Green Chemistry

A Path to Sustainable Development

1st Edition - March 31, 2025
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Lalit Prasad, Shafat Ahmad Khan, Arvind Kumar Jain, Rajender S Varma
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 9 9 0 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 9 9 1 - 7

Green Chemistry: A Path to Sustainable Development provides updated information and knowledge on green chemistry, analyzes greener solutions for environmental sustainab… Read more

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Green Chemistry: A Path to Sustainable Development provides updated information and knowledge on green chemistry, analyzes greener solutions for environmental sustainability, and includes principles and practices, metrics, green chemical technologies, and real-world applications. Chapters explore interdisciplinary approaches to green chemistry, as well as value added through by-products, conversion of waste to value added products, remodeling from a conventional approach to a greener approach, and the challenges, opportunities, and future scope of green chemistry. Finally, this book discusses green methodologies, processes, and new chemical development.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editor
Section One. Introduction
1. History of green chemistry: Remodeling from conventional approach to greener approach
1 Introduction
2 Green chemistry
2.1 What is green chemistry?
2.2 Trends in green chemistry
3 Principles of green chemistry
3.1 Principles of green chemistry
4 Limitations of conventional approach
4.1 Use of toxic chemical solvents
4.2 Inadequate methods of analysis
4.3 Negligence of the consequences
4.4 Large-scale waste generation
4.5 Time consuming methodology
5 Impacts of greener approach
5.1 Efficient synthetic pathways
5.2 Chemical—Pharmaceutical industries
5.3 Use of green and safer solvents
5.4 Dependence on renewable feedstocks
6 Limitations and future challenges
7 Conclusion
2. Selection of solvents and auxiliaries
1 Introduction
2 Selection of safer solvents and auxiliaries
2.1 Criteria for solvent selection
2.2 Traditional solvents
3 About green solvents
3.1 Water as a solvent
3.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide
3.3 Ionic liquids as solvent
4 Auxiliaries in green chemistry
5 Conclusion
3. Green catalyst and reagents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of green catalysts and reagents
2.1 Homogeneous catalysts
2.1.1 Metal based catalysts
2.1.2 Organo catalysts
2.2 Heterogeneous catalysts
2.2.1 Supported metal catalysts
2.2.2 Biocatalysts (enzymes)
2.3 Reaction media: Green solvents
3 Renewable feedstocks
3.1 Biomass-derived feedstocks
3.2 CO2 utilization as a feedstock
4 Green catalytic processes
4.1 Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation
4.2 Oxidation and reduction reactions
4.3 C–C bond formation and cleavage
4.4 C–H functionalization
4.5 Sustainable polymer synthesis
5 Advancements in green catalysis
5.1 Photocatalysis and solar driven catalysis
5.2 Electrocatalysis for green transformations
5.3 Biocatalysis and enzyme engineering
5.4 Nanocatalysts for sustainable chemistry
6 Design and synthesis of green catalysts
6.1 Rational catalyst design principles
6.2 Ligand and support influence on catalyst performance
6.3 In silico approaches for catalyst design
7 Characterization of environmentally friendly catalysts
7.1 Spectroscopic analysis
7.2 Surface analysis methods
7.3 Understanding reaction kinetics and mechanisms
8 Applications of green catalysts and reagents
9 Conclusion
Section Two. Greener approaches and methodologies for sustainability
4. Microwave irradiation techniques
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism involved in MWI technique
2.1 Dielectric polarization (dipole interaction)
2.2 Ionic conduction
2.3 Solvents used in the MWI techniques
2.4 Benefits or advantages of microwave heating over conventional heating (Priecel & Lopez-Sanchez, 2019)
2.5 Limitations of microwave irradiation technique (Priecel & Lopez-Sanchez, 2019)
3 MWI-assisted synthesis of supramolecular cocrystals of sulfamethazine and sulfamerazine
4 Benefits and applications of MWI-assisted synthesis of N-heterocycles in the area of medicinal chemistry
5 MWI-assisted synthesis of the molecular structures of metal-organic frameworks
6 Catalyst and solvent-free MWI-assisted synthesis of substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles
7 Significance of MWI-assisted reactions with ionic liquids
8 Importance of tetraones (xanthines derivatives/supramolecular structures of calix[4]resorcinarenes) and functionalized calix [4]pyrrole under MWI-assisted reactions
9 Importance of MWI-assisted reactions in macrocyclization
10 Utility of MWI-assisted reactions in nanotechnology
11 Contribution of MWI-assisted reactions specifically for anticancer drugs
12 Conclusion
5. Ultrasonic innovation in green chemistry: Principles and applications
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of ultrasonication, equipment, and technology
2.1 Mechanisms of ultrasonic waves in chemical reactions
3 Advantages of ultrasonication in green chemistry
4 Applications of ultrasonication in green chemistry
5 Enhanced extraction and purification processes
6 Ultrasonication techniques for waste management
7 Challenges and considerations
8 Safety and environmental implications
8.1 Safety implications
8.2 Environmental implications
8.3 Mitigation strategies
