Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 2-Volume Set

26th Edition - August 16, 2019
Imprint: Elsevier
Authors: Lee Goldman, Andrew I. Schafer
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 8 3 2 0 - 8
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 4 0 3 3 - 6

To be the best doctor you can be, you need the best information. For more than 90 years, what is now called Goldman-Cecil Medicine has been the authoritative source fo… Read more

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To be the best doctor you can be, you need the best information. For more than 90 years, what is now called Goldman-Cecil Medicine has been the authoritative source for internal medicine and the care of adult patients. Every chapter is written by acclaimed experts who, with the oversight of our editors, provide definitive, unbiased advice on the diagnosis and treatment of thousands of common and uncommon conditions, always guided by an understanding of the epidemiology and pathobiology, as well as the latest medical literature.

But Goldman-Cecil Medicine is not just a textbook. Throughout the lifetime of each edition, periodic updates continually include the newest information from a wide range of journals. Furthermore, Goldman-Cecil Medicine is available for all users of ClinicalKey, Elsevier’s full library of subspecialty textbooks that can be accessed by readers who may want even more in-depth information.

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Associate Editors
Preface
Contributors
Video Contents
Volume 1
Section I. Social and Ethical Issues in Medicine
Introduction
1. Approach to Medicine, the Patient, and the Medical Profession: Medicine as a Learned and Humane Profession
Approach to Medicine
Approach to the Patient
Approach to the Medical Profession
2. Bioethics in the Practice of Medicine
Physician-Patient Relationship: Informed Consent
Termination of Medical Interventions
Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Financial Conflicts of Interest
Future Directions
3. Palliative Care
Palliative Care Domains
4. Disparities in Health and Health Care
Definitions of Health Disparity and Health Equity
Demographic Changes in U.S. Population
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Outcomes
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Outcomes
Insurance Coverage and Access to Care
Quality of Care
Clinical Approaches to Reduce Disparities
5. Global Health
What Is Global Health?
Global Burden of Diseases
Changing Patterns of Diseases
Section II. Principles of Evaluation and Management
Introduction
6. Approach to the Patient: History and Physical Examination
Overview
Medical History
Physical Examination
Summarizing the Findings for the Patient
Future Directions
7. Approach to the Patient with Abnormal Vital Signs
The Importance of Vital Signs
Measuring Vital Signs
Role of Vital Signs in Management of the Patient
8. Statistical Interpretation of Data and Using Data for Clinical Decisions
Incidence and Prevalence
Interpreting Data
Data and Their Characteristics
Hypothesis Testing
Causality
Statistical Approaches and Challenges
Using Data for Clinical Decisions
9. Measuring Health and Health Care
How are Health and Health Care Measured?
Why Measure Health and Health Care?
Selecting Measures Based on Evidence
Selecting Measures: Which Measures are Right for What Purpose?
Measuring Health and Health Care as Parts of a System
10. Quality, Safety, and Value
Quality
Patient Safety
Quality and Safety During a Pandemic
Value: Connecting Safety and Quality to Cost
11. Comprehensive Chronic Disease Management
The Goals of Chronic Care Management
Matching Patient Needs and Care Delivery
Transforming Practice
Section III. Preventive and Environmental Issues
Introduction
12. The Periodic Health Examination
History and Risk Assessment
Screening for Early Disease or Asymptomatic Risk Factors
Behavioral Interventions
Immunizations
Chemoprevention and Supplements
Future Issues
13. Physical Activity
14. Adolescent Medicine
Normal Physical Growth and Development
Normal Psychosocial Development
Vital Statistics
Approach to the Adolescent Patient
Sexual and Reproductive Health
Obesity
Mental Health
Chronic Illness and Transition
15. Immunization
General Characteristics of Immunizations
Individual Immunobiologics
Vaccines Intended Primarily for International Travelers
Vaccines for Possible Bioterrorism Agents
Other Vaccines
16. Principles of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Principles of Occupational and Environmental Disease
Occupational and Environmental Health Disorders Common in Practice
Common Hazardous Exposures in the Workplace and Ambient Environment
Summary
17. Radiation Injury
Ionizing Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation Injury
18. Bioterrorism
History
Epidemiologic Clues
Agents of Concern
Anthrax
Smallpox
Plague
Tularemia
Botulism
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Response to a Bioterrorism Attack
19. Chronic Poisoning: Trace Metals and Others
Lead Toxicity
Mercury Toxicity
Arsenic Toxicity
Cadmium Toxicity
Syndromes Specific to Other Toxic Metals
Section IV. Aging and Geriatric Medicine
Introduction
20. Epidemiology of Aging: Implications of an Aging Society
Demography
The Health of Older Adults
Prevention
21. Geriatric Assessment
Functional Status
Prognosis
Patient Goals
Components of Geriatric Assessment
Preventive Services
Nonmedical Assessments
A Strategic Approach to Geriatric Assessment for the Practicing Clinician
22. Common Clinical Sequelae of Aging
Effects of Aging on Specific Organs and Systems
23. Urinary Incontinence
24. Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Aging
25. Delirium in the Older Patient
Delirium
Section V. Clinical Pharmacology
Introduction
26. Principles of Drug Therapy
Pharmacokinetic Principles
Clinical Application of Pharmacokinetic Principles
Drug Monitoring as a Guide to Therapy
Adjustments of Drug Dose With Disease
Approach to Drug Overdose
Drug Use in Elderly Patients
Interactions Between Drugs
Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Genomic Data Providing Guidance for Cancer Therapeutic Decision
27. Pain
28. Biology of Addiction
Risk Factors for Addiction
Reward Circuitry: the Neural Substrate of Addiction
Properties of Addictive Drugs
Drug-Induced Neural Plasticity Relevant to Addiction
29. Nicotine and Tobacco
30. Alcohol Use Disorders
31. Drugs of Abuse
Major Drugs of Abuse
Conclusions and Future Directions
32. Immunomodulatory Drugs
Glucocorticoids
Immunomodulatory Agents
Immunosuppressive Agents
Purine and Pyrimidine Inhibitors
Immunophilin-Binding Agents Including Calcineurin Inhibitors
Alkylating Agent
33. Biologic Agents and Signaling Inhibitors
Biologic Agents
Conclusion
34. Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine
Use of Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Treatments
Mind and Body Practices
Natural Products
Conclusions
Section VI. Genetics
Introduction
35. Principles of Genetics
Genetic Contribution to Disease
Conclusion
36. Clinical Genomics—Genome Structure and Variation
Clinical Genomics
Gene
