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Gorilla Pathology and Health
With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials
1st Edition - December 21, 2016
Authors: John E Cooper, Gordon Hull
Hardback ISBN:9780128020395
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 0 3 9 - 5
eBook ISBN:9780128020852
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 0 8 5 - 2
Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials consists of two cross-referenced parts. The first, the book itself, is a review of pathological changes and… Read more
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Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials consists of two cross-referenced parts. The first, the book itself, is a review of pathological changes and tissue responses in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and G. beringei), with an emphasis on free-living animals, but also with reference to those in captivity. The comparative aspects are discussed, stressing the relevance of research to both gorillas and humans. What makes the publication truly unique, however, is the second part, a comprehensive descriptive catalogue of the location and nature of gorilla material in museums and scientific institutions throughout the world. This is of great consequence because free-living gorillas are strictly conserved with restricted access, so the location of a wealth of preserved tissues and other material that has been collected over the decades is a great benefit for research and study.This book can, and should, be used to gain cardinal knowledge regarding the biology and pathology of this genus. The combination of book and catalogue in this extensive compilation makes it an invaluable tool for all those concerned with the health, welfare, and conservation of gorillas, one of our nearest living relatives.
Brings together studies, data, and clinical practice from difficult-to-access or obscure journals and NGO reports, in different languages, for all interested parties and practitioners
Provides perspectives on existing research in gorilla pathology, both for those studying conservation practices and those seeking an understanding of comparable diseases in humans
Includes illustrative figures on gross and microscopic pathological changes, museum specimens, photos of field necropsy and techniques, and examples of laboratory tests
Features an extensive list of references and further reading, in different languages
Incorporates a comprehensive, descriptive catalogue of gorilla material from around the world
Primatologists / zoologists / biologists, conservation biologists, veterinarians and animal care staff in zoos and rehabilitation centres, comparative pathologists (from both the veterinary and medical professions), osteologists, comparative anatomists, biological anthropologists
Dedication
Quotations
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
About the Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Part I: Gorilla Pathology and Health
1. The Genus Gorilla – Morphology, Anatomy and the Path to Pathology
Abstract
Introduction
Primate and Comparative Anatomy
The Current Status of Anatomy
Terminology
Conclusions
2. The Growth of Studies on Primate Pathology
Abstract
Introduction – The Growth of Pathology
Studies on the Pathology of Primates
African Studies
The Importance of Comparative Pathology
Primates in Biomedical Research
Studies on Microscopic Anatomy and Cellular Pathology
The Continuing Relevance of Studies on Pathology
The Advantages and Dangers of Extrapolation
Access to Data
The Relevance of Pathology to Health
3. Infectious Disease and Host Responses
Abstract
Introduction
Disease and Death in Gorillas
The Aetiology of Disease
What Is ‘Pathology’?
Understanding Host Responses – A Comparative Approach
Endogenous Factors Influencing Host Responses
Discussion of Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites (By Ian Redmond)
Microbiota, Microbiome and Normal Flora
Emerging Diseases
4. Noninfectious Disease and Host Responses
Abstract
Introduction – Noninfectious Conditions
Trauma – Causes and Pathogenesis
Specific Responses – Trauma
Fighting
Infected Wounds
Attacks on Humans
Wounds – General
Ageing of Wounds
Healing and Regeneration
Sepsis
Snares
Firearms, Exposure to Blasts, Explosions and Unexploded Ordnance
Predation
Exposure to Temperature Changes
Stress and Stressors
5. Methods of Investigation – Observation, Clinical Examination and Health Monitoring
Abstract
Introduction
Surveillance of Syndromes
Clinical Work With Gorillas
The Importance of Observation
Indicators of Ill Health
Restraint and Handling
Clinical Examination
Anaesthesia
Medical and Surgical Treatment
The Importance of Multidisciplinary Collaboration
Health Monitoring of Gorillas
Why Is Health Monitoring Important?
