Guide-Lines to Planning Atomic Spectrometric Analysis

PrefaceChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Capacity and Comparison of the Most Important Physical Methods of Elemental Analysis 1.1.1 Main Fields of Elemental Analysis 1.1.2 Methods of Elemental Analysis 1.1.3 Comparison of Capacity of Methods 1.1.4 How to Choose the Most Suitable Method? 1.2 Developments of Optical methods in Retrospect 1.2.1 Spectroscopy 1.2.2 Spectrometry 1.3 Common Principle of Spectrometric Methods References to Chapter 1Chapter 2 The Electromagnetic Radiation 2.1 Dualism of Electromagnetic Radiation 2.1.1 The Wave Nature of the Electromagnetic Radiation 2.1.2 The Corpuscular Nature of the Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2 Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation 2.2.1 Generation of "Bremsstrahlung" 2.2.2 The Blackbody Radiation 2.2.3 Generation of Spectral Radiation 2.2.4 Generation of Laser Radiation 2.3 Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) 2.3.1 Particular forms of the Absorption Law 2.3.2 The Integral Absorption and Absorption Coefficient of Atomic Lines References to Chapter 2Chapter 3 The Profile of Atomic Emission and Absorption Lines 3.1 Causes of Broadening of Spectral Lines 3.1.1 Natural Broadening 3.1.2 Collision Broadening (Lorentz Broadening) 3.1.3 Doppler Broadening 3.2 Actual Ahape of Atomic Lines 3.2.1 Combination of Natural, Lorentz and Doppler Broadenings 3.2.2 Line Broadening by the Hyperfine Structure of Atoms 3.2.3 Self-Absorption and Self-Reversal of Atomic Lines 3.3 Analytical Consequences of Line Broadening References to Chapter 3Chapter 4 Atomic Spectra and Electronic Structure 4.1 De Broglie’s Hypothesis 4.2 Spectral Series 4.3 The Atom-Building Principles 4.4 Elucidation of Spectroscopic Terms Belonging to a Given Electron Configuration 4.4.1 The (LS) Type of Coupling (Russel-Saunders Coupling) 4.4.2 The (jj) Type of Coupling 4.4.3 Hund's Rules (HR) for the Ground State of the Atom 4.5 Atoms in an External Magnetic Field 4.5.1 The Normal Zeeman Effect 4.5.2 Anomalous Zeeman Effect 4.5.3 The Paschen-Back Effect 4.6 Selection Rules and Energy-Level Diagrams of Multi-Electron Atoms 4.7 Hyperfine Structure of Atomic Lines References to Chapter 4Chapter 5 Characteristics of Atom Reservoirs and their Influence Upon the Sensitivities of Determinations by AAS and AES 5.1 The Concept of a Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium, LTE 5.2 The Sensitivity of Determinations by AAS and AES 5.3 Characteristics of Atom Reservoirs 5.3.1 Flames 5.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) 5.3.3 Graphite Cuvette 5.3.4 Non-Tube Shaped Electrothermal Atomizers 5.4 Introduction of Liquid Samples into the Atom Reservoirs 5.4.1 Pneumatic Nebulizers 5.4.2 Ultrasonic Nebulization and its Comparison with Pneumatic Nebulization 5.4.3 Discrete Sampling Devices for Flames 5.4.4 Introduction of Liquid Samples into Electrothermal Atomizers 5.5 Estimation of the Sensitivities of Determinations by AAS 5.6 Comparison of Estimated and Measured Sensitivities of Determinations by AAS 5.6.1 Sensitivities of Determinations by ICP-AAS 5.6.2 Sensitivities of Determinations by Flame AAS 5.6.3 Comparison of the Different Atom Reservoirs Used in AAS and Conclusions 5.7 Relative Emission Sensitivity (RES) of Determinations by Flame- and ICP Atomic Emission Spectrometry References to Chapter 5Chapter 6 Spectrometry Measurement of Atomic Absorption and Emission 6.1 Influence of the Design of Spectrometers Upon the Measured Intensity 6.2 Radiation Detection and Signal Processing 6.3 Influence of the Spectral Band Width of the Monochromator Upon the Sensitivity of Determinations by AAS 6.4 Background Correction in AAS 6.4.1 Origins of Non-Specific Absorption and Correction Methods 6.4.2 Background Compensation with a Polychromatic Reference Beam 6.4.3 Optical Systems of AA-Spectrometers Designed for Continuum Source Background Correction 6.4.4 Absorption-Zeeman-Effect Atomic Absorption (A-ZE/AA) 6.4.5 Comparison of the Compensating Powers of A-ZE/AA and the Polychromatic Reference Beam Method 6.4.6 Optical Systems for the ICP-AES References to Chapter 6Appendices Appendix 1: Physical Constants and Conversion Factors Appendix 2: Symbols and Abbreviations Appendix 3: Atomic Transitions and Practical Sensitivities of Determinations by Flame AAS Appendix 4: Alternative Analytical Lines for Determinations by AAS Appendix 5: Practical Sensitivities c1% or Detection Limits qL of Determinations by Graphite Furnace AAS Appendix 6: Limits of Detection by ICP-AES Appendix 7: Application Notes References to Appendix 7Subject Index