Genomic Variation in Humans
Assaying Genetic Variation
Genetic Test Reports
Genomics and Genetics as a Normal Part of Medicine
Conclusion
37. Applications of Molecular Technologies to Clinical Medicine
Molecular Technologies Along the Continuum From Health to Disease
Genomes, Disease, and Treatment
The Expressed Genome
Implementing Precision Medicine in Clinical Practice
38. Regenerative Medicine, Cell, and Gene Therapies
Cell Therapy
Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Cancer
Gene Therapy
Section VII. Principles of Immunology and Inflammation
Introduction
39. The Innate Immune System
The Innate Immune System in Host Defense and Disease Pathogenesis
40. The Adaptive Immune System
Principles of Adaptive Immune System Activation: Recognition of Antigen
Cellular Elements of the Adaptive Immune System
41. Mechanisms of Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury
The Adaptive Immune Response
Hypersensitivity Reactions
42. Mechanisms of Inflammation and Tissue Repair
The Inflammatory Response
43. Transplantation Immunology
Antigens in Transplantation
Mechanisms of Rejection and Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Strategies to Prevent Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Strategies to Prevent Allograft Rejection
44. Complement System in Disease
Activation of Complement
Complement Inhibitors
Section VIII. Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
45. Approach to the Patient with Possible Cardiovascular Disease
Using the History to Detect Cardiovascular Symptoms
Physical Examination for Detection of Signs of Cardiovascular Disease
Summary
46. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease
Burden in the United States
Global Burden
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
47. Cardiac and Circulatory Function
Structure of the Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Physiology of the Heart and Circulatory Control
Cardiovascular Responses to Stressors
Impaired Circulatory Function: Atherosclerosis
48. Electrocardiography
Normal Function and Electrocardiogram
Approach to Interpreting the Electrocardiogram
49. Echocardiography
Echocardiographic Imaging
Doppler Echocardiography
Echocardiographic Approaches
Cardiac Function Measurements
The Echocardiographic Examination
Integrating the Echocardiographic and Clinical Findings
50. Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
Radiography of the Heart
Nuclear Cardiology
Cardiac Computed Tomography
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
51. Catheterization and Angiography
Indications for and Contraindications to Cardiac Catheterization
The Catheterization Procedure
Coronary Angiography
Complications of Cardiac Catheterization
Hemodynamic Data Obtained During Cardiac Catheterization
Additional Procedures Performed in the Catheterization Laboratory
Structural Heart Disease Interventions
52. Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
Consequences of Misdiagnosis
53. Heart Failure: Management and Prognosis
Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure
Stages of Heart Failure
Future Directions
54. Diseases of the Myocardium and Endocardium
Myocardial Disease
Diseases of the Endocardium
Cardiac Tumors
55. Principles of Electrophysiology
Basic Concepts
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Molecular Basis of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Mechanisms of Arryhthmogenesis
Summary
56. Approach to the Patient with Suspected Arrhythmia
57. Approach to Cardiac Arrest and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
58. Supraventricular Cardiac Arrhythmias
Anatomy and Normal Electrophysiology
Bradyarrhythmias
59. Ventricular Arrhythmias
60. Electrophysiologic Interventional Procedures and Surgery
Transthoracic Cardioversion and Defibrillation
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices
Catheter Ablation
Arrhythmia Surgery
61. Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
Simple Lesions
Specific Complex Lesions
62. Angina Pectoris and Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Other Anginal Syndromes
63. Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina and Non–ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
64. ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction and Complications of Myocardial Infarction
65. Interventional and Surgical Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Coronary Angioplasty Versus Medical Therapy
Coronary Artery Surgery
Indications for Bypass Surgery
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
66. Valvular Heart Disease
Aortic Stenosis
Mitral Stenosis
Primary (Organic) Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Secondary (Functional) Mitral Regurgitation
Aortic Regurgitation
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Pulmonic Stenosis
67. Infective Endocarditis
68. Pericardial Diseases
Acute Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade
Pericardial Constriction
Specific Forms of Pericardial Disease
Section IX. Vascular Medicine
Introduction
69. Diseases of the Aorta
Aortic Aneurysms
Intramural Aortic Hematoma and Aortic Dissection
Takayasu Arteritis
Giant Cell Arteritis
70. Arterial Hypertension
Primary Aldosteronism
Renal Parenchymal Hypertension
Renovascular Hypertension
Mendelian Forms of Mineralocorticoid-Induced Hypertension
Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Other Neurogenic Causes
Other Causes of Secondary Hypertension
71. Atherosclerotic Peripheral Arterial Disease
72. Other Peripheral Arterial Diseases
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
Cystic Adventitial Disease of the Lower Extremity Arteries
Endofibrosis of the Iliac Artery
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease)
Livedo Reticularis
Atheromatous Embolization
Thermal Disorders
73. Thrombotic Disorders: Hypercoagulable States
Primary Hypercoagulable States
Secondary Hypercoagulable States
74. Venous Thrombosis and Embolism
Long-Term Complications of VTE
Venous Thrombosis of the Upper Extremities
Superficial Vein Thrombosis
Prevention of VTE
Nonthrombotic Pulmonary Embolism
75. Pulmonary Hypertension
76. Antithrombotic and Antiplatelet Therapy
Anticoagulant Agents
Section X. Respiratory Diseases
Introduction
77. Approach to the Patient with Respiratory Disease
Approach to the Patient With Cough
Approach to the Patient With Wheezing
Approach to the Patient With Dyspnea
Approach to the Patient With Hemoptysis
78. Imaging in Pulmonary Disease
Imaging of the Lungs, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall
Imaging of the Mediastinum
79. Respiratory Testing and Function
Spirometry
Other Tests of Ventilation
Reference Equations
Lung Volumes
Diffusing Capacity
Maximal Respiratory Pressures
Interpretation of Lung Function Tests
Provocative Testing
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Complex Disorders
Pulmonary Function in Obesity
80. Disorders of Ventilatory Control
Hypoventilation Syndromes
81. Asthma
82. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Acute Exacerbations of COPD
83. Cystic Fibrosis
84. Bronchiectasis, Atelectasis, Cysts, and Localized Lung Disorders
