Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology

2nd Edition - February 21, 2023
Imprint: Academic Press
Editor: Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 9 8 4 7 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 4 7 1 - 3

Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology, Second Edition presents the latest findings on arsenic, including its chemistry, sources and effects on the environment and human health. The book… Read more

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Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology, Second Edition presents the latest findings on arsenic, including its chemistry, sources and effects on the environment and human health. The book discusses both acute and chronic effects, discussing many aspects of arsenic, from physical and chemical properties, exposure, epidemiology, organ toxicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Fully updated and revised, this new edition includes new topics on risk assessment, molecular mechanisms of arsenic, advances in the integrated approach to testing, assessment and development, evaluation and application of high content predictive models, and new alternative methods (NAMS) in the context of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to assess toxicology.

This comprehensive resource allows readers to effectively assess the risks related to arsenic, providing them with all they need to know on arsenic exposure, toxicity and toxicity prevention.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
1: Arsenic: Chemistry, occurrence, and exposure
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Chemistry of arsenic
1.3: Arsenic minerals and compounds
1.4: Organoarsenicals
1.5: Arsenic mobilization in the environment
1.6: Sources of arsenic in the biosphere
1.7: Arsenic in hydrothermal and geothermal fluids
1.8: Arsenic release from mining and mineral processing
1.9: Global occurrence of arsenic in groundwater
1.10: Methods of arsenic removal from water
1.11: Conclusions
References
2: Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in Bangladesh
Abstract
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh
2.3: Extent of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh
2.4: Arsenic in different environmental media in Bangladesh
2.5: Health effects of arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh
2.6: Epidemiology of arsenicosis in Bangladesh
2.7: Management of arsenicosis patients in Bangladesh
2.8: Socio-cultural aspects of arsenicosis in Bangladesh
2.9: Conclusion
References
3: Arsenic and fluorescent humic substances in the groundwater of Bangladesh: A public health risk
Abstract
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Materials and methods
3.3: Results and discussion
3.4: Conclusions
References
4: Arsenic risk assessment
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Arsenic chemistry
4.3: Arsenic occurrence and exposure
4.4: Hazard identification
4.5: Arsenic metabolism, mode of action, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling
4.6: Potential sources of susceptibility
4.7: Dose-response approaches
4.8: Risk characterization
4.9: Reference values and regulatory standards for arsenical compounds
References
5: Evaluation of sol-gel-modified activated alumina adsorbent for arsenic removal from drinking water
Abstract
Acknowledgments
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Materials and methods
5.3: Results and discussion
5.4: Conclusions
References
6: Health effects of chronic arsenic toxicity
Abstract
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Dermatological manifestations
6.3: Epidemiological study of dermatological manifestations
6.4: Systemic manifestations
6.5: Pregnancy outcome
6.6: Arsenicosis and cancer
6.7: Diagnosis
6.8: Treatment
References
7: Changing concept of arsenic toxicity with development of speciation techniques
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Conclusions
References
8: Mechanism for arsenic-induced toxic effects
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Biological consequences of chronic arsenic exposure in humans
8.3: Arsenic metabolism
8.4: Pathophysiology of arsenic toxicity
8.5: Mechanism for the toxic effects of arsenic
8.6: Preventing arsenic-induced toxic effects by antioxidants
8.7: Conclusions and future directions
References
9: Arsenic-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis: A possible mechanism
Abstract
Acknowledgments
9.1: Arsenic, a potent mutagen and carcinogen
9.2: Epidemiological perspectives of arsenic-induced human cancers
9.3: Arsenic-associated metabolism and carcinogenesis in animal models
9.4: Human arsenic carcinogenesis
9.5: Conclusions and future directions
References
10: Arsenic through the gastrointestinal tract
Abstract
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Release and transformations of the arsenical forms within the gastrointestinal tract
10.3: Intestinal absorption
10.4: Gastrointestinal toxicity of As
10.5: Conclusions
References
11: Advances in cutaneous toxicology of arsenic
Abstract
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Epidemiology
11.3: Clinical manifestations
11.4: Histopathology
11.5: Molecular pathogenesis
11.6: Treatment
References
12: Arsenic-induced liver injury
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Different sources of exposure
12.3: Biotransformation and elimination
12.4: Arsenic and liver
12.5: History of arsenic related liver diseases
12.6: Arsenic exposure associated hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction: Clinico-pathological and epidemiological studies
12.7: Arsenic and noncirrhotic portal hypertension
12.8: Arsenic related hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis
12.9: Arsenic and liver cancer
12.10: Susceptibility to arsenic health effect
12.11: Mechanisms of arsenic-induced liver injury
12.12: Summary
References
13: Arsenic and respiratory disease
Abstract
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Chronic arsenic exposure and respiratory health
13.3: Early life arsenic exposure and lung health
13.4: Mechanistic data on arsenic exposure and the lung
13.5: Conclusions
References
14: Arsenical kidney toxicity
Abstract
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Clinical manifestations of arsenical toxicity in humans
14.3: Nephrotoxic arsenical compounds
14.4: Mechanisms of arsenical toxicity
14.5: Biomarkers of nephrotoxicity
14.6: Arsenical interactions with other nephrotoxic elements
14.7: Summary and future research needs
References
15: Arsenic-induced developmental neurotoxicity
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Arsenic exposure impairs intellectual function in children
15.3: Developmental neurobehavioral toxicity in animals
15.4: Arsenic distribution after exposure in early life
15.5: Mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity
15.6: Neuroprotective agents against arsenic toxicity
15.7: Conclusions
References
16: Developmental arsenic exposure impacts fetal programming of the nervous system
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Accumulation of arsenic in fetal brain tissue
16.3: Effect of arsenic on the development of the nervous system
16.4: Effect of arsenic on neurobehavior
16.5: Mechanisms for the effect of arsenic on the nervous system during development
16.6: Conclusions and future directions
References
17: Health effects of preconception, prenatal, and early-life exposure to inorganic arsenic
