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Diabetes mellitus is a disease with tremendous health and economic burden. A better understanding of how normal glucose homeostasis is maintained and the pathogenesis is important… Read more
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Researchers, professors and graduate students in biochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, and medicine, biomedical scientists and clinicians.
Contributors
Preface
Chapter One. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by GPCRs in the Central Nervous System
3 Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by GPCRs for Peptides from Endocrine Pancreas
4 Regulation of Insulin Secretion by GPCRs
5 Regulation of Incretin Secretion by GPCRs
6 Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Orphan GPCRs
7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Two. Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by GLP-1
Abstract
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 GLP-1 Biosynthesis, Secretion, and Degradation
3 Insulinotropic and Growth Factor Properties of GLP-1
4 Molecular Basis of GLP-1 Receptor Activation
5 Control of Pancreatic β-Cell Insulin Secretion by GLP-1
6 Altered GLP-1 Action in a Rodent Model of Insulin Resistance
7 Glucoregulatory Properties of GLP-1 Mediated by the Nervous System
8 GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
9 DPP-IV Inhibitors
10 GLP-1-Based Strategies for the Treatment of T2DM
11 Improved Glucoregulation After Bariatric Surgery
12 Safety Considerations for GLP-1-Based Therapeutics
13 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Three. Physiology and Therapeutics of the Free Fatty Acid Receptor GPR40
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Cloning and Tissue Distribution of GPR40
3 Physiology of GPR40
4 Pharmacology of GPR40
5 Pathophysiology of GPR40
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Four. Targeting GPR119 for the Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Cloning and Localization of GPR119
3 Physiology of GPR119
4 Pharmacology of GPR119
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Five. Enhanced Skeletal Muscle for Effective Glucose Homeostasis
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Skeletal Muscle and Glucose Homeostasis
3 Skeletal Muscle Formation
4 Myogenic Regulatory Factors
5 Postnatal Development of Skeletal Muscle
6 Myostatin and Skeletal Muscle Mass
7 Enhanced Muscle Growth for Preventing Diabetes
8 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Six. Factors Affecting Insulin-Regulated Hepatic Gene Expression
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Insulin Secretion, Its Signaling Pathways, and Its Regulated Hepatic Gene Expression
3 Effects of Hormone and Nutrient on Insulin-Regulated Hepatic Gene Expression
4 Drugs and Phytochemicals Affecting Hepatic Insulin Action
5 Perspectives and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Seven. The Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Tissue Distribution of PPARs Suggests Key Role in Lipid and Glucose Metabolism
3 Prototypic Nuclear Receptor Domains of PPARs
4 PPAR Ligands (Endogenous and Synthetic) and Coregulators
5 Key Target Genes of PPARs Related to the Metabolic Syndrome
6 Lessons Learned from Clinical Use of TZD Class of Antidiabetic Drugs
7 New, Novel PPAR Ligands for Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome
8 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter Eight. Free Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance
Abstract
1 Historic Overview of the Scientific Understanding of Insulin Resistance
2 Lipids and Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance
3 Saturated Versus Unsaturated FFAs and Insulin Resistance
4 Additional Insights Into Mechanisms Involved Into FFA-Induced Muscle Insulin Resistance
5 FFAs, Mitochondrial Function, and Insulin Resistance
6 Is FFA-Induced Insulin Resistance a Cellular Adaptation Process?
7 Clinical Perspectives and Therapeutic Implications
8 Conclusions
References
Chapter Nine. Adiponectin Signaling and Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Metabolic Syndrome and the Limitation of Current Treatment
3 Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors
4 Adiponectin Signaling in Key Metabolic Cells/Tissues Related to Metabolic Syndrome
5 Summary
References
Chapter Ten. Regulation of Pancreatic Islet Beta-Cell Mass by Growth Factor and Hormone Signaling
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 GH, PRL, and Their Receptor Signaling and Actions in Beta Cells
3 IGF-1 and Its Receptor Signaling and Actions in Beta Cells
4 GH–IGF-1 Signaling Cross Talk and Collaborative Roles in Regulation of Beta-Cell Mass
5 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eleven. The Impact of Dietary Methionine Restriction on Biomarkers of Metabolic Health
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Rationale for Study of Dietary Methionine Restriction
2 Origins of Dietary Methionine Restriction as an Experimental Approach to Increase Longevity
3 Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Dietary Methionine Restriction and Longevity
4 Effects of Dietary MR on Energy Intake and Adiposity
5 Effects of Dietary MR on Energy Expenditure
6 Effects of Dietary MR on Fuel Selection and Metabolic Flexibility
7 Effects of Dietary MR on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism: Transcriptional Mechanisms
8 Transcriptional Effects of Dietary MR on Adipose Tissue
9 Sensing of Dietary MR
10 Perspectives and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Twelve. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs and Cats
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Dog
3 The Cat
References
Chapter Thirteen. Impaired Insulin Signaling and Mechanisms of Memory Loss
Abstract
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Diabetes and Cognitive Deficits
3 Central Insulin Regulation
4 Insulin Resistance and Hallmarks of Neurodegeneration
5 Common Mediators of Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Dysfunction
6 Insulin Resistance and Hippocampal Dysfunction
7 Role of IGF in Cognitive Function
8 Animal Models of Insulin Signaling Deficits
9 Role of Antidiabetes Drugs in the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction
10 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Fourteen. The Role of PPARδ Signaling in the Cardiovascular System
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Expression of PPARδ in the Cardiovascular System
3 The Role of PPARδ in Regulating the Function of Endothelial Cells
4 The Roles of PPARδ in the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
5 The Role of PPARδ in Regulating Macrophage Function
6 The Role of PPARδ in Fibroblast Proliferation
7 Roles of PPARδ in Myocardial Oxidative Metabolism
8 Anti-inflammatory Effect of PPARδ in Cardiomyocytes
9 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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