Bronchiectasis
Atelectasis
Congenital Cystic Diseases of the Thorax
Acquired Cystic Lung Diseases
85. Alveolar Filling Disorders
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Invasive Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Lepidic Predominant Nonmucinous Adenocarcinoma (Formerly Called Bronchioloalveolar Cell Carcinoma)
86. Interstitial Lung Disease
Specific Types of Interstitial Lung Disease
87. Occupational Lung Disease
Specific Occupational Lung Disorders
Occupational Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Chronic Beryllium Disease
Asbestos-Related Diseases
Silicosis and Other Pneumoconioses
Acute Febrile Syndromes
Occupational Lung Cancer
88. Physical and Chemical Injuries of the Lung
Submersion Incidents: Drowning
Diseases of High Altitude
Decompression Illness: Decompression Sickness, Barotrauma, and Arterial Gas Embolism
Inhalation Injuries
Oxygen Toxicity
Lung Injury
89. Sarcoidosis
90. Acute Bronchitis and Tracheitis
91. Overview of Pneumonia
Aspiration Pneumonia
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, and Health Care–Associated Pneumonia
92. Diseases of the Diaphragm, Chest Wall, Pleura, and Mediastinum
Diaphragm
Chest Wall
Pleura
Mediastinum
93. Interventional and Surgical Approaches to Lung Disease
Bronchoscopy
Surgery for Benign Lung Disease
Surgery for Advanced Lung Diseases: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Endoscopic Management of Emphysema
Lung Transplantation
Section XI. Critical Care Medicine
Introduction
94. Approach to the Patient in a Critical Care Setting
The Intensivist-Led Interprofessional Team
Fluid Resuscitation and Acute Kidney Injury
Sedation, Analgesia, Infection, Fever Control, Oxygen Administration, and Intravenous Access
Spontaneous Breathing Trials
Long-Term Outcomes for Survivors
Applying Evidence to Prevent Complications of Critical Illness
Predictions, Preferences, and Palliative Care
95. Respiratory Monitoring in Critical Care
Physical Examination
Systemic Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
Pulse Oximetry
Carbon Dioxide Monitoring: Capnometry and Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Measurement
Arterial Oxygen Content and Systemic Oxygen Delivery
Measuring Ventilation: Minute Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation
Measuring Carbon Dioxide Production
Measuring Respiratory Compliance
Measuring Respiratory Drive
Measuring Respiratory Muscle Strength
Measuring Work of Breathing
96. Acute Respiratory Failure
Specific Acute Respiratory Failure Syndromes
97. Mechanical Ventilation
Types of Mechanical Ventilators
Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
Specific Common Treatment Scenarios
Discontinuation of Mechanical Ventilation
98. Approach to the Patient with Shock
99. Cardiogenic Shock
100. Shock Syndromes Related to Sepsis
101. Disorders Due to Heat and Cold
Temperature Regulation
Heat Illness
Cold Injury
Therapeutic Hypothermia and Hyperthermia
102. Acute Poisoning
103. Medical Aspects of Trauma and Burns
Rehabilitation of the Injured Patient
104. Envenomation, Bites, and Stings
Specific Envenomation Syndromes
Arthropods
Insects
Marine Animals
105. Rhabdomyolysis
Section XII. Renal and Genitourinary Diseases
Introduction
106. Approach to the Patient with Renal Disease
Specific Renal Syndromes
107. Structure and Function of the Kidneys
The Kidney Regulates Extracellular Fluid Volume by Regulating Sodium Content
The Kidney Controls Body Fluid Osmolarity by Regulating Water Content
The Kidney Regulates Plasma pH by Regulating HCO3− Content
The Kidney Regulates Plasma Potassium by Secretion and the Control of Extracellular pH
The Kidney Regulates Plasma PO4 and Ca2+ by Excretion and by Synthesizing Vitamin D3
108. Disorders of Sodium and Water
Hypo-osmolality Due to Endocrine Disorders with Euvolemia
Hypovolemia
Hypervolemia
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Polyuria
109. Potassium Disorders
110. Acid-Base Disorders
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
111. Disorders of Magnesium and Phosphorus
Magnesium Metabolism
Magnesium Deficiency
Hypermagnesemia
Phosphorus Metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
112. Acute Kidney Injury
113. Glomerular Disorders and Nephrotic Syndromes
Glomerular Disorders
The Nephrotic Syndrome
Acute Glomerulonephritis and the Nephritic Syndrome
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Glomerular Diseases Associated With Genetic Defects
Other Glomerular Diseases
114. Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
115. Diabetes and the Kidney
116. Vascular Disorders of the Kidney
Renal Artery Stenosis
Thromboembolic Occlusion of the Renal Arteries
Arterioles and Microvasculature
Renal Veins
117. Nephrolithiasis
118. Cystic Kidney Diseases
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Nephronophthisis
Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease (Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease)
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Other Inherited Cystic Syndromes
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
119. Hereditary Nephropathies and Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract
Hereditary Nephropathies
Development of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract
120. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatitis
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Prostatitis
121. Chronic Kidney Disease
122. Treatment of Irreversible Renal Failure
Dialysis
Medical Issues
Renal Transplantation
Section XIII. Gastrointestinal Diseases
Introduction
123. Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease
General Approach to Patients With Gastrointestinal Signs and Symptoms
Abdominal Pain
Gas and Bloating
Involuntary Weight Loss
Nausea and Vomiting
Other Gastrointestinal Complaints
124. Diagnostic Imaging Procedures in Gastroenterology
Abdominal Radiographs
Fluoroscopic Procedures
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine (Radionuclide Scintigraphy)
Interventional Procedures
125. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Importance and Use of Endoscopy
Instruments and Procedures
Complications and Pre-Endoscopic Preparation
Specific Indications
Evolving Techniques and Future Directions
126. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Background
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Obscure and Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding
127. Disorders of Gastrointestinal Motility
Diseases of Slow Transit Through the Stomach and Small Bowel
Diseases of Rapid Transit Through Stomach and Small Bowel
Colonic Motility Disorders
128. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Dyspepsia, Esophageal Chest Pain, and Heartburn
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Functional Dyspepsia
Functional Chest Pain of Presumed Esophageal Origin and Functional Heartburn
129. Diseases of the Esophagus
Normal Anatomy and Physiology
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Esophagitis
Esophageal Motor Disorders
Structural Abnormalities
The Esophagus in Systemic Diseases
Esophageal Infections
