Handbook of Algal Biofuels

Aspects of Cultivation, Conversion, and Biorefinery

1st Edition - December 2, 2021
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Mostafa El-Sheekh, Abd El-Fatah Abomohra
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 7 6 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 1 8 1 - 3

Handbook of Algal Biofuels: Aspects of Cultivation, Conversion and Biorefinery comprehensively covers the cultivation, harvesting, conversion, and utilization of microalga… Read more

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Handbook of Algal Biofuels: Aspects of Cultivation, Conversion and Biorefinery comprehensively covers the cultivation, harvesting, conversion, and utilization of microalgae and seaweeds for different kinds of biofuels. The book addresses four main topics in the algal biofuel value-chain. First, it explores algal diversity and composition, covering micro- and macroalgal diversity, classification, and composition, their cultivation, biotechnological applications, current use within industry for biofuels and value-added products, and their application in CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and water desalination. Next, the book addresses algal biofuel production, presenting detailed guidelines and protocols for different production routes of biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, jet fuel, and thermochemical conversation methods. Then, the authors discuss integrated approaches for enhanced biofuel production. This includes updates on the recent advances, breakthroughs, and challenges of algal biomass utilization as a feedstock for alternative biofuels, process intensification techniques, life cycle analysis, and integrated approaches such as wastewater treatment with CO2 sequestration using cost-effective and eco-friendly techniques. In addition, different routes for waste recycling for enhanced biofuel production are discussed alongside economic analyses. Finally, this book presents case studies for algal biomass and biofuel production including BIQ algae house, Renewable Energy Laboratory project, Aquatic Species Program, and the current status of algal industry for biofuel production.

