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Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes
1st Edition - November 3, 2014
Editors: F Pacheco Torgal, Joao Labrincha, C Leonelli, A Palomo, P Chindaprasit
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 7 8 2 4 2 - 2 7 6 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 7 8 2 4 2 - 2 8 8 - 4
This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on new developments in alkali-activation. The main binder of concrete, Portland cement, represents almost 80% of the total… Read more
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This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on new developments in alkali-activation. The main binder of concrete, Portland cement, represents almost 80% of the total CO2 emissions of concrete which are about 6 to 7% of the Planet’s total CO2 emissions. This is particularly serious in the current context of climate change and it could get even worse because the demand for Portland cement is expected to increase by almost 200% by 2050 from 2010 levels, reaching 6000 million tons/year. Alkali-activated binders represent an alternative to Portland cement having higher durability and a lower CO2 footprint.
- Reviews the chemistry, mix design, manufacture and properties of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders
- Considers performance in adverse environmental conditions.
- Offers equal emphasis on the science behind the technology and its use in civil engineering.
civil engineers, contractors working in construction and materials scientists in both industry and academia.
1: Introduction to Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes
Abstract
1.1 Brief overview on alkali-activated cement-based binders (AACB)
1.2 Potential contributions of AACB for sustainable development and eco-efficient construction
1.3 Outline of the book
Part One: Chemistry, mix design and manufacture of alkali-activated, cement-based concrete binders
2: An overview of the chemistry of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract
2.1 Introduction: alkaline cements
2.2 Alkaline activation of high-calcium systems: (Na,K)2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O
2.3 Alkaline activation of low-calcium systems: (N,K)2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O
2.4 Alkaline activation of hybrid cements
2.5 Future trends
3: Crucial insights on the mix design of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cementitious materials
3.3 Alkaline activators: choosing the best activator for each solid precursor
3.4 Conclusions and future trends
4: Reuse of urban and industrial waste glass as a novel activator for alkali-activated slag cement pastes: a case study
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemistry and structural characteristics of glasses
4.3 Waste glass solubility trials in highly alkaline media
4.4 Formation of sodium silicate solution from waste glasses dissolution: study by 29Si NMR
4.5 Use of waste glasses as an activator in the preparation of alkali-activated slag cement pastes
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Part Two: The properties of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders
5: Setting, segregation and bleeding of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Setting times of cementitious materials and alkali-activated binder systems
5.3 Bleeding phenomena in concrete
5.4 Segregation and cohesion in concrete
5.5 Future trends
5.6 Sources of further information and advice
6: Rheology parameters of alkali-activated geopolymeric concrete binders
Abstract
6.1 Introduction: main forming techniques
6.2 Rheology of suspensions
6.3 Rheometry
6.4 Examples of rheological behaviors of geopolymers
6.5 Future trends
7: Mechanical strength and Young's modulus of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of prime materials – solid precursors
7.3 Compressive and flexural strength of alkali-activated binders
7.4 Tensile strength of alkali-activated binders
7.5 Young's modulus of alkali-activated binders
7.6 Fiber-reinforced alkali-activated binders
7.7 Conclusions and future trends
7.8 Sources of further information and advice
8: Prediction of the compressive strength of alkali-activated geopolymeric concrete binders by neuro-fuzzy modeling: a case studys
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Data collection to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer binders by neuro-fuzzy approach
8.3 Fuzzy logic: basic concepts and rules
8.4 Results and discussion of the use of neuro-fuzzy modeling to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer binders
8.5 Conclusions
9: Analysing the relation between pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated concrete binders
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Alkali-activated metakaolin (AAM) binders
9.3 Alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) binders
9.4 Alkali-activated slag (AAS) binders
9.5 Conclusions and future trends
10: Assessing the shrinkage and creep of alkali-activated concrete binders
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Shrinkage and creep in concrete
10.3 Shrinkage in alkali-activated concrete
10.4 Creep in alkali-activated concrete
