Gut Microbiome and Behavior

Preface: The Gut Microbiome and Behavior under the microscope: Where to focus?

• Setting the Stage
• Brain Regions of Interest
• Zooming in on the Gut Microbiome and Behavior at the Extremes of Life
• The Gut Microbiome Though the Aperture of Stress
• Resolving the Question of Mechanisms
• Vision for the Future

Chapter One: Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Host Responses to Stressor Exposure

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Stress and the Stress Response
• 3 Stressor Exposure and the Intestinal Microbiota
• 4 Role of the Microbiota in the Body's Response to Stress
• 5 Conclusions

Chapter Two: The Influence of Prebiotics on Neurobiology and Behavior

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Prebiotics
• 3 Neurobiological Changes Associated with Prebiotic Intake
• 4 Prebiotic-Mediated Changes in Behavior
• 5 Mechanistic Considerations
• 6 Conclusion

Chapter Three: Gut Microbiome and Behavior: Focus on Neuroimmune Interactions

• Abstract
• 1 Microbiota–Brain Axis
• 2 Microbiota and Immune Signaling Influence Behavior
• 3 Probiotics Attenuate Stress- and Immune-Related Changes in Behavior
• 4 Future Directions

Chapter Four: Neuropeptides, Microbiota, and Behavior

• Abstract
• 1 Neuropeptides Transcend Boundaries
• 2 Signaling Pathways in Gut–Brain Communication
• 3 Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in Gut Microbiota–Host Communication
• 4 Microbiota Controls of the Availability of Amino Acids Required for Neuropeptide Synthesis
• 5 Interaction of the Gut Microbiota with Neuroactive Gut Hormones
• 6 Control of Neuropeptide Activity via Gut Microbiota-Dependent Autoantibodies
• 7 Control of Peptide Signaling Through a Gut Microbiota–BBB Interaction
• 8 Cerebral Neuropeptides Mediating the Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Brain Function and Behavior
• 9 Conclusion: The Gut Microbiota–Neuropeptide Network
• Acknowledgments

Chapter Five: Microbes and Oxytocin: Benefits for Host Physiology and Behavior

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Oxytocin: A Multifunctional Neuropeptide
• 3 Parallels Between Gut Bacteria and Oxytocin Effects
• 4 Direct Evidence for Oxytocin-Depended Gut Bacteria Beneficial Effects
• 5 Oxytocin and Gut Bacteria: An Advanced Quorum-Sensing Mechanism of Mammals?
• 6 Probiotic Bacteria-Induced Endogenous Oxytocin for Therapy

Chapter Six: Intestinal Barrier and Behavior

• Abstract
• 1 The Intestinal Barrier: An Overview
• 2 Can an Altered Barrier Function Disrupt Behavioral Responses?
• 3 Stressors Affecting Both Behavior and Gut Barrier Function
• 4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter Seven: Toxoplasma gondii—A Gastrointestinal Pathogen Associated with Human Brain Diseases

• Abstract
• 1 The Biology of Toxoplasma Infection
• 2 Epidemiology of Toxoplasma Infection
• 3 Chronic Toxoplasma Infection of Humans and Experimental Animals
• 4 Toxoplasma Exposure and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
• 5 Toxoplasma and Intestinal Inflammation
• 6 Current Status of Anti-Toxoplasma Medications
• 7 Ongoing Research Needs
• 8 Conclusions

Chapter Eight: Exercise and Prebiotics Produce Stress Resistance: Converging Impacts on Stress-Protective and Butyrate-Producing Gut Bacteria

• Abstract
• 1 Stress and Health
• 2 Gut Microbial Organisms and Their Metabolites Are Emerging Mediators of the Health Impacts of Stress
• 3 Prebiotic Diets and Exercise Can Promote Stress-Protective Probiotic Bacteria
• 4 Prebiotic Diets and Exercise Promote Resistance Against the Behavioral and Neurobiological Consequences of Inescapable Stress Through Unique and Overlapping Mechanisms
• 5 The Stress-Protective Effects of Prebiotics and Exercise May Be Age Dependent

Chapter Nine: Circadian Rhythm and the Gut Microbiome

• Abstract
• 1 Circadian Rhythms in Health
• 2 Circadian Rhythms in Disease
• 3 Circadian Rhythms and the Intestinal Microbiota
• 4 Conclusion

Chapter Ten: Sleep and Microbes

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction: History
• 2 Sleep Physiology
• 3 Bacterial Challenge Affects Sleep
• 4 Sleep Loss Promotes Intestinal Bacterial Translocation
• 5 Cecal Ligation
• 6 Bacterial Components Driving Sleep Responses
• 7 Sleep Responses to Virus Challenge
• 8 Sleep Responses to Other Microbes
• 9 Mechanisms
• 10 Are Sleep Responses to Microbes Adaptive?
• 11 Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter Eleven: Cognitive Function and the Microbiome

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Development of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
• 3 Cognition in Gastroenterology
• 4 Cognition in Extraintestinal Manifestations
• 5 Microbiota and Cognition
• 6 Probiotics and Cognition
• 7 Future Directions
• 8 Conclusions

Chapter Twelve: The Intestinal Microbiota in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The General Appeal of the Microbiota as Putative Pathogenetic Factor in IBS
• 3 Factors Known to Precipitate or Exacerbate IBS also Induce Intestinal Dysbiosis
• 4 Evidence of Dysbiosis in IBS Patients
• 5 Proof of Principle that Intestinal Dysbiosis Alters Function in the Gut and Brain
• 6 Future Directions

Chapter Thirteen: Gut-to-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Central Role for the Microbiome

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Rodakis Case
• 3 Microbiome in ASD: Correlation Studies
• 4 From Correlation to Causation
• 5 Possible Mechanisms of Microbiome–Brain Axis in Autism
• 6 Conclusion

Chapter Fourteen: The Microbiome of the Built Environment and Human Behavior: Implications for Emotional Health and Well-Being in Postmodern Western Societies

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Global Trends Toward Urbanization
• 3 Shift in the Human Microbiome During the First and Second Epidemiological Transitions
• 4 Differences Between the Microbiomes of the Outdoor Environment and the Built Environment
• 5 The Microbiome of the Built Environment, Immunoregulation, and Human Behavior
• 6 Inflammation Anergic Macrophages
• 7 Regulatory Macrophages
• 8 Urban Upbringing and City Living Affect Neural Social Stress Processing
• 9 Conclusions

Chapter Fifteen: The Importance of Diet and Gut Health to the Treatment and Prevention of Mental Disorders

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Diet and Mental Health Across the Lifespan
• 3 The Importance of Diet for Gut Health Across the Lifespan
• 4 Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
• 5 Conclusion