Miscellaneous Esophageal Conditions
130. Acid Peptic Disease
131. Approach to the Patient with Diarrhea and Malabsorption
Acute Diarrhea
Persistent Acute Diarrhea
Chronic Diarrhea
Specific Causes of Chronic Diarrhea
Congenital Malabsorption and Diarrhea
Watery Diarrhea
True Secretory Diarrheas
Inflammatory Diarrheas
Radiation Enteritis
Protein-Losing Gastroenteropathy
Miscellaneous Diseases
132. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
133. Inflammatory and Anatomic Diseases of the Intestine, Peritoneum, Mesentery, and Omentum
Congenital Structural Abnormalities
Acquired Structural Disorders
Inflammation of the Intestine and Colon
Peritoneal Disorders
Diseases of the Mesentery and Omentum
134. Vascular Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Intestinal Ischemia
Vasculitis
Vascular Anomalies and Disorders
Hepatic and Splenic Vascular Disease
135. Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
136. Diseases of the Rectum and Anus
Anatomy
Specific Anorectal Conditions
Section XIV. Diseases of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Bile Ducts
Introduction
137. Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease
History
Risk Factors for Liver Disease
Assessing Duration of Liver Disease
Review of Other Organ Systems
Family History
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Studies (Table 137-1)
Approach to New-Onset Ascites
Approach to a Hepatic Mass
Approach to the Patient With Inherited Liver Disease
138. Approach to the Patient with Jaundice or Abnormal Liver Tests
Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia
Approach to the Patient With Hyperbilirubinemia
Liver and Biliary Tract Disease
Approach to the Patient With Jaundice or Abnormal Liver Tests
139. Acute Viral Hepatitis
General Features of Acute Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Acute Hepatitis B
Acute Hepatitis C
Acute Hepatitis D or Delta
Acute Hepatitis E
Other Types of Acute Viral Hepatitis
140. Chronic Viral and Autoimmune Hepatitis
Chronic Hepatitis B
Chronic Hepatitis C
Chronic Hepatitis D
Chronic Hepatitis E
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Cryptogenic Chronic Liver Disease
141. Toxin- and Drug-Induced Liver Disease
142. Bacterial, Parasitic, Fungal, and Granulomatous Liver Diseases
Infections of the Liver
Granulomatous Diseases of the Liver
143. Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
144. Cirrhosis and Its Sequelae
145. Hepatic Failure and Liver Transplantation
General Selection Criteria
Disease-Specific Indications for Transplantation
Risk Factors for Poor Outcome After Liver Transplantation
Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Adults
Recipient Outcomes After Liver Transplantation
146. Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Gallbladder
Bile Ducts
Section XV. Hematologic Diseases
Introduction
147. Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
Hematopoietic Cell Expansion: Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Clinical Uses of Hematopoietic Cells and Growth Factors
148. The Peripheral Blood Smear
Reasons for Performing a Blood Smear
The Blood Smear in the Differential Diagnosis of Anemia
Assessment of Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytosis, and Platelet Morphology
Leukocytosis and Leukopenia
Leukemias and Lymphomas
The Incidental Detection of Clinically Significant Abnormalities
Conclusion
149. Approach to the Anemias
Anemias Associated With Increased Reticulocyte Production
Anemias Associated With Inadequate Reticulocyte Response (Underproduction Anemias)
Specific Anemia Syndromes
150. Microcytic and Hypochromic Anemias
Microcytic and Hypochromic Anemias
151. Autoimmune and Intravascular Hemolytic Anemias
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Other Causes of Intravascular Hemolysis
152. Hemolytic Anemias: Red Blood Cell Membrane and Metabolic Defects
The Erythrocyte Membrane
Disorders of the Erythrocyte Membrane
Erythrocyte Metabolism
Disorders of Erythrocyte Metabolism
153. The Thalassemias
Unstable Hemoglobinopathies
154. Sickle Cell Disease and Other Hemoglobinopathies
Sickle Cell Disease
Other Hemoglobinopathies
155. Megaloblastic Anemias
156. Aplastic Anemia and Related Bone Marrow Failure States
157. Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythemia, and Primary Myelofibrosis
158. Leukocytosis and Leukopenia
Normal Neutrophil Dynamics
Neutrophilia
Neutropenia
159. Approach to the Patient with Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
160. Histiocytoses
L Group
C Group
R Group
M Group
H Group, Including Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
161. Eosinophilic Syndromes
162. Approach to the Patient with Bleeding and Thrombosis
Mechanisms of Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Evaluation of the Patient With a Possible Bleeding Disorder
Evaluation of the Asymptomatic Patient With Abnormal Coagulation Tests
Evaluation of the Preoperative Patient
Evaluation of the Patient With a Possible Hypercoagulable State
163. Thrombocytopenia
Specific Causes of Thrombocytopenia
164. Von Willebrand Disease and Hemorrhagic Abnormalities of Platelet and Vascular Function
Von Willebrand Disease
Acquired Von Willebrand Syndrome
Bleeding Caused by Qualitative Platelet Disorders
Vascular Hemorrhagic Disorders
165. Hemorrhagic Disorders: Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
Coagulation Deficiencies
166. Hemorrhagic Disorders: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Liver Failure, and Vitamin K Deficiency
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Liver Failure
Vitamin K Deficiency
167. Transfusion Medicine
Blood Components
Blood Safety
Indications for Blood Transfusion (Table 167-4)
Indications for Component Modification
Pretransfusion Testing
Specific Clinical Settings
Patient Blood Management
Future
168. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Introduction
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Syngeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Indications for Transplantation
Complications After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Conclusion
Section XVI. Oncology
Introduction
Chapter 169. Approach to the Patient with Cancer
Introduction to the Cancer Patient
Endocrine Manifestations of Cancer
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin
Survivorship and Follow-Up
170. Epidemiology of Cancer
Epidemiology
171. Cancer Biology and Genetics
Introduction
Cancer Is a Disease of Cumulative DNA Alterations
Cancer Genetics and Targeted Therapies
Cancer Genetics for Diagnostics
Conclusions
172. Myelodysplastic Syndromes
173. The Acute Leukemias
Management of Complications
174. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
175. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia and Atypical Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases
176. Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Specific Types of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Special Clinical Situations
Diseases Sometimes Confused With Lymphoma
177. Hodgkin Lymphoma
178. Plasma Cell Disorders
