Green Approach to Alternative Fuel for a Sustainable Future

Green Approach on Alternative Fuel for Sustainable Future addresses the advancement of biological and biochemical technologies in context to alternative fuel synthesis. This book emphasizes and discusses the technology involved and development on the status of alternative fuel production and related aspects, including biofuel production. The potential uses of waste material to turn them into wealth, as alternative energy sources also been discussed. The extended and detailed content of the book also covers the promising uses of microalgae treatment to produce biofuel. By not being limited to the biological aspect the book also discusses and explores the perspective of green chemistry for energy production.

By adding policy and commercialization, the book provides comprehensive information, from lab to field, with extensive illustrations, case studies, summary tables and up-to-date references.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Chapter 1. Policies of biofuel for commercialization
1. Overview of policies for biofuel production and commercialization
2. Factors affecting the commercialization of cellulosic biofuel
3. Latest policies undertaken by USA to commercialize cellulosic biofuels
4. Brazil's biofuel national policies implemented for its commercialization
5. Recent progress in policies taken by the government of China to drive biofuel generation
6. The national policy of India to promote its biofuel commercialization program
7. Different policies for algal biofuel commercialization
8. Challenges with the policies and future recommendations
9. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Life cycle assessment of biofuels derived from Mahua (Madhuca species) flowers and seeds: key issues and perspectives
1. Introduction
2. Biomass (mahua flowers) for conversion to bioethanol
3. Biomass (mahua seeds) for conversion to biodiesel
4. Life cycle assessment
5. Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 3. Generation of biofuels from rice straw and its future perspectives
1. Introduction
2. Rice crop residue
3. Composition and properties
4. Emissions formed from crop residues and associated health hazard
5. Management of rice straw
6. Biofuel production and its processes
7. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and SWOT analysis for biofuels production from rice straw
8. Advantages and disadvantages of producing biofuels from rice straw and its socioeconomic evaluation
9. Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 4. Prospects of rice straw for sustainable production of biofuels: Current trends and challenges
1. Introduction
2. Rice production in Asian countries
3. Composition of rice by-products: rice straw and rice husks
4. Chemical components of different types of lignocellulosic biomass
5. Potential of rice residue in biorefineries
6. Conversion of rice straw into biofuels
7. Challenges and future perspectives
8. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Biofuel production from algal biomass: Technologies and opportunities addressing the global energy crisis
1. Introduction
2. Algae: a potential source of biofuels
3. Microalgal-based biofuel: technological perspectives
4. Technologies for microalgal cultivation
5. Technologies for macroalgal cultivation
6. Technologies for algal harvesting
7. Physicochemical parameters for biofuel production from algae
8. Genetically engineered algae for biofuel production
9. Bioconversion technologies of algal biomass to biofuel
10. Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 6. Bioenergy production from algae: biomass sources and applications
1. Introduction
2. Algae cultivation conditions
3. Macro and microalgae biomass production
4. Algal biomass chemical composition
5. Macro and microalgae for bioenergy production
6. Methods for algal biomass conversion to bioenergy products
7. Benefits and limitations of using algae for bioenergy production purposes
8. Economics of bioenergy production from algal biomass
9. Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 7. Microbial bioprospecting of biodiesel industry-derived crude glycerol waste conversion into value-added products
1. Introduction
2. Biodiesel
3. Application of biodiesel
4. Production of biodiesel
5. Crude glycerol waste from biodiesel as a by-product
6. Bioconversion of crude glycerol waste into value-added products
7. Microbial bioprospecting
8. Application of microbial prospecting
9. Conclusion
10. Future prospects
Chapter 8. Microalgae-based biofuel synthesis
1. Introduction
2. Upstream processes for biodiesel synthesis
3. Downstream processes for biodiesel synthesis
4. Properties of microalgal biodiesel
5. Future perspectives: challenges and opportunities
6. Conclusion