9 Future perspectives and emerging trends
10 Conclusion
6. Techniques in photocatalysis
1 Introduction
1.1 Photocatalysis and green chemistry
1.1.1 Mechanism of photocatalysis
2 Photocatalysis for hydrogen generation
3 Synthetic applications of photocatalysts
3.1 Photooxidation
3.2 C–H oxidative functionalization
3.3 Photoreduction
3.4 C–C bond formation
4 Photocatalytic degradation of industrial pollutants
4.1 Heterogenous photocatalysis
4.2 Homogenous photocatalysis
5 Photocatalytic techniques for industrial applications
6 Conclusion
7. Grinding and milling (mechanochemical) methods: An excellent greener approach to develop sustainable materials
1 Introduction
2 Advantage of mechanochemical synthesis
3 Limitations of mechanochemistry
4 Mechanochemical-assisted synthesis of supramolecular structures
5 Mechanochemical-assisted synthesis of polymers
6 Reputation of mechanochemical-assisted synthesis in ionic liquids
7 An influential approach for the synthesis of porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks and covalent-organic frameworks via mechanochemistry
8 Admirable approach toward one-pot synthesis via mechanochemical chemistry
9 Remarkable contribution of mechanochemical approach to click chemistry
10 Role of mechanochemistry in the formation of biological active species namely metal complexes, drug-like fragments, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), N-heterocyclic compounds, natural products, anticancer drugs, cocrystals, peptides synthesis
10.1 Metal complexes, drug-like fragments, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), N-heterocyclic compounds
10.2 Natural products, anticancer drugs, cocrystals, and peptides synthesis
11 Mechanochemical synthesis of nanocomposite materials
12 Conclusion
8. Supercritical fluid mediated processing of lignocellulosic biomass: A sustainable lead to green biorefinery
1 Introduction
2 Lignocellulosic biomass structure
2.1 Cellulose
2.2 Hemicellulose
2.3 Lignin
3 Pretreatment of biomasses
3.1 Traditional method for pretreatment of LCB
3.1.1 Physical pretreatment
3.1.2 Acidic pretreatment
3.1.3 Alkaline pretreatment
3.1.4 Physiochemical pretreatment
4 Supercritical fluids
5 Supercritical pretreatment
5.1 Supercritical water (H2O) pretreatment
5.2 Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) pretreatment
6 Supercritical technology for the extraction of value-added chemicals from biomass
6.1 Supercritical fluid extraction
6.2 A supercritical fluid extractor-typical components
7 Sustainable valorization of biomass through a biorefinery approach
8 Conclusion
9. Biological and enzymatic approach for different applications
1 Introduction
2 Enzymes as nature's catalysts
3 Opportunities of biocatalysts
4 Use of biocatalysts in organic synthesis
5 Need of (chiral) catalysts for organic synthesis
6 Organocatalysis and biocatalysis milestones
7 Direct use of cofactors in organocatalysis
8 Hantzsch ester
9 How to select the enzymatic process
10 Nanobiocatalyst for industrial applications
11 Biocatalysis making waves in organic chemistry
11.1 Friedel–Crafts acylation and fries reaction by acyltransferase enzymes
11.2 Lipases and esterases application in transesterification, amide formation
11.2.1 Applications of lipase
11.2.2 Ketoreductase
11.2.3 (R)-Sitagliptin
11.2.4 Sulfur oxidases
11.2.5 Modafinil
12 Water as a green solvent
13 Ionic liquids as green solvents
14 Catalyst
14.1 Types of catalysts
14.1.1 Homogeneous catalyst
14.1.2 Heterogeneous catalyst
15 Nanotechnology
16 Conclusion
Section Three. Interdisciplinary approach of green chemistry
10. Sustainable green chemistry approaches to nanosciences and nanotechnology
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Twelve principles of green chemistry
3.1 Waste prevention
3.2 Atom economy
3.3 Synthesis via the nonhazardous process
3.4 Use of renewable materials as feedstock
3.5 Use of catalysts and nonstoichiometric chemical reagents
3.6 Prevent the use of chemical derivatives
3.7 Designing of safe products and chemicals
3.8 Use of harmless or least toxic solvents and safe reaction procedures
3.9 Enhancing energy efficiency
3.10 Design of chemicals and products for easy degradation postuse
3.11 Real-time analysis for pollution control
3.12 Minimizing the scope of accidental and hazardous spread
4 Sources of green nanomaterials
5 Green synthesis of nanoparticles
6 Biological method of synthesis of nanoparticles
7 Plant extract-mediated green nanoparticle synthesis
8 Characterizations of green nanoparticles
9 Environmental management, sustainability, and futuristic approaches
10 Application of green technology in terms of nanomaterials
10.1 Air pollution remediation
10.2 Treatment of industrial effluent and wastewater
10.3 Energy storage
10.4 Nanocellulose as a sustainable nanomaterial
10.5 Soil restoration pollutants in groundwater have hydrophobic molecule
10.6 Sustainable magnetic nano-catalysts
11 Discussion and conclusion
11. Interdisciplinary approach of green chemistry: Sustainable energy resources
1 Introduction
2 Global warming and green chemistry
2.1 Global warming
2.2 Green chemistry
2.3 Green chemistry and sustainable development
2.3.1 Green chemistry and Sustainable Development Goals
3 Green energy technologies and sustainable energy
3.1 Hydro energy
3.2 Wind power
3.3 Solar energy
3.4 Geothermal energy
3.5 Fuel cells energy
3.6 Bioenergy (waste to energy)
4 Conclusion
12. Green structure and buildings
1 Introduction
2 Building typologies