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Biclonal Gammopathies
Multiple Myeloma
Variant Forms of Multiple Myeloma
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (Primary Macroglobulinemia)
Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Heavy Chain Diseases
Cryoglobulinemia
179. Amyloidosis
Systemic Amyloidosis
Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis
Other Systemic Amyloidoses
Localized Amyloidosis
180. Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Intracranial Tumors
Spinal Tumors
181. Head and Neck Cancer
182. Lung Cancer and Other Pulmonary Neoplasms
Bronchogenic Lung Cancer
Other Pulmonary Neoplasms
183. Neoplasms of the Esophagus and Stomach
Neoplasms of the Esophagus
Neoplasms of the Stomach
184. Neoplasms of the Small and Large Intestine
Neoplasms of the Small Intestine
Neoplasms of the Large Intestine
185. Pancreatic Cancer
186. Liver and Biliary Tract Cancers
187. Tumors of the Kidney, Bladder, Ureters, and Renal Pelvis
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Bladder Cancer
Cancers of the Renal Pelvis and Ureters
188. Breast Cancer and Benign Breast Disorders
Breast Cancer
Benign Breast Lesions
189. Gynecologic Cancers
Cervical Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancer
Other Gynecologic Cancers
Care of Gynecologic Cancer Survivors
Uterine Fibroids
190. Testicular Cancer
191. Prostate Cancer
192. Malignant Tumors of Bone, Sarcomas, and Other Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Primary Bone Tumors
Major Primary Malignant Bone Tumors
Metastatic Tumors to Bone
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Desmoid Tumors/Aggressive Fibromatosis
193. Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
Melanoma
Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer
Volume 2
Section XVII. Metabolic Diseases
Introduction
194. Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Selected Inborn Errors of Metabolism
195. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Clinical Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
ASCVD Prevention
Hypertriglyceridemia
196. Glycogen Storage Diseases
197. Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Gaucher Disease
Fabry Disease
Other Lysosomal Disorders Seen in Adults
198. Homocystinuria and Hyperhomocysteinemia
199. The Porphyrias
200. Wilson Disease
201. Iron Overload (Hemochromatosis)
Section XVIII. Nutritional Diseases
Introduction
202. Nutrition’s Interface with Health and Disease
Old and New Paradigms in the Science of Nutrition
Nutrition’s Influence on Mortality and Morbidity
Translating Evidence Into Dietary Change
203. Protein-Energy Malnutrition
204. Malnutrition: Assessment and Support
Nutritional Assessment
Nutritional Support
Future Directions
205. Vitamins, Trace Minerals, and Other Micronutrients
Micronutrients in Nutritional Science
Types and Function of Micronutrients
Conditions that Increase Required Dietary Intake
Pathophysiologic and Pharmacologic Factors
Advances in Nutritional Science
206. Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
207. Obesity
Section XIX. Endocrine Diseases
Introduction
208. Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disease
Common Symptoms of Endocrinologic Disease
Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation
Genetic Evaluation
Evaluation of the Response of an Endocrine Disease to Treatment
209. Principles of Endocrinology
Introduction
What Is a Hormone?
Regulation of Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
Hormone Transport and Metabolism
Mechanism of Hormone Action
210. Neuroendocrinology and the Neuroendocrine System
Neuroendocrine Regulation
Neuroendocrine Disease
211. Anterior Pituitary
Anatomy and Embryology
Imaging of the Pituitary
Regulation of the Pituitary Axis
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Tumors
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropins (Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas
Pituitary Carcinomas
212. Posterior Pituitary
Anatomy and Hormone Synthesis
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Diabetes Insipidus
213. Thyroid
Pathobiology
Hypothyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyroiditis
Goiter
Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid Cancer
214. Adrenal Cortex
Function
Disorders of Adrenal Function
215. Adrenal Medulla, Catecholamines, and Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Medulla and Catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Pheochromocytoma in Pregnancy
216. Diabetes Mellitus
Definitions
Diabetes Associated With Other Disorders or Syndromes
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes
Pathobiology of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Acute Metabolic Complications of Diabetes
Chronic Vascular Complications
Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes
217. Hypoglycemia and Pancreatic Islet Cell Disorders
218. Polyglandular Disorders
Neoplastic Syndromes
Autoimmune Syndromes
219. Neuroendocrine Tumors
Specific Neuroendocrine Tumors
Carcinoid Syndrome
Principles for Controlling Growth of Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
220. Sexual Development and Identity
Defects of Sex Differentiation
Maternal Conditions Affecting the Fetus
Hormone Insensitivity Syndromes and Other Hormone Deficiencies
Other Genetic Conditions
Management of Individuals With Disorders of Sexual Development: Gender Role and Identity
221. The Testis and Male Hypogonadism, Infertility, and Sexual Dysfunction
Physiology
Male Hypogonadism
Male Infertility
Sexual Dysfunction
222. Ovaries and Pubertal Development
Aberrations in Pubertal Development
223. Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
The Normal Menstrual Cycle
Abnormalities of the Reproductive Years
Chronic Anovulation
Infertility
Sexual Function and Dysfunction
Section XX. Women's Health
Introduction
224. Approach to Women’s Health
Lifespan Groups
Health Disparities Among Women
Common Causes of Mortality in Women
Common Causes of Morbidity in Women
Reproductive Health Issues
225. Contraception
Contraceptive Use
Types of Contraceptives
226. Common Medical Problems in Pregnancy
Basic Principles
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Preeclampsia
Deep Venous Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, and Thrombophilia
Asthma
Diabetes
Liver Disease in Pregnancy
Summary
227. Menopause
Biologic Consequences of Menopause and the Menopause Transition
Menopausal Symptoms
Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms
228. Intimate Partner Violence
Section XXI. Diseases of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
Introduction
229. Approach to the Patient with Metabolic Bone Disease
230. Osteoporosis
231. Osteomalacia and Rickets
232. The Parathyroid Glands, Hypercalcemia, and Hypocalcemia
Calcium Metabolism
Parathyroid Glands, Parathyroid Hormone, PTH Gene, and Parathyroid Hormone Actions
Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Disorders and Syndromes Associated With Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism
233. Paget Disease of Bone
234. Osteonecrosis, Osteosclerosis/Hyperostosis, and Other Disorders of Bone
