Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes

1: Introduction to Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes
Abstract

1.1 Brief overview on alkali-activated cement-based binders (AACB)

1.2 Potential contributions of AACB for sustainable development and eco-efficient construction

1.3 Outline of the book

Part One: Chemistry, mix design and manufacture of alkali-activated, cement-based concrete binders

2: An overview of the chemistry of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract

2.1 Introduction: alkaline cements

2.2 Alkaline activation of high-calcium systems: (Na,K)₂O-CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O

2.3 Alkaline activation of low-calcium systems: (N,K)₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O

2.4 Alkaline activation of hybrid cements

2.5 Future trends

3: Crucial insights on the mix design of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Cementitious materials

3.3 Alkaline activators: choosing the best activator for each solid precursor

3.4 Conclusions and future trends

4: Reuse of urban and industrial waste glass as a novel activator for alkali-activated slag cement pastes: a case study
Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Chemistry and structural characteristics of glasses

4.3 Waste glass solubility trials in highly alkaline media

4.4 Formation of sodium silicate solution from waste glasses dissolution: study by ²⁹Si NMR

4.5 Use of waste glasses as an activator in the preparation of alkali-activated slag cement pastes

4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements

Part Two: The properties of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders

5: Setting, segregation and bleeding of alkali-activated cement, mortar and concrete binders
Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Setting times of cementitious materials and alkali-activated binder systems

5.3 Bleeding phenomena in concrete

5.4 Segregation and cohesion in concrete

5.5 Future trends

5.6 Sources of further information and advice

6: Rheology parameters of alkali-activated geopolymeric concrete binders
Abstract

6.1 Introduction: main forming techniques

6.2 Rheology of suspensions

6.3 Rheometry

6.4 Examples of rheological behaviors of geopolymers

6.5 Future trends

7: Mechanical strength and Young's modulus of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Types of prime materials – solid precursors

7.3 Compressive and flexural strength of alkali-activated binders

7.4 Tensile strength of alkali-activated binders

7.5 Young's modulus of alkali-activated binders

7.6 Fiber-reinforced alkali-activated binders

7.7 Conclusions and future trends

7.8 Sources of further information and advice

8: Prediction of the compressive strength of alkali-activated geopolymeric concrete binders by neuro-fuzzy modeling: a case studys
Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Data collection to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer binders by neuro-fuzzy approach

8.3 Fuzzy logic: basic concepts and rules

8.4 Results and discussion of the use of neuro-fuzzy modeling to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer binders

8.5 Conclusions

9: Analysing the relation between pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated concrete binders
Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Alkali-activated metakaolin (AAM) binders

9.3 Alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) binders

9.4 Alkali-activated slag (AAS) binders

9.5 Conclusions and future trends

10: Assessing the shrinkage and creep of alkali-activated concrete binders
Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Shrinkage and creep in concrete

10.3 Shrinkage in alkali-activated concrete

10.4 Creep in alkali-activated concrete

10.5 Factors affecting shrinkage and creep

10.6 Laboratory work and standard tests

10.7 Methods of predicting shrinkage and creep

10.8 Future trends

Part Three: Durability of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders

11: The frost resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Frost in Portland cement concrete

11.3 Frost in alkali-activated binders – general trends and remarks

11.4 Detailed review of frost resistance of alkali-activated slag (AAS) systems

11.5 Detailed review of frost resistance of alkali-activated alumino-silicate systems

11.6 Detailed review of frost resistance of mixed systems

11.7 Future trends

11.8 Sources of further information

12: The resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders to carbonation
Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Testing methods used for determining carbonation resistance

12.3 Factors controlling carbonation of cementitious materials

12.4 Carbonation of alkali-activated materials

12.5 Remarks about accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated materials

13: The corrosion behaviour of reinforced steel embedded in alkali-activated mortar
Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Corrosion of reinforced alkali-activated concretes

13.3 Corrosion resistance in alkali-activated mortars

13.4 New palliative methods to prevent reinforced concrete corrosion: use of stainless steel reinforcements

13.5 New palliative methods to prevent reinforced concrete corrosion: use of corrosion inhibitors

13.6 Future trends

13.7 Sources of further information and advice
Acknowledgements

14: The resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders to chemical attack
Abstract

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Resistance to sodium and magnesium sulphate attack

14.3 Resistance to acid attack

14.4 Decalcification resistance

14.5 Resistance to alkali attack

14.6 Conclusions

14.7 Sources of further information and advice

15: Resistance to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) of alkali-activated cement-based binders
Abstract

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in Portland cement concrete

15.3 Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) in alkali-activated binders – general remarks

15.4 AAR in alkali-activated slag (AAS)

15.5 AAR in alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin

15.6 Future trends

15.7 Sources of further information

16: The fire resistance of alkali-activated cement-basedconcrete binders
Abstract

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of pure alkali-activated systems (Na₂O/K₂O)-SiO₂-Al₂O₃
16.3 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of calcium containing alkali-activated systems CaO-(Na₂O/K₂O)-SiO₂-Al₂O₃
16.4 Theoretical analysis of the fire performance of iron containing alkali-activated systems FeO-(Na₂O/K₂O)-SiO₂-Al₂O₃
16.5 Fire resistant alkali-activated composites