Chapter 9. A plausible scenario for the third generation of biofuels from microalgae
1. Introduction
2. Third-generation biorefinery
3. Technologic applications of microalgae
4. Future perspective
5. Conclusion
Chapter 10. Microalgae as a promising feedstock for biofuel production
1. Introduction
2. Microalgal biomass production
3. Harvesting of microalgal biomass
4. Extraction and purification of microalgal biomass
5. Conversion techniques/methods of algal biomass to biofuels
6. Algal biofuel types
7. Genetically modified algae
8. Algal fuel properties
9. Economic importance of algae as biofuel sources
10. Applications of biomass
11. Conclusion
Chapter 11. Thermochemical conversion of biomass into valuable products and its modeling studies
1. Introduction
2. Biomass conversion techniques
3. Thermochemical conversion
4. Modeling studies
5. Conclusion
Chapter 12. Rice straw for biofuel production
1. Introduction
2. Crop residues
3. Concept of rice straw
4. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and SWOT analysis for biofuels production from rice straw
5. Processes to improve the biofuel yield from rice straw
6. Mathematical models and tools to scrutinize the sustainability of biofuels
7. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Biofuel production from algal biomass
1. Introduction
2. Categories of biofuel generation
3. Algal biomass
4. Techniques involved in transformation of third-generation biofuels from algal biomass
5. Biofuels obtained from the biovalorization of algal biomass
6. Opportunities and challenges in the production of biofuels from algal biomass
7. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Microalgae biofuels: a promising substitute and renewable energy
1. Introduction
2. Benefits of using microalgae for biofuel productions
3. Cultivation and harvesting of microalgae for biofuel production
4. Harvesting of algal biomass
5. Biofuel production using microalgae
6. Applications
Chapter 15. Biofuel production by catalysis
1. Introduction
2. Different approaches for biofuel production
3. Catalysts used so far for biofuel production
4. Comparative highlights of catalytic efficiency of developed catalysts for biofuel production
5. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Potential of lignin as biofuel substrate
1. Introduction
2. Generations of biofuel
3. What is lignin chemically?
4. Isolation and extraction of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass
5. Elucidation and characterization of the extracted lignin
6. Routes of lignin conversion
7. Challenges in lignin conversion
8. Conclusions and future outlook
List of abbreviations
Chapter 17. Biohydrogen production from dark fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass
1. Introduction
2. Role of pretreatment
3. Pretreatment methods for dark fermentation
4. Inhibitor formation and solution strategies to overcome inhibitor formation for dark fermentation
5. Strategies for dark fermentation
6. Comparative study with dark fermentation
7. Dark fermentation advantages and stoichiometry
8. Factor affecting dark fermentation
9. Cultivation techniques of bioreactor
10. Yield enhancement strategies
11. Conclusion and future perspectives
List of abbreviations
Chapter 18. Theoretical insight into methanol sono-conversion for hydrogen production
1. Introduction
2. The sonochemical process
3. Some literature data
4. Methanol pyrolysis model
5. Optimal gas conditions
6. Ultrasound frequency effect
7. Acoustic intensity effect
Acknowledgements
8. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Upscaling of LaNi5-based metal hydride reactor for solid-state hydrogen storage: numerical simulation of the absorption–desorption cyclic processes
1. Introduction
2. Previous works
3. Physical description of the unit
4. Model
5. Analysis of the absorption process (hydrogen storage)
6. Analysis of the desorption process (hydrogen discharging)
7. Conclusion and future perspectives
Nomenclature
Chapter 20. Oleaginous microbes for biodiesel production using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock
1. Introduction
2. Prospective oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production
3. Lignocellulosic biomass as a carbon source
4. Structural features of lignocellulosic biomass and recalcitrance
5. Pretreatment
6. Downstream processing of the biomass
7. Environmental issues
8. Opportunities and challenges
9. Recent advancement
10. Applications of biodiesel
11. Future prospects and scope
Chapter 21. An insight into rice straw–based biofuel production
1. Introduction
2. Rice straw
3. Biofuel production from RS
4. Economic evaluation of biofuel produced from rice straw
5. Conclusion and future prospects
6. Conflict of interest statement
7. List of abbreviations
Chapter 22. Sources and techniques for biofuel generation