10.5 Factors affecting shrinkage and creep
10.6 Laboratory work and standard tests
10.7 Methods of predicting shrinkage and creep
10.8 Future trends
Part Three: Durability of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders
11: The frost resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Frost in Portland cement concrete
11.3 Frost in alkali-activated binders – general trends and remarks
11.4 Detailed review of frost resistance of alkali-activated slag (AAS) systems
11.5 Detailed review of frost resistance of alkali-activated alumino-silicate systems
11.6 Detailed review of frost resistance of mixed systems
11.7 Future trends
11.8 Sources of further information
12: The resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders to carbonation
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Testing methods used for determining carbonation resistance
12.3 Factors controlling carbonation of cementitious materials
12.4 Carbonation of alkali-activated materials
12.5 Remarks about accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated materials
13: The corrosion behaviour of reinforced steel embedded in alkali-activated mortar
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Corrosion of reinforced alkali-activated concretes
13.3 Corrosion resistance in alkali-activated mortars
13.4 New palliative methods to prevent reinforced concrete corrosion: use of stainless steel reinforcements
13.5 New palliative methods to prevent reinforced concrete corrosion: use of corrosion inhibitors
13.6 Future trends
13.7 Sources of further information and advice
Acknowledgements
14: The resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders to chemical attack
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Resistance to sodium and magnesium sulphate attack
14.3 Resistance to acid attack
14.4 Decalcification resistance
14.5 Resistance to alkali attack
14.6 Conclusions
14.7 Sources of further information and advice
15: Resistance to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in Portland cement concrete
15.3 Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) in alkali-activated binders – general remarks
15.4 AAR in alkali-activated slag (AAS)
15.5 AAR in alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin
15.6 Future trends
15.7 Sources of further information
16: The fire resistance of alkali-activated cement-basedconcrete binders
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of pure alkali-activated systems (Na2O/K2O)-SiO2-Al2O3
16.3 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of calcium containing alkali-activated systems CaO-(Na2O/K2O)-SiO2-Al2O3
16.4 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of iron containing alkali-activated systems FeO-(Na2O/K2O)-SiO2-Al2O3
16.5 Fire resistant alkali-activated composites
16.6 Fire resistant alkali-activated cements, concretes and binders
16.7 Passive fire protection for underground constructions
16.8 Future trends
16.9 Sources of further information
17: Methods to control efflorescence in alkali-activated cement-based materials
Abstract
17.1 An introduction to efflorescence
17.2 Efflorescence formation in alkali-activated binders
17.3 Efflorescence formation control in alkali-activated binders
17.4 Conclusions
Part Four: Applications of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders
18: Reuse of aluminosilicate industrial waste materials in the production of alkali-activated concrete binders
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bottom ashes
18.3 Slags (other than blast furnace slags (BFS)) and other wastes from metallurgy
18.4 Mining wastes
18.5 Glass and ceramic wastes
18.6 Construction and demolition wastes (CDW)
18.7 Wastes from agro-industry
18.8 Wastes from chemical and petrochemical industries
18.9 Future trends
18.10 Sources of further information and advice
Acknowledgement
19: Reuse of recycled aggregate in the production of alkali-activated concrete
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 A brief discussion on recycled aggregates
19.3 Properties of alkali-activated recycled aggregate concrete
19.4 Other alkali-activated recycled aggregate concrete
19.5 Future trends
19.6 Sources of further information and advice
20: Use of alkali-activated concrete binders for toxic waste immobilization
Abstract
20.1 Introduction and EU environmental regulations
20.2 Definition of waste
20.3 Overview of inertization techniques
20.4 Cold inertization techniques: geopolymers for inertization of heavy metals
20.5 Cold inertization techniques: geopolymers for inertization of anions
20.6 Immobilization of complex solid waste
20.7 Immobilization of complex liquid waste
20.8 Conclusions
21: The development of alkali-activated mixtures for soil stabilisation
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Basic mechanisms of chemical soil stabilisation
21.3 Chemical stabilisation techniques
21.4 Soil suitability for chemical treatment
21.5 Traditional binder materials
21.6 Alkali-activated waste products as environmentally sustainable alternatives
21.7 Financial costs of traditional versus alkali-activated waste binders
21.8 Recent research into the engineering performance of alkali-activated binders for soil stabilisation