Osteonecrosis
Osteosclerosis/Hyperostosis
Other Disorders of Bone
Section XXII. Diseases of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Introduction
235. Approach to the Patient with Allergic or Immunologic Disease
Allergic Disease
Immunologic Disease
236. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
An Approach to Evaluation of the Immune System
Severe T- and B-Cell Combined Defects
Less Severe T- and B-Cell Combined Defects
Combined Defects With Syndromic Features
Antibody Defects
Complement Disorders
C1 Inhibitor Deficiency
Phagocyte Defects
Immune Dysregulation Syndromes
Defects of Innate Immunity Leading to Selected Infections
237. Urticaria and Angioedema
Urticaria
Hereditary Angioedema and Related Diseases
238. Systemic Anaphylaxis, Food Allergy, and Insect Sting Allergy
239. Drug Allergy
240. Mastocytosis
Section XXIII. Rheumatic Diseases
Introduction
241. Approach to the Patient with Rheumatic Disease
Summary
242. Laboratory Testing in the Rheumatic Diseases
Markers of Inflammation
Laboratory Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disease
Laboratory Evaluation of Systemic Inflammatory Disease
243. Imaging Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases
Radiographic Evaluation
Computed Tomography
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scintigraphy
244. Inherited Diseases of Connective Tissue
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Marfan Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Syndromes
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
245. The Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
Interleukin-1–Related Periodic Fever Syndromes
The Interferonopathies: Type-I-Interferon Associated Autoinflammatory Diseases
Autoinflammatory Diseases Associated With Activation of NF-κB
Other Inherited Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
New Autoinflammatory Syndromes and the Promise of Whole-Exome Sequencing
246. Osteoarthritis
247. Bursitis, Tendinitis, and Other Periarticular Disorders and Sports Medicine
Sports Medicine Injuries
Disorders of the Shoulder Region
Disorders of the Elbow Region
Disorders of the Wrist and Hand
Disorders of the Hip Region
Disorders of the Knee Region
Disorders of the Ankle and Foot Region
248. Rheumatoid Arthritis
249. The Spondyloarthropathies
Common Features of Spondyloarthritis
Clinical Subsets of the Spondyloarthropathies
Approach to Specific Spondyloarthropathies
250. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
251. Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
252. Sjögren Syndrome
253. Inflammatory Myopathies
254. The Systemic Vasculitides
255. Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica
256. Infections of Bursae, Joints, and Bones
Infection of Bursae
Infection of Joints
Osteomyelitis
257. Crystal Deposition Diseases
Gout and Hyperuricemia
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease
Apatite (Basic Calcium Phosphate)-Associated Arthropathy
258. Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Myofascial Pain
Definition
Historical Perspective on Fibromyalgia
Epidemiology
Fibromyalgia
259. Systemic Diseases in Which Arthritis Is a Feature
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (Cirrhosis)
Whipple Disease
Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease)
Pancreatitis-Arthritis Syndrome
Hemophilia
Hemoglobinopathies
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Amyloidosis
Diabetes Mellitus
Thyroid Disorders
Parathyroid Disorders
Acromegaly
Hyperlipoproteinemia
Paget Disease
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Leukemia and Lymphoma
Carcinomatous Polyarthritis
Palmar Fasciitis and Arthritis Syndrome
Hemochromatosis
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
Sarcoidosis
Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease
Alkaptonuria (Ochronosis)
Fabry Disease
Relapsing Polychondritis
Cystic Fibrosis
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: Diffuse Type
260. Surgical Treatment of Joint Diseases
Preoperative Considerations
Anesthesia in the Orthopedic Patient
Surgical Management
Orthopedic Procedures
Orthopedic Procedures on Other Joints
Management Issues in Patients With Arthritis Undergoing Surgery
Section XXIV. Infectious Diseases
Introduction
261. Introduction to Microbial Disease: Pathophysiology and Diagnostics
Emerging Infections
Genomics and Other “Omics”
Genetic Factors Altering Susceptibility to Infection and Response to Infectious Diseases
Innate Immunity
Antimicrobial Resistance
The Role of Infectious Agents in Chronic Diseases
262. The Human Microbiome
Structure and Function Relationships of the Microbiome
Studying the Microbiome
Establishment of the Microbiome
Alteration of the Microbiome
Disease Associations
Therapies Targeting the Microbiome
Conclusions
263. Principles of Anti-Infective Therapy
Selecting Antimicrobial Therapy Targeting the Pathogen
Selecting Antimicrobial Therapy Appropriate to the Infection and Patient
Antimicrobial Combinations
Considerations in Antimicrobial Administration
Monitoring Antimicrobial Concentrations
Administrative Aspects of Antimicrobial Therapy
264. Approach to Fever or Suspected Infection in the Normal Host
Pathobiology of Infection and Fever
Approach to Febrile Illness in Outpatients and Inpatients
Syndromic Approach
Approach to Fever of Unknown Origin
Initial Management of Suspected Infection in the Ambulatory Setting
Initial Management of Suspected Nosocomial Infection
Conclusion
265. Approach to Fever and Suspected Infection in the Immunocompromised Host
General Concepts
Approach to the Patient
Fever in the Compromised Host
Cutaneous Syndromes
Respiratory Syndromes
Gastrointestinal Syndromes
Neurologic Syndromes
266. Prevention and Control of Health Care–Associated Infections
The Burden of Health Care–Associated Infections
Pathobiology
Health Care–Associated Infection Prevention Strategies
Goals and Incentives for Health Care–Associated Infection Prevention
267. Approach to the Patient with Suspected Enteric Infection
Persistent Diarrhea
268. Approach to the Patient with Urinary Tract Infection
269. Approach to the Patient with a Sexually Transmitted Infection
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Syndromes
Prevention
Toward a Comprehensive Management Strategy
270. Approach to the Patient Before and After Travel
Immunization
Malaria Chemoprophylaxis
Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Preventive Behaviors
Noninfectious Travel Problems
Post-Travel Care
271. Antibacterial Chemotherapy
Choice of Antibiotic, Antibiotic Dose, and Schedule to Optimize Clinical Outcome
Culture and Gram Stain
Susceptibility
Determining the “Correct” Drug Dose
Emergence of Resistance
Suppressing the Emergence of Resistance
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Effects of Pharmacokinetic Changes
Drug Classes and Their Properties
Toxicities
Duration of Therapy
Failure of Antimicrobial Therapy
272. Staphylococcal Infections
Staphylococcus Aureus
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
273. Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infections