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel and its sources
3. Environmental benefits of biofuel: global perspectives
4. Biomass feedstocks in the production of biofuel
5. Extraction and determination of different biofuels
6. Conclusion
Chapter 23. Biomass waste and feedstock as a source of renewable energy
1. Introduction
2. Biomass
3. Available biomass conversion technologies
4. Products and their applications
5. Implementation
6. Recent advances
7. Environmental impacts
8. Challenges
9. Conclusion
Chapter 24. Bioenergy and beyond: biorefinery process sources, research, and advances
1. Introduction
2. Biomass sources for integrated biorefineries: bioenergy and beyond
3. Genetically engineered microorganisms for CO2 fixation
4. Key barriers to converting biomass into bioenergy
5. Final considerations
Chapter 25. Endemic microalgae biomass for biorefinery concept and valorization
1. Introduction
2. Methodologies to extract and isolate microalgae
3. Review of morphological microalgae identification
4. Optimal culture media for laboratory-level photobioreactor biomass production, depending on microalgae species
5. Biomass fractionation
6. Techniques to identify and quantify lipids and carbohydrates
7. Conclusions
Chapter 26. Microalgae biomass: a model of a sustainable third-generation of biorefinery concept
1. Introduction
2. Current status of third-generation bio-refineries with microalgae
3. Microalgae and sustainability
4. Bioremediation capacity of microalgae
5. Integration and reuse of industrial waste for microalgae cultivation
6. Co-production of microalgae-derived products for circular bio-economy-based bio-refinery
7. Future perspectives
8. Conclusion
Chapter 27. Green hydrogen production: a critical review
1. Introduction
2. Hydrogen production from renewable energy
3. Hydrogen production from biofuels obtained by thermochemical processes of microalgae biomass
4. Hydrogen production by microorganisms
5. Benefits and challenges of hydrogen production
6. Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 28. Algal biofuel production using wastewater: a sustainable approach
1. Introduction
2. Algal biofuel production using wastewater
3. Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 29. Rice straw: a potential substrate for bioethanol production
1. Introduction
2. Rice straw potential for bioethanol production
3. Production of bioethanol from rice straw
4. Conclusions and future recommendations
Chapter 30. Algal bioenergy: the fuel for tomorrow
1. Introduction
2. Species
3. Potential strains
4. What is biofuel?
5. Algal biofuel
6. Lipids yield of microalgae
7. Growth requirements for optimal microalgal growth
8. Closed system
9. Open system
10. Macroalgal cultures
11. Types of algal bioenergy
12. Difference between diesel and biodiesel
13. Microalga species for biodiesel
14. Cultivation systems
15. Methodologies of production
16. Steps of biodiesel production from algae biomass
17. Algal resources in Egypt
18. Future perspective in Egypt: initiatives toward a safe environment with clean energy
Chapter 31. Plant-based biofuels: an overview
1. Introduction
2. Switchgrass
3. Feedstock processing technologies
4. Production strategies
5. Future and scope of biofuels
Chapter 32. Bioenergy: biomass sources, production, and applications
1. Introduction
2. Biomass conversion techniques to produce electricity and heat
3. Enzymatic hydrolysis
Chapter 33. Bioprospecting microalgae for biofuel synthesis: a gateway to sustainable energy
1. Introduction
2. Modification of growth and physiologic conditions for enhancing microalgae biomass and biofuel components
3. Modification of growth and physiologic conditions for enhancing lipid content of microalgae
4. Modification of growth and physiologic conditions for enhancing carbohydrate content of microalgae
5. Genetic engineering for enhancing microalgae biomass and biofuel components
6. Future prospects
7. Conclusion
Chapter 34. Technoeconomic analysis of biofuel production from agricultural residues through pyrolysis
1. Introduction
2. Properties of agricultural residues
3. Thermochemical conversion process for agricultural residue
4. Technoeconomic analysis
5. Technoeconomic analysis of pyrolysis process of agricultural residue
6. Summary
Chapter 35. Different methods to synthesize biodiesel
1. Biodiesel: definition, variations, properties, and comparison with the diesel
2. Sources for the synthesis of biodiesel
3. Biodiesel from microalgae oils
4. Production of biodiesel from oleaginous microorganisms with organic waste as raw materials
5. Application of nanotechnologies in the production of biodiesel
6. Conclusions
7. Perspectives and challenges for the future of biodiesel
Index

Green Approach to Alternative Fuel for a Sustainable Future

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Maulin P. Shah