3 Concept of green buildings
4 What is green in buildings?
5 Benefits of green buildings
6 Green building design criteria
7 Building materials and finishes
8 Passive heating and cooling techniques
9 Conclusion
13. Petroleum and oil industries
1 Introduction
1.1 Petroleum
1.1.1 Nature and composition of the petroleum
1.1.2 Additives in oil refining and their functions
2 Oil recovery techniques
2.1 Primary oil recovery
2.2 Secondary oil recovery
2.3 Tertiary oil recovery
2.4 Various EOR methods
2.4.1 Chemical EOR
3 Pathway of crude oil formation
3.1 Crude oil deposition
3.1.1 Diagenesis
3.1.2 Catagenesis
3.1.3 Metagenesis
4 Pathways of crude oil refining
4.1 Application of cleaner crude oil
5 Emissions from oil refining activities
5.1 Greenhouse gases
5.2 Criteria air pollutants
5.3 Particulate matter
5.4 Wastewater and water pollution
5.5 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
6 Degradation of crude and refined oil
6.1 Oil spills
6.2 Chemical weathering
6.3 Biodegradation
6.4 Environmental impacts
7 Challenges in current petroleum practices: A critical evaluation
8 Petroleum industry waste management: management and challenges
9 Greening of petroleum products
9.1 Biomass as a sustainable feedstock for biorefineries
9.2 The potential of biorefineries and diverse biobased products
9.3 Optimization approaches in biorefineries
9.4 Optimization of petroleum refinery
9.4.1 Challenges in refinery configuration and optimization
9.5 Integration of petroleum refinery and biorefinery
10 Advance refining techniques
11 Conclusion
14. Green approach on cost-effective IDEs and enhanced electrical properties of CuO/f-MWCNT composite for transportation
1 Introduction
2 Experimental details
2.1 Materials
2.2 Synthesis of CuO
2.3 Functionalization of MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs)
2.4 Synthesis of CuO and f-MWCNT composites (CuO/f-MWCNTs)
2.5 Fabrication of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs)
2.6 Electrode fabrication for I–V analysis
2.7 Material characterization
3 Results and discussion
4 Conclusion
Section Four. By-product value addition
15. Zero waste technology and greener solutions for environmental sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Materials and methods
3 The evolution of zero-waste ideas
4 Role of green chemistry and environmental viability
4.1 The twelve principles
5 Green computing and sustainable growth
6 Understandings from research on zero waste
6.1 Zero waste extraction and process
6.2 Zero-waste planning and manufacturing
6.3 Sustainable utilization and waste production
6.4 Management and treatment of zero waste
6.5 Zero waste regulatory policies and assessment
7 Sustainable solutions
8 Global warming and climate change
9 Future opportunities
10 Conclusion
16. Conversion of fly ash waste to value-added products
1 Introduction
1.1 Chemical composition of FA
1.2 Properties of fly ash
2 Surface modification of fly ash
3 Synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from fly ash
4 Fly ash–reinforced polymer composites
5 Application of fly ash–reinforced polymer composites
5.1 Anticorrosive coatings
5.2 Microwave or EMI shielding effect of fly ash
5.3 Supercapacitors
5.4 Flame-retardant structural polymer composites
6 Conclusion
17. Green solutions for environmental sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
2.1 Transitioning to renewable energy sources
2.2 Energy efficiency and conservation
3 Reduction of air pollution
3.1 Clean air policies and regulations
3.2 Promotion of clean technologies
4 Renewable energy production
4.1 Solar energy
4.2 Wind energy
5 Waste to energy production
5.1 Waste management and resource recovery
5.2 Energy production from organic waste
6 Energy efficiency
6.1 Building energy efficiency
6.2 Industrial energy efficiency
7 Improved utilization of renewable bio-based resources
7.1 Sustainable biomass utilization
8 Improved utilization of inorganic resources, minerals, and other nonrenewable resources
8.1 Sustainable mining practices
9 Material recovery and circular economy principles
10 Sustainable water management
11 Reduced use of chemicals, antibiotics, and other hazardous substances
12 Conclusions
Section Five. Green chemistry: Challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives of green chemistry
18. Major challenges and opportunities in different sectors
1 Introduction
2 Major challenges of green chemistry in different sectors
2.1 Chemical industry
2.2 Pharmaceutical industry
2.3 Agriculture sector
2.4 Energy sector
2.5 Material science
3 Opportunities: A path forward
4 Conclusions
19. Case studies and techno-economic analyses of green chemistry: Future prospects and life cycle assessment
1 Introduction
1.1 Principles of green chemistry
1.2 History of green chemistry: (https://www.acs.org/greenchemistry/what-is-green-chemistry/history-of-green-chemistry.html) 1960s
1.2.1 Life cycle assessment
1.2.2 Circular economy
1.2.3 Future prospects
1.2.4 Techno-economic analyses of green chemistry/chemical concepts
2 Algal bioplastics: Life cycle assessment and circular economy
3 Algal biofuel: Life cycle assessment and circular economy
3.1 Techno-economic analyses of green chemistry/chemical concepts
4 Algal bio-based fertilizers: Life cycle assessment and circular economy
5 Microalgal biorefinery: Life cycle assessment and circular economy
6 Policy and structural issues related to CE and GC integration and adoption
7 Future prospects and challenges
8 Conclusion
Index