16.6 Fire resistant alkali-activated cements, concretes and binders

16.7 Passive fire protection for underground constructions

16.8 Future trends

16.9 Sources of further information

17: Methods to control efflorescence in alkali-activated cement-based materials
Abstract

17.1 An introduction to efflorescence

17.2 Efflorescence formation in alkali-activated binders

17.3 Efflorescence formation control in alkali-activated binders

17.4 Conclusions

Part Four: Applications of alkali-activated cement-based concrete binders

18: Reuse of aluminosilicate industrial waste materials in the production of alkali-activated concrete binders
Abstract

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Bottom ashes

18.3 Slags (other than blast furnace slags (BFS)) and other wastes from metallurgy

18.4 Mining wastes

18.5 Glass and ceramic wastes

18.6 Construction and demolition wastes (CDW)

18.7 Wastes from agro-industry

18.8 Wastes from chemical and petrochemical industries

18.9 Future trends

18.10 Sources of further information and advice
Acknowledgement

19: Reuse of recycled aggregate in the production of alkali-activated concrete
Abstract

19.1 Introduction

19.2 A brief discussion on recycled aggregates

19.3 Properties of alkali-activated recycled aggregate concrete

19.4 Other alkali-activated recycled aggregate concrete

19.5 Future trends

19.6 Sources of further information and advice

20: Use of alkali-activated concrete binders for toxic waste immobilization
Abstract

20.1 Introduction and EU environmental regulations

20.2 Definition of waste

20.3 Overview of inertization techniques

20.4 Cold inertization techniques: geopolymers for inertization of heavy metals

20.5 Cold inertization techniques: geopolymers for inertization of anions

20.6 Immobilization of complex solid waste

20.7 Immobilization of complex liquid waste

20.8 Conclusions

21: The development of alkali-activated mixtures for soil stabilisation
Abstract

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Basic mechanisms of chemical soil stabilisation

21.3 Chemical stabilisation techniques

21.4 Soil suitability for chemical treatment

21.5 Traditional binder materials

21.6 Alkali-activated waste products as environmentally sustainable alternatives

21.7 Financial costs of traditional versus alkali-activated waste binders

21.8 Recent research into the engineering performance of alkali-activated binders for soil stabilisation

21.9 Recent research into the mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of alkali-activated binders for soil stabilisation

21.10 Conclusions and future trends

22: Alkali-activated cements for protective coating of OPC concrete
Abstract

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Basic properties of alkali-activated metakaolin (AAM) coating

22.3 Durability/stability of AAM coating

22.4 On-site trials of AAM coatings

22.5 The potential of developing other alkali-activated materials for OPC concrete coating

22.6 Conclusions and future trends

23: Performance of alkali-activated mortars for the repair and strengthening of OPC concrete
Abstract

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Concrete patch repair

23.3 Strengthening concrete structures using fibre sheets

23.4 Conclusions and future trends

24: The properties and durability of alkali-activated masonry units
Abstract

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Alkali activation of industrial wastes to produce masonry units

24.3 Physical properties of alkali-activated masonry units

24.4 Mechanical properties of alkali-activated masonry units

24.5 Durability of alkali-activated masonry units

24.6 Summary and future trends

Part Five: Life cycle assessment (LCA) and innovative applications of alkali-activated cements and concretes

25: Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes
Abstract

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Literature review

25.3 Development of a unified method to compare alkali-activated binders with cementitious materials

25.4 Discussion: implications for the life cycle assessment (lCa) methodology

25.5 Future trends in alkali-activated mixtures:considerations on global warming potential (GWP)

25.6 Conclusion

25.7 Sources of further information and advice

26: Alkali-activated concrete binders as inorganic thermal insulator materials
Abstract

26.1 Introduction

26.2 The various ways to prepare foam-based alkali-activated binders

26.3 Investigation of the foam network

26.4 Microstructures and porosity

27: Alkali-activated cements for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes
Abstract
Acknowledgements

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Experimental technique

27.3 Microstructure and hydration mechanism of alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag (AGBFS) cements

27.4 Alkali-activated slag-based cementitious material (ASCM) coupled with Fe₂O₃ for photocatalytic degradation of Congo red (CR) dye

27.5 Alkali-activated steel slag-based (ASS) cement for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye

27.6 Alkali-activated fly ash-based (AFA) cement for photocatalytic degradation of MB dye

27.7 Conclusions

27.8 Future trends

27.9 Sources of further information and advice

28: Innovative applications of inorganic polymers (geopolymers)
Abstract

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Techniques for functionalising inorganic polymers

28.3 Inorganic polymers with electronic properties

28.4 Photoactive composites with oxide nanoparticles

28.5 Inorganic polymers with biological functionality

28.6 Inorganic polymers as dye carrying media

28.7 Inorganic polymers as novel chromatography media

28.8 Inorganic polymers as ceramic precursors

28.9 Inorganic polymers with luminescent functionality

28.10 Inorganic polymers as novel catalysts

28.11 Inorganic polymers as hydrogen storage media

28.12 Inorganic polymers containing aligned nanopores

28.13 Inorganic polymers reinforced with organic fibres

28.14 Future trends

28.15 Sources of further information and advice