Health Monitoring Techniques
Some Conclusions
6. Methods of Investigation – Postmortem Examination
Abstract
Introduction
The Nature and Role of the Postmortem Examination
Before Embarking on a Necropsy
Personnel and Training
Interdisciplinary Studies
Access to Material for Postmortem Examination
Postmortem Procedures
Equipment
Recording of Findings
Performance
External Examination and Sampling
Internal Examination and Sampling
Description of Lesions
Forensic Postmortem Examinations
Postmortem Changes and Determination of Time of Death/PMI
Causes of Death Diagnosis
7. Methods of Investigation – Sampling and Laboratory Tests
Abstract
Introduction
Sampling
Methods
Environmental Testing
Quality Control
Recording and Reporting of Findings
Personnel and Equipment
Safety in Laboratory Work
Storage of Samples and Reference Collections
8. Nonspecific Pathology
Abstract
Introduction
General Considerations in Pathology, Not Related to Organ Systems
Age-Related Changes
Developmental Abnormalities
Genetic Anomalies
Behavioural Pathology
Aggression
Effects of Capture, Transportation and Captivity
Welfare
Pain
Neoplasia
Poisoning
9. Skin and Integument
Abstract
Introduction
Biology of the Skin
Investigative Methods
Diseases and Pathology of the Skin – General
Noninfectious Causes
Infectious Causes
Ectoparasites (By Ian Redmond)
Diseases of Uncertain Aetiology
Conclusions
10. Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Abstract
Introduction
Respiratory System
Lung Parasites (By Ian Redmond)
Investigation of the Respiratory Tract
Cardiovascular System
Investigation of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Disease
Research on Heart Disease in Great Apes, Including Gorillas
Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease
Other Pathology of the Vascular System
11. Alimentary Tract and Associated Organs
Abstract
Introduction
Oral Cavity
Dental Disease and Pathology
Some Specific Conditions and Their Pathogenesis
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Investigation of the Liver
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Hepatic Disorders
Investigation of the Biliary System
Investigation of the Exocrine Pancreas
12. Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Systems and Allergic Conditions
Abstract
Introduction
The Lymphoreticular System
Immunity
Immunological Disorders
Hypersensitivities and Allergies
Immunodeficiency (by Geoffrey Pearson and John E. Cooper)
Blood and Bone Marrow
Blood Parasites (by Ian Redmond and John E. Cooper)
Neoplasia
13. Urinary and Reproductive Systems
Abstract
Introduction
Urinary System
Reproductive System
14. Musculoskeletal System
Abstract
Introduction
Movement Disorders
The Pathology of Bone
The Importance of the Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral Column
Joints
Investigation of Bones
Skeletal Disease and Pathology
Fractures and Their Repair
Specific Diagnosis of Diseases of the Skeleton
Muscle
Connective Tissue
Adipose Tissue
15. Nervous System and Special Senses
Abstract
Introduction
Psychological Studies on Gorillas
Studies on the Brain of Gorillas
Investigation of the Nervous System
Pathology and Diseases of the Nervous System
The Special Senses
16. Endocrinological and Associated Conditions
Abstract
Introduction
The Endocrine System
Sleep
Stress
17. Field Studies in Pathology and Health Monitoring
Abstract
Introduction
Pre-release Health Considerations for Gorillas
Quarantine
Setting-Up Long-Term Health Monitoring Systems for Mountain Gorillas Using a One Health Approach
Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Helminths of Habituated Nyakagezi Mountain Gorilla Group in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park
Working With Great Apes During an Ebola Outbreak
18. Legal Considerations
Abstract
Introduction
General
Free-Living Gorillas
Gorillas in Captivity
Other Relevant Law
19. Pathology, Health and Conservation – The Way Forward
Abstract
Introduction
Knowledge of the Genus and Its Biology
Threats to Survival
The Implications and Importance of Studies on Pathology and Health
Advances in Health Care
Collaboration and Sharing of Information
A Greater Role for Africa
Involvement of African Academic Institutions
Scientific Advances
Human Health
Attention to Welfare
Continued Search for Gorilla Material
Greater Dissemination of Information
Broadening the Holistic Approach
Concluding Remarks
Part II: A Catalogue of Preserved Materials
Introduction to the Catalogue
Scope and Method of Compilation
Layout
Gorilla History, Taxonomy and Synonymy
Hanno’s gorillai
Etymological Considerations
Behavioural Considerations
