Handbook for Radio Engineering Managers

Section 1 Management and Organisation Introduction Chapter 1 Project Management Fundamentals of Programme Management Desirable Attributes of a Programme Scheduling Project Activities Management Information Release of Information Contract Payments Commercial Considerations Engineering Resources Chapter 2 Project Control Control of System Basics Project Objectives Allocation of Resources Monitoring Programme Review Corrective Action Programme Comparisons Computer Programs for Network Analysis Computer Program Features Chapter 3 Project Programming The Project Programme The Critical Path Programming Methods Master Network Functions Network Appreciation Monitoring the Programme Progress Review PERT and CPM Line-of-Balance Chapter 4 Design Programmes Requirements of a Design/Decision Programme Decision Making Problems of Decision/Design Co-ordination with other Groups Preparation of Design/Decision Programme Design Freeze: Change Procedure Degree of Uncertainty Chapter 5 Planning and Tender Schedule Stages Aim of Planning Operations Benefits of Time/Cost System The Need for Monitoring and Reporting Planning Staff Engagement of Consultants Type of Contract Programme Stages The Provisional Year Intermediate Year Final Planning and Tender Schedule Year Contract Stages and Action Required Programmes for Standard Equipment Programmes for Stations or Systems Project Proposals Chapter 6 External Plant Programmes The Design Programme Manufacturing Programme Programme Servicing Erection and Installation Programme Installation Resources Programme Preparation Expenditure Programme Chapter 7 Internal Equipment Programmes The Programme Programme Content Ductwork, Conduit and Cabling Auxiliary Equipment Activity Durations Chapter 8 Site Installation and Construction Commissioning Installation Staff Site Inspections Chapter 9 PERT/Cost Techniques Management Reports Project Status Reporting Form of Presentation Chapter 10 Trend Analysis The Moving Annual Trend The Moving Average Rate of Expenditure Accomplishment Analysis Optimisation Crash Cost The Cost Slope Re-allocation of Resources Total Project Costs Chapter 11 Productivity and Efficiency Utilisation of Resources Human Factors Factors Determining High Productivity Computers and Resources Manpower Sources Engineering Efficiency Chapter 12 Engineering Budgets and Costing Restrictions of Annual Budgets Planning and Implementation The Co-ordination Procedure Materials Purchasing Budget Flexibility in Budgeting Budgetary Control Costing Benefits of Costing Facilities Chapter 13 Engineering Organisation Organisation Requirements Organisation Design Organisation Planning Project Type Organisation Section Type Organisation Matrix Type Organisation Integrative and Co-ordinative Relationships Inter-relationships The Matrix Chart Line and Staff Line and Staff Relationship Duties of Staff Staff Assistance Delegation and Responsibility Limits of Authority Principles of Delegation Position Descriptions Importance of Position Descriptions Senior Engineering Managers Designations Position Statement General Features of Duties Position ClassificationsSection 2 Engineering Economy Introduction Chapter 14 Economic Studies Characteristics of Radio Installations Value of Economic Studies The Basic Questions The Objective of Cost Studies Rate of Return Demand for Capital Cost Comparisons Rate of Return Studies Uncertainty Cost/Benefit Analysis Chapter 15 Capital Costs Economic Life Cost Considerations Reliability Estimating First Cost Types of Estimates Main Factors in Estimating Causes of Deviations Typical First Cost Examples Chapter 16 Maintenance and Operating Costs Cost Factors Need for Co-ordination Adding New Equipment Estimating Future Charges Maintenance Programme Factors Preventative Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Fault Analysis Typical Maintenance and Operation Cost Examples Chapter 17 Retirement Reasons for Retirement Retirement Cost Replacement Based on Annual Costs Life of Equipment or Plant Optimal Replacement Age, Re-Use of