274. Nonpneumococcal Streptococcal Infections and Rheumatic Fever
Classification and Identification of Streptococci
Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)
Streptococcus Dysgalactiae Subspecies Equisimilis (Group C and Group G Streptococcus)
Viridans Group Streptococci (Streptococcus Anginosus Group/Streptococcus Milleri Group)
Zoonotic Streptococcus
275. Enterococcal Infections
276. Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterium Infections
Other Corynebacterium Species
277. Listeriosis
278. Anthrax
279. Erysipelothrix Infections
280. Clostridial Infections
Clostridioides Difficile Infection
Necrotizing Clostridial Tissue Infection
Neurotoxic Clostridial Infections
Other Clostridial Infections
281. Diseases Caused by Non–Spore-Forming Anaerobic Bacteria
282. Neisseria Meningitidis Infections
283. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infections
Clinical Syndromes
284. Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections
Haemophilus Infections
Moraxella Infections
285. Chancroid
286. Cholera and Other Vibrio Infections
Cholera
Other Vibrio Infections
287. Campylobacter Infections
Other Campylobacter Species
288. Escherichia Coli Enteric Infections
289. Infections Due to Other Members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Including Management of Multidrug-Resistant Strains
290. Pseudomonas and Related Gram-Negative Bacillary Infections
291. Diseases Caused by Acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas Species
Acinetobacter Spp
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia
292. Salmonella Infections (Including Enteric Fever)
293. Shigellosis
294. Brucellosis
295. Tularemia and Other Francisella Infections
296. Plague and Other Yersinia Infections
Plague
Yersiniosis
297. Whooping Cough and Other Bordetella Infections
298. Legionella Infections
299. Bartonella Infections
Infection of Red Blood Cells: Oroya Fever and Trench Fever
Cat-Scratch Disease
Endocarditis
Vasculoproliferative Disease: Verruga Peruana, Bacillary Angiomatosis, and Peliosis Hepatis
300. Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
301. Mycoplasma Infections
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Other Mycoplasma Species
302. Diseases Caused by Chlamydiae
Chlamydial Diseases
303. Syphilis
304. Nonsyphilitic Treponematoses
305. Lyme Disease
306. Relapsing Fever and Other Borrelia Infections
307. Leptospirosis
308. Tuberculosis
309. The Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
310. Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
311. Rickettsial Infections
Rickettsioses (Diseases Caused by Rickettsia Species and Orientia Tsutsugamushi)
Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmoses
Q Fever
312. Zoonoses
313. Actinomycosis
314. Nocardiosis
315. Systemic Antifungal Agents
Azole Antifungal Agents
Amphotericin Preparations
Echinocandin Antifungal Agents
Flucytosine
Other Agents
316. Endemic Mycoses
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Sporotrichosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
317. Cryptococcosis
318. Candidiasis
319. Aspergillosis
320. Mucormycosis
321. Pneumocystis Pneumonia
322. Mycetoma and Dematiaceous Fungal Infections
323. Antiparasitic Therapy
Protozoal Diseases
African Trypanosomiais (Sleeping Sickness), Chagas Disease, and Leishmaniasis
Helminthic Diseases
324. Malaria
325. African Sleeping Sickness
326. Chagas Disease
327. Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
328. Toxoplasmosis
329. Cryptosporidiosis
330. Giardiasis
331. Amebiasis
Free-Living Amebae
332. Babesiosis and Other Protozoan Diseases
Babesiosis
Miscellaneous Enteric Protozoa
333. Cestodes
Intestinal Tapeworm Infections
Tissue Cestode (Cyst) Infection
334. Trematode Infections
Schistosomiasis
Liver Flukes
Intestinal Flukes
Pulmonary Flukes
Management of Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Fluke Infections
335. Nematode Infections
Intestinal Nematode Infections
Uncommon Intestinal Nematodiases
Tissue Nematodes
336. Antiviral Therapy (Non-HIV)
Antivirals for Hepatitis B Virus Infections
Antivirals for Hepatitis C Virus Infections
Antivirals for Herpesvirus Infections
Antivirals for Influenza Virus Infections
Other Antivirals
337. The Common Cold
338. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
339. Parainfluenza Viral Disease
340. Influenza
341. Adenovirus Diseases
342. PRE-2019 Coronaviruses
Pre-2019 Coronaviruses
SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19
342A. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
343. Measles
344. Rubella (German Measles)
345. Mumps
346. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Slow Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Slow Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System
347. Parvovirus
348. Smallpox, Monkeypox, and Other Poxvirus Infections
349. Papillomavirus
350. Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
351. Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox, Shingles)
352. Cytomegalovirus
353. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
354. Retroviruses Other Than Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
HTLV-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
Other HTLV-Associated Conditions
355. Enteroviruses
Specific Clinical Syndromes
356. Rotaviruses, Noroviruses, and Other Gastrointestinal Viruses
357. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
358. Arboviruses Causing Fever and Rash Syndromes
Colorado Tick Fever
Dengue
West Nile Fever Virus
Zika Virus
Phlebotomus Fever
Rift Valley Fever
Chikungunya Fever
O’nyong-Nyong Fever
Mayaro Fever
Ross River Fever Virus (Epidemic Febrile Polyarthritis)
Sindbis
359. Arboviruses Affecting the Central Nervous System
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Western Equine Encephalitis
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Japanese Encephalitis
West Nile Fever and Encephalitis
Nipah Virus
Zika Virus
St. Louis Encephalitis
Murray Valley Encephalitis and Rocio Encephalitis
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
California Serogroup Encephalitis
Section XXV. HIV and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Introduction
360. Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Historical Perspective
Global Statistics
Global Impact and Response
Regional Epidemics and Responses
361. Immunopathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Primary Infection
Specific Immunity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
The Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Replication on the Immune System
Clinical Consequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
362. Biology of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
Classification and Origin
Structure and Molecular Biology
Summary
363. Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Modes of Transmission and Prevention
Prevention Interventions for Infected Individuals
Prevention in Development
364. Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
When to Start ART?
What to Start?
When to Change Antiretroviral Therapy?
What Antiretroviral Therapy to Change to?