Correspondents
Catalogue of Preserved Gorilla Materials
Argentine Republic
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Central African Republic
Channel Islands
Chile
Cuba
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
India
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kenya
Kuwait
Morocco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Uganda
United Kingdom
United States of America
Uruguay
Zimbabwe
Appendix 1. Glossary of Terms
Introduction
List of Terms and Meanings
Appendix 2. Protocols and Reports
Introduction
Postmortem Examination of Gorillas – Some Basic Rules
Nonhuman Primate Postmortem Examination
Cardiac Examination for Great Apes (and Other Primates In Which Cardiac Disease Is Present)
Postmortem Examination of Nonhuman Primate Fetuses and Neonates
Postmortem Examination of the Air Sacs of Orangutans and Other Nonhuman Primates
Gorilla Postmortem Examination
Cardiac Examination for Apes and Other Primates
Postmortem Examination of Primate Fetuses, Neonates and Placentas
Postmortem Examination of the Air Sacs of Gorillas and Other Apes
CNS/Musculoskeletal/Other
Guide to the Nonhuman Primate Postmortem Examination Tips for Tissue Collection During the Necropsy Examination
GAHP Recommended Cardiac Trimming Protocol for Pathologists
GAHP Cardiac Necropsy Check Sheet (Fillable PDF) – Pathologists: Please Submit With Report, Slide Key and Images
Skeletal Examination Form
Appendix 3. Field Pathology
Introduction
Appendix 4. Hazards, Including Zoonoses
Introduction
Appendix 5. Case Studies – Museums and Zoological Collections
Introduction
Studies on the Skeleton of ‘Guy’ at the NHM
Studies on Three Skeletons in the Osman Hill Collection
The Research Proposal
Initial Observations on the Specimens
Sampling
Processing the Samples for Histological Examination
Processing of Samples for DNA Testing
Results
Acknowledgements
Student Projects, Bristol, United Kingdom, 2015
Project 1: A Review of the Data Relating to the Animal Management and Welfare of Gorillas at Bristol Zoo Gardens From 1930 to 2015
Project 2: The Development of Osteoarthritis in Captive Primates
Acknowledgements
Appendix 6. Scientific Names of Species and Taxa Mentioned in Text
References and Further Reading
References
Appendix CA1. Use of Collections and Handling of Biological Material
Introduction
The Needs Pertaining to Museums and Collections
The Rise and Fall of Collections
The Need for Pathology-Based Studies
Working in Collaboration With Museums
Making Maximum Use of Material in Museums
Handling Preserved Material
Appendix CA2. Retrieval, Preparation and Storage of Skeletal and Other Material
Introduction
Skeleton
Soft Tissue Preservation
Skins
The Recovery and Preparation of Skeletal Remains
Invited Contribution – Skeletal Remains: Recovery, Preparation and Preservation
Purposes of Recovery and Preservation of Skeletons
Recovery of Skeletons From Fleshed Animals
Preparation, Preservation and Storage of Recovered Skeletons
Factors Affecting the Preservation of Material
Comments on Postmortem Change
Index
No. of pages: 666
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: December 21, 2016
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128020395
eBook ISBN: 9780128020852
JC
John E Cooper
Professor Cooper has been associated with the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) at University of Kent, UK, since its inception and is now an honorary, visiting, member of its staff. He has lived and worked for nearly twenty years in Africa, Arabia and the Caribbean. In 2009 Professor Cooper returned to Britain after almost seven years as Professor of Veterinary Pathology at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. He is primarily involved in teaching, diagnostic pathology, comparative medicine, and the veterinary care of wildlife and "exotic" species. With his wife, a lawyer, he teaches at universities in the UK, East Africa and elsewhere overseas and is active in forensic work and consultancies. Professor Cooper is an author/editor of many books and papers.
Affiliations and expertise
Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), The University of Kent, United Kingdom
GH
Gordon Hull
Gordon Hull is an amateur naturalist with a keen interest in primates and certain other mammals. He has specialised in the study of gorillas over many years, during which time he has amassed a great deal of technical and historical information about specimens in zoos, museums, and other institutions throughout the world.
Affiliations and expertise
Gorilla Pathology Study Group, London, United Kingdom