Equipment or Plant Chapter 18 Depreciation Value Depreciation Straight Line Depreciation Fixed Percentage Depreciation Sinking Fund Depreciation Annuity Method Sum-of-the-Year's Digits Method Typical Depreciation Examples Chapter 19 Cost Comparison Studies Broadband Radio Relay System and Coaxial Cable Parallel and Standby Transmitters Staffed and Unstaffed Transmitter Power Supplies for a Radio Relay Station Transmission LinesSection 3 Safety Practice IntroductionPart 1 Philosophy and Responsibility Chapter 20 Philosophy and Plans Safety Engineering Philosophy Interpretation of Safety Rules Classification of Accidents Lessons to be Learned Emergency Organisation Plans Development of Emergency Plans Storm Emergencies Bomb Threat Shut-Down Procedures Countermeasures Against Failure in Communication Networks Chapter 21 Staff Responsibilities The Engineer The Station Manager Supervisory Staff The Problem of the Small Station Organisation Chart Safety Rules First Aid Rules Instructing Workmen Qualifications and Fitness of Employees Visitors to Radio Stations Chapter 22 Aids and Facilities Safety Aids Noise Emergency Exits Working Alone Fire Extinguishing FacilitiesPart 2 Operations and Maintenance Chapter 23 Electrical and Radio Equipment Working Near High Voltage Equipment Earthing Procedure Earthing High Voltage Capacitors Isolating Transmission Lines and Antennas Battery Systems Portable Electrical Tools Care of Glass Envelope Components Chapter 24 Mechanical Plant Compressed Air Plant Refrigeration Plant Lifting Hoists Workshop Machinery Chapter 25 Radiation Hazards Radiation Classifications Biological Effects Effects of Frequency Safe Continuous Exposure Level Safe Non-Continuous Exposure Level Effects of Peak Powers Power Densities Power Density Measurement Waveguides Safety Precautions X-Rays Infra-Red and Ultra-Violet Radiation Typical Safety Instruction Chapter 26 Maintenance of Masts and Towers Methods and Procedures Mast and Tower Inspection Equipment Guy Inspection Equipment Ladder Fall Arresters Maintenance Platform Safety Belts Marking and Lighting of Structures Typical Safety Rules Damage to Structures in ServicePart 3 Installation and Construction Chapter 27 Designing for Safety Analysis for Safe Design Identification Unsafe Voltages Working on Live Equipment Levels of Illumination Bonding Earthing and Shielding in Buildings Shielded Matching and Combining Huts Switchyard and Mast Enclosures Chapter 28 Installation of Equipment and Plant Safety Features in Transmitter Design Oil Filled Equipment Guarding Exposed Live Parts High Current Filament Leads Safe Distances Clearance of Conductors Above Ground Clearance of Conductors from Walls Chapter 29 Protection Equipment Protection Earthing of Equipment Protection by Disconnection Protection Against Lightning Emergency Shut-Down Switches Circuit Breakers, Switches and Fuses Station Site Enclosure Chapter 30 Installation and Construction Hazards Materials and Equipment Handling Handling Harmful Substances Construction Site Workshop Hazards in The Use of Mechanical Aids Explosive Powered Tools Welding Hazards Blasting Operations Electro-Explosive Devices Warning Signs Failure of Structures During ErectionSection 4 Fires in Radio Installations Introduction Chapter 31 Fire Hazards Spread of Fire Fire Prevention Materials Furnishings Chapter 32 Organisation Management Involvement Fire Fighting Organisation Staff Training Bomb Threat Equipment Required Chapter 33 Equipment and Buildings Design Considerations Buildings Ducts and Chases Underfloor Cabling Storage of Flammable Liquids Domestic Type Radio and Television Equipment Protection Requirements Chapter 34 Detection and Facilities Fire Detection Planning Facilities Dry Pipe Sprinkler System Switchboards Reducing Fire Protection Needs Accessibility Isolation of Power Oil Filled Components Typical Facilities Specification Example Chapter 35 Electric Shock Hazards Electrical Conductivity of Water Safe Distance from Energised Equipment Use of Sprays Portable Fire Extinguishers Chapter 36 The Transformer Problem