Handbook of Algal Biofuels offers an all-in-one resource for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals working in the areas of biofuels and phycology and will be of interest to engineers working in renewable energy, bioenergy, alternative fuels, biotechnology, and chemical engineering. Furthermore, this book includes structured foundational content on algae and algal biofuels for undergraduate and graduate students working in biology and life sciences.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Chapter 1. Cyanoprokaryotes and algae: classification and habitats
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Key taxonomic characteristics of cyanoprokaryotes and algae
1.3 Cyanoprokaryotes: taxonomic classification history, modern age, and perspectives
1.4 History and present-day algal taxonomy
1.5 Global distribution and habitats of cyanoprokaryotes and algae
1.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 2. Global seaweeds diversity
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basis of seaweeds classification
2.3 The diverse groups of seaweeds
2.4 Seaweeds composition based on classification
2.5 Global distribution of seaweeds
2.6 Symbiotic relation of seaweeds with other marine organisms
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Biochemical compounds of algae: sustainable energy sources for biofuel production
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lipids and fatty acids in algae
3.3 Carbohydrates
3.4 Proteins
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Algal physiology and cultivation
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Photosynthetic efficiency of algae
4.3 Factors influencing growth and biochemical composition
4.4 Microalgae cultivation system
4.5 Artificial growth of seaweeds
4.6 Cost analysis of algae cultivation
4.7 Integrated cultivation system
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5. Genetic manipulation of microalgae for enhanced biotechnological applications
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genetic modification of algae for the generation of energy and value-added metabolites
5.3 Advance methods used in genome editing
5.4 Future perspectives of genetic engineering in microalgae
5.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6. The current status of various algal industries
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The algae industry
6.3 Main chemical compounds and bioactive compounds in algae
6.4 Energy production
6.5 Algae-based nonenergy field
6.6 Cosmetics
6.7 Food ingredients and polymers
6.8 Algae industrial companies
6.9 Wastewater treatment by marine algae
6.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Algal biomass as a promising tool for CO2 sequestration and wastewater bioremediation: an integration of green technology for different aspects
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Strategies of carbon dioxide sequestration
7.3 Carbon dioxide biosequestration using microalgae
7.4 Bioremediation: an ecofriendly approach for wastewater treatment
7.5 Algae-based wastewater treatment plants
7.6 Algal bacterial symbiosis system for wastewater treatment: role and effect of carbon dioxide
7.7 Biosorption and bioaccumulation
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Application of halophilic algae for water desalination
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Marine environment
8.3 Isolation of halophilic microalgae
8.4 Efficiency of microalgae and seaweeds for water desalination
8.5 Economic feasibility
8.6 Role of algal biofuel in desalination process
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Biofuel versus fossil fuel
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanisms of fossil fuel and biofuel production
9.3 Algal biomass
9.4 Algal biodiesel and other types of physicochemical properties
9.5 Combustion and emission parameters
9.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10. Algae for biodiesel production
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lipids in algal biomass
10.3 Different methods of transesterification
10.4 Biodiesel characteristics
10.5 Economic feasibility
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 11. Eco-friendly biogas production from algal biomass
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structural and chemical composition of seaweeds
11.3 Anaerobic digestion
11.4 Pretreatments
11.5 The challenges of biogas production from algae
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Algal biomass for bioethanol and biobutanol production
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Current biofuels status
12.3 Bioalcohols
12.4 Microalgae
12.5 Biofuel production processes
12.6 Bioethanol from microalgae
12.7 Biobutanol from microalgae
12.8 Macroalgae
12.9 Aquaculture seaweed cultivation
12.10 Bioethanol from macroalgae
12.11 Biobutanol from macroalgae
12.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Thermochemical conversion of algal biomass
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Thermochemical conversion
13.3 Pyrolysis
13.4 Hydrothermal liquefaction
13.5 Gasification
13.6 Torrefaction
13.7 Direct combustion
13.8 Economic feasibility
13.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14. Direct biohydrogen production from algae
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biohydrogen as efficient future fuels
14.3 Direct cellular biohydrogen production
14.4 Photosynthetic hydrogen production—cyanobacteria
14.5 Enhancing hydrogen production in microalgae by gene technology
14.6 Biosystem and semiartificial system for photocurrent and biohydrogen productions
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Biojet fuels production from algae: conversion technologies, characteristics, performance, and process simulation
Abstract
Nomenclature and abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biomass jet fuel conversion pathways
15.3 Algae biojet fuel
15.4 Biojet fuel performance characteristics
15.5 Fuel compatibility with current fueling system of aircraft
15.6 Process simulation
15.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16. Photosynthetic microalgal microbial fuel cells and its future upscaling aspects
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 What are photosynthetic microalgal microbial fuel cell
16.3 Effect of light on the performance of photosynthetic microalgal microbial fuel cells
16.4 DNA sequencing of microbial genomes
16.5 Integrated approaches of photosynthetic microalgal microbial fuel cells
16.6 Future of photosynthetic microalgal microbial fuel cells using diatoms
16.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 17. Sequential algal biofuel production through whole biomass conversion
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Different processes of algal biofuel production
17.3 Recent trends in sequential algal biofuel production
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. By-products recycling of algal biofuel toward bioeconomy
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Applications of algae by-products
18.3 Microalgal by-products of biomasses conversion processes
18.4 By-products from ethanol production
18.5 Glycerol by-products of biodiesel productions
18.6 By-products from bio-oil fuel production
18.7 Microalgal-based protein by-products
18.8 Environmental impact of biodiesel and by-products
18.9 Economic feasibility of microalgae biodiesel
18.10 Future research focus and perspectives
18.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Harnessing solar radiation for potential algal biomass production
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Solar cells
19.3 Solar panel
19.4 Different applications of solar radiation
19.5 Conversion of solar radiation to algal biomass
19.6 Solar tracking system
19.7 Solar to heat for thermochemical conversion of algal biomass
19.8 Technoeconomic considerations for different routes of conversion of algae
19.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Chapter 20. Physical stress for enhanced biofuel production from microalgae
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nutrient stress
20.3 Physical stress
20.4 Challenges and future directions of physical stress
20.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Microalgal–bacterial consortia for biomass production and wastewater treatment
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Interchange of substrates, intercellular communication, and horizontal gene transfer in microalgal–bacterial consortia
21.3 Distribution and role of microalgal–bacterial consortia in the wastewater treatment
21.4 Biofuel and bioproducts generation by microalgal–bacterial consortia
21.5 Reduction in CO2 emission and electricity generation
21.6 Role of lipase in wastewater treatment
21.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22. Process intensification for sustainable algal fuels production
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Intensification of photobioreactors
22.3 Harvesting
22.4 Biomass conversion to biofuel
22.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Life cycle assessment for microalgae-derived biofuels
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Pros and cons of algal biofuel production
23.3 Life cycle assessment approach
23.4 Benefits on application of life cycle assessment for microalgal biofuel commercial production
23.5 Current scenario on production and application of biofuels
23.6 Future prospective
23.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 24. An overview of the algal biofuel technology: key challenges and future directions
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Challenges
24.3 Lipid extraction
24.4 Future perspectives
24.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 25. History and recent advances of algal biofuel commercialization
Abstract
25.1 Introduction and history of biofuel production
25.2 Recent advancement in large-scale biofuel production
25.3 Pilot-scale and large-scale trials of algal biofuel production
25.4 Top companies of biofuel production from different feedstocks
25.5 Top companies of algal products commercialization
25.6 Top companies of biofuel production from algae
25.7 Biofuel production and its impact on environment
25.8 Challenges of biofuel commercialization from algae
25.9 Future prospective of biofuel
References
Chapter 26. Biointelligent quotient house as an algae-based green building
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Green buildings
26.3 Renewable energy applications in green buildings
26.4 Biointelligent quotient in Hamburg, Germany
26.5 University of technology Sydney green building case study
26.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
27.3 History of National Renewable Energy Laboratory algal biofuels projects
27.4 Principal project
27.5 Microalgae isolation and characteristics during the project
27.6 Limitation of industrial application
27.7 Conclusion of the project
References
Chapter 28. Aquatic species program
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Introduction to US department of energy
28.3 History of the algae species program
28.4 Microalgal isolation and characteristics
28.5 Relationship between National Renewable Energy Laboratory and algae species program
28.6 Limitations of industrial applications
28.7 Conclusions of the project
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29. Algal fuel production by industry: process simulation and economic assessment
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Life cycle assessment toward microalgae industrialization
29.3 Operating conditions
29.4 Algal biodiesel
29.5 Process simulation
29.6 Process description
29.7 Economic assessment
References
Index