Abstract
Acknowledgments
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Adverse health effects associated with preconception, prenatal, and early-life exposure
17.3: Mechanisms implicated in disease development from preconception, prenatal, and early-life exposure
17.4: Conclusions and future directions
References
18: Arsenic, kidney, and urinary bladder disorders
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Arsenic and renal disease
18.3: Arsenic and bladder disease
References
19: Developmental arsenic exposure: Behavioral dysfunctions and neurochemical perturbations
Abstract
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Toxicology
19.3: Developmental toxicology
19.4: Effects on the nervous system
19.5: Conclusions
References
20: Arsenic and cardiovascular system
Abstract
20.1: Introduction
20.2: The cardiovascular system
20.3: The effect of arsenic on blood
20.4: The effect of arsenic on vascular system
20.5: The effect of arsenic on heart
20.6: Application of human pluripotent stem cells in elucidating arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity
20.7: Conclusion
References
21: An update on the immunotoxic effects of arsenic exposure
Abstract
21.1: Background
21.2: Influence of nutritional factors
21.3: Effects on blood leukocytes
21.4: Interruption of energy production
21.5: Effects on ROS production
21.6: Genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials
21.7: Hematological effects on experimental animals
21.8: Effect on heme synthesis
21.9: Hepatic effects and lipid peroxidation
21.10: Effects on immune responses in fish
21.11: Effects on immune responses in laboratory animals
21.12: Effects of arsenic in drinking water on human health
21.13: Immunotoxic effects of organic arsenicals in foods
21.14: Medicinal use of arsenic and its mechanism of action
21.15: Effects of arsenic compounds on human cells in culture
21.16: Immunotoxic effects on murine and human monocytes and macrophages
21.17: Immunotoxic effects on murine mononuclear cells
21.18: Decreased cytokine production by human T cells
21.19: Effects of in utero exposure on infant immune system
21.20: Gender-related immunotoxic effects in humans
21.21: Effects of chronic exposure on immune response
21.22: Association with respiratory complications and impaired immune responses
21.23: Effects of chronic exposure on complement function
21.24: Effects of pre- and postnatal arsenic exposure on the immune system
21.25: Effects of arsenic exposure on immune function in children
21.26: Effects of early life exposure to arsenic on immune function in mice
21.27: Arsenic induces immunosuppression and ROS production by murine cells
21.28: Induction of apoptosis and oxidative damage in human immune cells
21.29: Mechanism of disruption of murine macrophage functions by arsenic
21.30: Arsenic induces cancer in humans
21.31: Immunotoxic effects of arsenic in humans and experimental animals
21.32: Effect of arsenic on gene expression and regulation
21.33: Conclusions
References
22: Arsenic and developmental toxicity and reproductive disorders
Abstract
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Developmental toxicity
22.3: Reproductive toxicity
22.4: Early-life exposures and delayed health effects
22.5: Reproductive disorders
22.6: Conclusions
References
23: Arsenic and cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgments
23.1: Arsenic and arsenic-containing compounds
23.2: Sources of arsenic and potential for human exposure
23.3: Molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis
23.4: Health effects associated with arsenic exposure
23.5: Conclusions
References
24: The association between chronic arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes: A metaanalysis
Abstract
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Methods and materials
24.3: Results
24.4: Discussion
References
25: Arsenic biosensors: Challenges and opportunities for high-throughput detection
Abstract
25.1: Arsenic: The toxic metalloid
25.2: Arsenic biosensors
25.3: Nanosensor platforms—Toward high-throughput detection
25.4: Conclusions and future directions
References
26: Medical countermeasures—Chelation therapy
Abstract
26.1: Introduction
26.2: Clinical aspects of arsenic
26.3: Diagnosis
26.4: Chelation therapy
26.5: Chelators in clinical use
26.6: Analogues of DMSA as potential new arsenic chelators
26.7: Role of antioxidants in preventing arsenic toxicity
26.8: Newer strategies
26.9: Future directions
References
27: Biochemical and molecular basis of arsenic toxicity and tolerance in microbes and plants
Abstract
Acknowledgments
27.1: Introduction
27.2: Arsenic toxicity and tolerance in microbes
27.3: Arsenic toxicity and tolerance in planta
27.4: Mechanisms of As tolerance and detoxification
27.5: As hyperaccumulation and phytoextraction
27.6: Summary points
References
28: Arsenic in the marine environment—Contents, speciation, and its biotransformation
Abstract
28.1: Introduction
28.2: Arsenic concentration in seawater
28.3: Arsenic concentration in marine sediments
28.4: Arsenic speciation in marine ecosystems
28.5: Arsenic cycle in the marine environment
28.6: Role of marine biological systems in arsenic biotransformation
28.7: Arsenic in seafood and its toxicity
28.8: Future directions
References
29: Environmental toxicology of arsenic to wildlife (nonhuman species): Exposure, accumulation, toxicity, and regulations
Abstract
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Sources of arsenic and its concentration in contaminated systems
29.3: Speciation of arsenic in the environmental compartments
29.4: Bioaccumulation of arsenic
29.5: Mechanisms of arsenic toxicity
29.6: Toxic effects of arsenic
29.7: Assessment of environmental arsenic exposure and effects on wildlife: Use of biomarkers
29.8: Environmental regulations of arsenic
29.9: Conclusion
References
30: Integrated approach to testing and assessment and development in arsenic toxicology
Abstract
Acknowledgments
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Environmental arsenic detection
30.3: Factors affecting arsenic geological and biological availability
30.4: Biological markers
30.5: Relationship between bioavailability and associated risk
30.6: Risk assessment and modeling
30.7: Methods of arsenic detection in various samples
30.8: Concluding remarks and future directions
References
31: Integrated approaches to testing and assessment during the development of arsenic toxicology
Abstract
31.1: Introduction
31.2: Why IATAs is important in toxicology
31.3: Understanding arsenic occurrence and exposure
31.4: Types of IATA and development in toxicology
31.5: Case studies to understand integrated approaches to testing, assessment, and development in toxicology
31.6: Conclusion and future direction
References
32: High content predictive models and new alternative methods (NAMs) in the context of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) to assess arsenic toxicology
Abstract
32.1: Introduction
32.2: AOPs in heavy metal toxicity testing
32.3: Pathway analysis tools
32.4: Methods
32.5: Discussion
References
33: Arsenic toxicity on nonhuman species
Abstract
33.1: Introduction
33.2: Toxicity profile of arsenic exposure in microorganisms
33.3: Toxicity profile of arsenic exposure in invertebrates
33.4: Toxicity profile of arsenic in vertebrates
33.5: Toxicity profile of arsenic in plants
33.6: Conclusions
References
Index