Lalit Prasad

Prof. Lalit Prasad (Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India 2013) is presently serving in the Division of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than a decade of teaching and research experience in the area of biofuels, renewable energy, interdisciplinary science, nanotechnology, and green chemical technologies. He has experience as a researcher in various national and international sponsored research projects. He has published more than 30 research papers and book chapters, 10 Indian patents (published) and 03 edited books. He also presented his research in more than 21 national and international conferences. He has supervised a number of master’s theses in the area of biofuels, nanoscience applied chemistry and in interdisciplinary research, supervised two Ph.D. thesis, and is currently supervising five Ph.D. students.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Shafat Ahmad Khan

Shafat Ahmad Khan (PhD 2012, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, INDIA) has significant teaching and research experience in Organic Chemistry, Green Materials, and plant products (20+ publications, book chapters, h-index 10, 963 citations, 2 patents (filed), 1 edited book). Currently, he is working as Associate Professor in Galgotias University, Greater Noida, U.P., INDIA.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Arvind Kumar Jain

Dr. Arvind Kumar Jain is a Professor of Basic and Applied Sciences and Dean of Student Welfare in IILM University, Greater Noida, India, since 2024. He completed his PhD from IIT Roorkee in 2002. He then worked in France as a CNRS post-doctoral fellow in ICMCB CNRS at Bordeaux. His areas of expertise are nanotechnology, analytical chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry. He has delivered many invited talks at national and international levels and has published a large number of research papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings, He has also guided eight Ph.D. students and has published nine patents. He has visited countries like France, Germany, and Holland for his research activities.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor and Dean, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Rajender S Varma

Prof. Rajender Varma (H-index 144, highly cited res. 2016, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) born in India (PhD, Delhi University 1976) has been a Senior Scientist at U.S. EPA since 1999. He has over 50 years of multidisciplinary research experience ranging from eco-friendly synthetic methods using microwaves, ultrasound, etc. to greener assembly of nanomaterials and sustainable appliances of magnetically retrievable nanocatalysts in benign media. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of several international journals, published more than 1000 papers, and awarded 17 U.S. patents, 11 books, 31 book chapters and 3 encyclopedia contributions with 85,700 citations.

Affiliations and expertise

Visiting position, RCPTM, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.Senior scientist, U.S. EPA.

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Green Chemistry

A Path to Sustainable Development

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Lalit Prasad

Shafat Ahmad Khan

Arvind Kumar Jain

Rajender S Varma

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