21.9 Recent research into the mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of alkali-activated binders for soil stabilisation
21.10 Conclusions and future trends
22: Alkali-activated cements for protective coating of OPC concrete
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Basic properties of alkali-activated metakaolin (AAM) coating
22.3 Durability/stability of AAM coating
22.4 On-site trials of AAM coatings
22.5 The potential of developing other alkali-activated materials for OPC concrete coating
22.6 Conclusions and future trends
23: Performance of alkali-activated mortars for the repair and strengthening of OPC concrete
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Concrete patch repair
23.3 Strengthening concrete structures using fibre sheets
23.4 Conclusions and future trends
24: The properties and durability of alkali-activated masonry units
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Alkali activation of industrial wastes to produce masonry units
24.3 Physical properties of alkali-activated masonry units
24.4 Mechanical properties of alkali-activated masonry units
24.5 Durability of alkali-activated masonry units
24.6 Summary and future trends
Part Five: Life cycle assessment (LCA) and innovative applications of alkali-activated cements and concretes
25: Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Literature review
25.3 Development of a unified method to compare alkali-activated binders with cementitious materials
25.4 Discussion: implications for the life cycle assessment (lCa) methodology
25.5 Future trends in alkali-activated mixtures:considerations on global warming potential (GWP)
25.6 Conclusion
25.7 Sources of further information and advice
26: Alkali-activated concrete binders as inorganic thermal insulator materials
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The various ways to prepare foam-based alkali-activated binders
26.3 Investigation of the foam network
26.4 Microstructures and porosity
27: Alkali-activated cements for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes
Abstract
Acknowledgements
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Experimental technique
27.3 Microstructure and hydration mechanism of alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag (AGBFS) cements
27.4 Alkali-activated slag-based cementitious material (ASCM) coupled with Fe2O3 for photocatalytic degradation of Congo red (CR) dye
27.5 Alkali-activated steel slag-based (ASS) cement for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye
27.6 Alkali-activated fly ash-based (AFA) cement for photocatalytic degradation of MB dye
27.7 Conclusions
27.8 Future trends
27.9 Sources of further information and advice
28: Innovative applications of inorganic polymers (geopolymers)
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Techniques for functionalising inorganic polymers
28.3 Inorganic polymers with electronic properties
28.4 Photoactive composites with oxide nanoparticles
28.5 Inorganic polymers with biological functionality
28.6 Inorganic polymers as dye carrying media
28.7 Inorganic polymers as novel chromatography media
28.8 Inorganic polymers as ceramic precursors
28.9 Inorganic polymers with luminescent functionality
28.10 Inorganic polymers as novel catalysts
28.11 Inorganic polymers as hydrogen storage media
28.12 Inorganic polymers containing aligned nanopores
28.13 Inorganic polymers reinforced with organic fibres
28.14 Future trends
28.15 Sources of further information and advice
- No. of pages: 852
- Language: English
- Published: November 3, 2014
- Imprint: Woodhead Publishing
- Hardback ISBN: 9781782422761
- eBook ISBN: 9781782422884
FT
F Pacheco Torgal
Dr. F. Pacheco Torgal is a Principal Investigator at the University of Minho in Portugal. He holds the title of Counsellor at the Portuguese Engineers Association. He is a member of the editorial boards for nine international journals. Over the last 10 years he has participated in the research decision for more than 460 papers and has also acted as a Foreign Expert on the evaluation of 22 PhD thesis. Over the last 10 years he has also been a Member of the Scientific Committees for more than 60 conferences, most of them held in Asian countries. He is also a grant assessor for several scientific institutions in 15 countries, including the UK, US, Netherlands, China, France, Australia, Kazakhstan, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Chile, Saudi Arabia, UA. Emirates, Croatia, Poland, and the EU Commission. In the last 10 years, he reviewed more than 70 research projects.
Affiliations and expertise
C-TAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimaraes, PortugalJL
Joao Labrincha
João Labrincha is Associate Professor in the Materials and Ceramics Engineering Department of the University of Aveiro, Portugal, and member of the CICECO research unit. He has registered 22 patent applications, and has published over 170 papers.
Affiliations and expertise
University of Aveiro, PortugalCL
C Leonelli
Affiliations and expertise
Universitá degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, ItalyAP
A Palomo
Affiliations and expertise
Torroja Institute, SpainPC
P Chindaprasit
Affiliations and expertise
Khon Kaen University, Thailand