Swaran Jeet Singh Flora

Dr. Swaran J.S. Flora MSc, PhD, FNASc, FAEB, FABP, FSSE, Associate Director & Head of Pharmacology and Regulatory Toxicology Department at Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India, is engaged in research related to studying the mechanism and mode of action of heavy metals with particular interest in the development of a new molecule engineered for therapy of chronic arsenic poisoning.. He has delivered lectures in USA, Germany, Australia, Italy, Czech Republic, UK etc. He has published over 260 research papers in highly rated peer reviewed journals, including more than 60 Review article/ book chapters, which have been widely cited in international literature. He is Associate Editor and Member Editorial Board of more than 25 prestigious international journals including Food & Chemical Toxicology (Elsevier), Environmental Research (Elsevier), Journal of Trace Elements in Biology & Medicine (Elsevier), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Elsevier), Human & Experimental Toxicology, Oxidative Medicine & Cell Longevity, Environmental Health & Preventive Medicine (Springer, USA), Journal of Occupational Health, BMC Journal of Integrative and Alternative Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Biology etc and Guest reviewer for more than 80 international journals. He served as Executive Board Member, International Society of Dietary Supplements and Phytotherapy (ISDSP), Italy, Member, Neurobiology Task Group, Department of Science and Technology, Govt of India, Member, Scientific Advisory Board (Drug Development), CCCRAS (Department of AAYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India) Member, Board of Expert Panel, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai Member, Doctoral Committee, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, He is a Fellow of National Academy of Sciences (India) (FNASc), Association of Biotechnologists and Pharmacy (FABP), Academy of Environment Biology (FAEB) and Society of Science and Environment (FSSE) and has delivered more than 8 Oration lectures, 200 invited lecture and has been awarded by the Madhya Pradesh State Government, Indian Council of Medical Research, and Society of Toxicology (India). He has also supervised 24 students for their PhD degree.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Director and Head, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Regulatory Toxicology Department, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, Gwalior, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology

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