Non-flammable Coolants Oil Deterioration Breathing Arrangements Acid Levels Inhibitors Short Circuits and Re-Cycling Transformer Protection Oil Circuit Breakers Protection of Wall Openings Chapter 37 Lightning Hazards Lightning Phenomenon Discharge Paths The Earthing Problem Earth System Behaviour Current Carrying Capacity Protection Economics Probability of Being Struck Isoceraunic Maps Cone of Protection Chapter 38 Lightning Protection Structure Protection Earthing Systems Radial System Cage System Counterpoise System Buried Plate System Grid System Star System Earth Conductor Materials Equipment on Structures Guy Insulators Building Protection Equipment Protection Safety of Operating Staff Horn Gaps Lightning Protectors Minimising Steep Wave Effects Lightning Conductors Power Mains Feeders Co-Axial Cables EMP Protection Chapter 39 Case Studies Transmitting Stations Studios Fires Caused by LightningSection 5 Environmental Aspects in Radio Engineering Introduction Chapter 40 Reliability Reliability Factors Deterioration and Failure Deterioration Factors, Temperature Ultra-Violet Radiation Humidity Atmospheric Contaminants Cyclones Thunderstorms Wind Induced Vibration Fungal Attack Insects Other Pests Vandalism Chapter 41 Performance of Materials and Equipment Performance Plastics Plastic Cables Ceramic and Glass Insulators Insulating Oils Silica Gel Contacts Contactors and Relays Silver Migration Printed Circuit Boards Transformer Boxes Ropes Wooden Poles and Drums Masts and Towers Paint Failure Concrete Outdoor Transmitting Equipment Chapter 42 Corrosion Rate of Corrosion Dissimilar Metals Corrosion Protection Aeration Corrosion Transmitter Water Cooling Systems Water Quality Removal of Scale Corrosion of Metals The Use of Targets Care of Water Cooling Systems Chapter 43 Failure of Structures Factors Involved in Failures Probability of Failure Fundamentals of Safe Construction Lessons to be Learned Design Considerations Safety Assessment Aerodynamic Stability of Structures and Antennas Shape of Materials Wind and Wind Loading Icing Structural Failure Examples Chapter 44 Environmental Oblivations in Mast and Tower Design Quality of the Environment The Designer's Responsibility Aesthetic Considerations Design Techniques Engineering Penalties Environmental Impact Statement Chapter 45 Radio Frequency Spectrum Management The Spectrum as a Resource Progress in International Control The Radio Regulations The International Radio Consultative Committee The International Frequency Registration Board Space Radiocommunications Electromagnetic Compatibility Spectrum Planning Spectrum Surveillance The Role of the Monitoring ServiceSection 6 Specifications and Contract Administration Introduction Chapter 46 Specifications Engineering Specifications The Schedule Principles of Specification Writing Types of Clauses Assembling Material for the Specification Planning the Specification Main Sections of the Specification Revision of Specifications Chapter 47 Typical Radio Engineering Specifications Bonding and Earthing for High Power Broadcast Station Building Complex and Support Facilities Medium Frequency Broadcast Transmitters Broadband Radiocommunication Relay Equipment for Telephony and/or Television Dual Channel Television Transmitting Antenna System Performance Calculations Engineering Practices, Design and Workmanship Chapter 48 Inspections and Acceptance Tests Inspection Standard Minor and Incidental Defects Levels of Severity Classification of Defects Acceptance Testing of Systems Standardisation The Standards Typical Inspection and Acceptance Tests Site and Facility Inspections and Studies Chapter 49 Contract Administration Roles of the Engineer, Legal Adviser and Accountant Types of Contracts The Lump Sum Contract The Schedule of Rates Contract The Cost Plus Contract The Turnkey Contract The Contract Documents Drawings The Contractor Selection The Project Engineer The Resident Engineer The Consulting Engineer Patents Arbitration of Disputes Contract CancellationAppendix Economic Comparison Tables: Compound Interest FactorsIndex