Mostafa El-Sheekh

Mostafa El-Sheekh is Professor of Phycology at Tanta University, Egypt. He has nearly 35 years of experience in the research and teaching in the field of algae, microbiology and its applications. Dr. El-Sheekh served as the Dean and Vice Dean Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt and Cultural counselor in Egyptian Embassy in Yemen and Uzbekistan. He holds a Ph.D. in Phycology from Tanta University and Göttingen University, Germany as Chanel System fellowship. He is the recipient of fellowships in Hungary, India, Sweden, Czech Republic, and Japan. He is the author of more than 160 papers and, 7 book chapters, and 2 books. He also serves as editorial member and reviewer for more than 60 peer reviewed journals. He has published many papers on the production of biodiesel, ethanol and hydrogen from algae. He has also 2 book chapters on biodiesel production from microalgae and one book on renewable energy.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Phycology, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt

Abd El-Fatah Abomohra

Abd El-Fatah Abomohra is a Professor of Environmental Engineering at Chengdu University, China. He obtained his PhD in 2012 through a cooperation program between Tanta University in Egypt and Hamburg University in Germany funded by DAAD. He has 20 years of teaching and research experience, as he worked as a teaching assistant, assistant lecturer, lecturer, and associate professor at Tanta University, Egypt since 2001. During his career, he has participated in a number of national projects in Egypt, Germany and China for wastewater treatment/CO2 sequestration, water desalination, and biofuel production from different biomass feedstocks. His current research interests include environmental biotechnology, biodiesel production, anaerobic digestion, bioremediation, fermentation, and thermochemical conversion. His research group is primarily working on bioenergy production from different non-edible feedstocks, including algae.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, China

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health