Side Effects and Toxicity
Special Populations
Antiretroviral Therapy for Prevention
Cure
365. Microbial Complications in Patients Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Microbial Complications
366. Systemic Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
Aging-Related Syndromes
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of HIV
Renal Manifestations of HIV
Hematology and Oncology
Cardiovascular Manifestations of HIV
Endocrine Manifestations of HIV
Pulmonary Manifestations of HIV
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of HIV
Dermatologic Manifestations of HIV
Musculoskeletal Manifestations of HIV
367. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in HIV/AIDS
Section XXVI. Neurology
Introduction
368. Approach to the Patient with Neurologic Disease
Acute Neurologic Disorders Requiring Immediate Diagnosis and Treatment
Neurologic Examination
Common Complaints of Possible Neurologic Origin
Neurologic Diagnostic Procedures
369. Psychiatric Disorders in Medical Practice
Overview
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Other Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Personality Disorders
Suicide and Evaluation of Suicidality
When to Refer a Patient for Psychiatric Evaluation
370. Headaches and Other Head Pain
Migraine Headache
Tension-Type Headache
Cluster Headache and Other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Chronic Daily Headache
Secondary Causes of Headaches
371. Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury
372. Mechanical and Other Lesions of the Spine, Nerve Roots, and Spinal Cord
Disorders of the Spine
Cervical Spinal Stenosis and Spondylotic Myelopathy
Disorders of the Nerve Roots
Disorders of the Spinal Cord
373. Regional Cerebral Dysfunction: Higher Mental Functions
Memory Function and Amnesic Disorders
The Aphasias
Cortical Disorders of Visual Function and Hemispatial Neglect
Psychomotor Speed, Executive Cognitive Dysfunction, and Control of Personal Behavior
374. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
The Spectrum of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia
Management of Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia
Alzheimer Disease
Cognitive Impairment Due to Cerebrovascular Disease
Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
375. The Epilepsies
376. Coma, Vegetative State, and Brain Death
Coma
Vegetative State/Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome
The Locked-in Syndrome
Brain Death
377. Sleep Disorders
Hypersomnia
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
378. Approach to Cerebrovascular Diseases
Cerebral Ischemia
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Cerebral Edema
379. Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Unusual Causes of Stroke
380. Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Other Causes of Subarachnoid Hemorrhages
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Brain Vascular Malformations
381. Parkinsonism
Parkinson Disease
Other Causes of Parkinsonism
382. Other Movement Disorders
Tremor
Chorea
Dystonia
Tics
Myoclonus
Hyperexplexia
Other Movement Disorders
383. Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Conditions of the Central Nervous System
Multiple Sclerosis
Other Diseases of Myelin
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Chronic Autoimmune Syndromes
384. Meningitis: Bacterial, Viral, and Other
Bacterial Meningitis
Viral Meningitis
Other Meningitides
385. Brain Abscess and Parameningeal Infections
Brain Abscess
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Subdural Empyema
Venous Sinus Thrombosis Secondary to Infection
Neurologic Complications of Infectious Endocarditis
386. Acute Viral Encephalitis
Selected Specific Viruses
387. Prion Diseases
388. Nutritional and Alcohol-Related Neurologic Disorders
Deficiency of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Deficiency of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Deficiency of Miscellaneous Elements and Nutrients
Alcohol-Related Disorders
389. Congenital, Developmental, and Neurocutaneous Disorders
Congenital Disorders
Developmental Disorders
Neurocutaneous Disorders
390. Autonomic Disorders and Their Management
Brain Disorders
Spinal Cord Disorders
Peripheral Neuropathies
391. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Spinal Muscular Atrophies
Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy/Kennedy Disease
392. Peripheral Neuropathies
Approach to Peripheral Neuropathy
Inherited Neuropathies
Inflammatory and Immunologic Neuropathies
Vasculitic Neuropathies
Neuropathies Associated With Monoclonal Gammopathies and Multiple Myeloma
Paraneoplastic Neuropathies
The Diabetic Neuropathies
Infectious Neuropathies
Toxic and Deficiency Syndromes
Critical Illness Neuropathy
Neuralgic Amyotrophy (Idiopathic Brachial Plexitis)
Compressive Mononeuropathies
Bell Palsy
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
393. Muscle Diseases
Specific Muscle Diseases
Congenital Muscular Dystrophies
Inflammatory Muscle Diseases
394. Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Autoimmune Diseases
Acquired Neuromyotonia
Genetic Myasthenic Syndromes
Section XXVII. Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases
Introduction
395. Diseases of the Visual System
Common Clinical Conditions
Inflammatory Eye Disorders
Infectious Eye Disorders
Structural and Age-Related Disorders
Systemic Diseases With Ocular Symptoms During Adulthood
Vascular Abnormalities of the Eye
Idiopathic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders
Genetically Determined Diseases That May Become Symptomatic During Adulthood
Common Pediatric or Adolescent Diseases That May Persist Into Adulthood
Tumors of the Eye
Ocular Effects of Systemic Medications
396. Neuro-Ophthalmology
Vision
Pupillary Control
Oculomotor Control
397. Diseases of the Mouth and Salivary Glands
Oral Mucosal Diseases
Oral Soft Tissue Tumors
Salivary Gland Diseases
Periodontal Disease
Acute Dental Infections
398. Approach to the Patient with Nose, Sinus, and Ear Disorders
Nasal and Sinus Complaints
Ear Pain
399. Smell and Taste
400. Hearing and Equilibrium
Disorders of the Auditory System
Prevention
Equilibrium–Vestibular System
401. Throat Disorders
Anatomy of the UpperAerodigestive Tract
Infectious Diseases of the Upper Aerodigestive System
Noninfectious Pharyngitis
Section XXVIII. Medical Consultation
Introduction
402. Principles of Medical Consultation
Approach to Medical Consultation
Setting-Specific Consultative Issues
Strategies for Effective Consultation
Special Consultative Situations
Responsibilities of the Consultant
Impact of Consultations on Patient Outcome
403. Preoperative Evaluation
Operative Risk Assessment
General Risk Assessment
Cardiac Risk Assessment
Pulmonary Risk Assessment
Endocrine Conditions
Liver Disease
Hematologic Problems
Renal Disorders
Neurologic and Geriatric Problems
404. Overview of Anesthesia
Preoperative Assessment
Medication Reactions
Intraoperative Management
General Versus Regional Anesthesia
Nausea and Vomiting
405. Postoperative Care and Complications
Postoperative Care
Complications
406. Medical Consultation in Psychiatry
Health Status in Psychiatric Patients
Evaluation of Chief Complaints
Medical Complications of Psychiatric Treatments
Section XXIX. Skin Diseases
Introduction
407. Approach to Skin Diseases
Structure and Function of the Skin
Approach to a Skin Problem
The Skin Examination
History
Life-Threatening Emergencies
Diagnostic Tests
Pruritus
408. Principles of Therapy of Skin Diseases
Principles of Topical Therapy
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Antimicrobial Agents
Antipruritic or Anesthetic Agents
Agents That Improve Surface Functions (Lubrication, Scale)
Immune Therapies
Treatment for Skin Cancers (See Chapter 193)
409. Eczemas, Photodermatoses, Papulosquamous (Including Fungal) Diseases, and Figurate Erythemas
Eczema
Photodermatoses
Papulosquamous (Including Fungal) Diseases
Figurate Erythemias
410. Macular, Papular, Purpuric, Vesiculobullous, and Pustular Diseases
Macular and Papular Exanthems
Vesiculobullous Diseases
Pustular Eruptions
Hidradenitis Suppuritiva
Sweet Syndrome
411. Urticaria, Drug Hypersensitivity Rashes, Nodules and Tumors, and Atrophic Diseases
Urticaria
Drug Rashes
Benign Papules, Nodules, and Tumors
Atrophic and Sclerotic Lesions
412. Infections, Hyperpigmentation and Hypopigmentation, Regional Dermatology, and Distinctive Lesions in Black Skin
Infections, Including Cellulitis
Disorders of Hypopigmentation and Hyperpigmentation
Distinctive Lesions in Black Skin
Regional Dermatoses
413. Diseases of Hair and Nails
Hair Disorders
Telogen Effluvium
Diffuse Alopecia
Patchy Alopecia
Hair Disorders in Children
Racial Differences
Excessive Hair Growth
Nail Disorders
Appendix. Reference Intervals and Laboratory Values
Index
Endsheet 5

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