusions
Part Four. Integrated production and application of biofuels
20. Biofuel production from food wastes
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. Characteristics of food waste
- 20.3. Common food waste managements
- 20.4. Biofuels production
- 20.5. Conclusions and future trends
- List of abbreviations
21. Biochar in thermal and thermochemical biorefineries—production of biochar as a coproduct
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.2. Biochar as a coproduct in biofuels and bioenergy production
- 21.3. Biochar from biorefinery residues
22. Algae for biofuels: An emerging feedstock
- 22.1. Introduction
- 22.2. Microalgal biomass and oil
- 22.3. Oil biosynthesis in microalgae
- 22.4. Mass cultivation
- 22.5. Biomass harvesting and dewatering
- 22.6. Oil extraction and transesterification
- 22.7. Conclusions and future directions
23. Utilization of biofuels in diesel engines
- 23.1. Introduction
- 23.2. Utilization of vegetable pure plant oil and crude oil in diesel engines
- 23.3. Utilization of biodiesel-based palm oil, jatropha oil, coconut oil, and kapok nut oil in diesel engines
- 23.4. Utilization of biodiesel B5-based cat-fish fat in diesel engines
- 23.5. The concept of using biofuel on engines (prime mover)
- 23.6. Conclusion and remarks