Geologic Time Scale 2020
- 1st Edition - October 30, 2020
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Editors: Felix Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Mark D. Schmitz, Gabi M. Ogg
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 3 6 0 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 3 6 1 - 9
Geologic Time Scale 2020 (2 volume set) contains contributions from 80+ leading scientists who present syntheses in an easy-to-understand format that includes numerous color cha… Read more
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Request a sales quoteGeologic Time Scale 2020 (2 volume set) contains contributions from 80+ leading scientists who present syntheses in an easy-to-understand format that includes numerous color charts, maps and photographs. In addition to detailed overviews of chronostratigraphy, evolution, geochemistry, sequence stratigraphy and planetary geology, the GTS2020 volumes have separate chapters on each geologic period with compilations of the history of divisions, the current GSSPs (global boundary stratotypes), detailed bio-geochem-sequence correlation charts, and derivation of the age models.
The authors are on the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives surrounding the creation of an international geologic time scale. The included charts display the most up-to-date, international standard as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences.
As the framework for deciphering the history of our planet Earth, this book is essential for practicing Earth Scientists and academics.
- Completely updated geologic time scale
- Provides the most detailed integrated geologic time scale available that compiles and synthesize information in one reference
- Gives insights on the construction, strengths and limitations of the geological time scale that greatly enhances its function and its utility
Academic and professional geoscientists. Both text and illustrations are directly useful to teachers, to students, and to practicing geoscientists
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Quotes
- Contributors
- Editors’ Biographies
- Preface
- Abbreviations and acronyms
- Organizations
- Time Scale Publications
- Geoscientific Concepts
- Symbols
- Part I: Introduction
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 1.1 The Geologic Time Scale
- 1.2 A Geologic Time Scale GTS2020
- 1.3 How this book is arranged?
- 1.4 Historical overview of geologic time scales
- 1.5 The World Geologic Time Scale
- Bibliography
- Chapter 2. The Chronostratigraphic Scale
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 2.1 History of geologic stratigraphic standardization
- 2.2 Stage unit stratotypes
- 2.3 Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
- 2.4 Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
- 2.5 Other considerations for choosing a GSSP
- References
- Part II: Concepts and Methods
- Chapter 3. Evolution and Biostratigraphy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- Subchapter 3A. Trilobites
- 3A.1 Earliest trilobites
- 3A.2 Trilobite phylogeny
- 3A.3 Trilobite biostratigraphy
- Subchapter 3B. Graptolites
- 3B.1 Graptolite construction and relationships
- 3B.2 Paleogeography, paleoecology, and sedimentology
- 3B.3 Practicalities and history of study
- 3B.4 Biostratigraphy
- 3B.5 Ordovician graptolite evolution and succession
- 3B.6 Silurian graptolite evolution and succession
- Subchapter 3C. Chitinozoans
- 3C.1 Introduction
- 3C.2 Phylogeny and taxonomy
- 3C.3 Origin and diversification
- 3C.4 Applications
- Subchapter 3D. Conodonts
- 3D.1 Introduction
- 3D.2 Biologic affinity
- 3D.3 Paleoecology and biofacies
- 3D.4 Biostratigraphy and evolution
- 3D.5 Cambrian
- 3D.6 Ordovician
- 3D.7 Silurian
- 3D.8 Devonian
- 3D.9 Carboniferous
- 3D.10 Permian
- 3D.11 Triassic
- Subchapter 3E. Ammonoidea
- 3E.1 Paleozoic Ammonoidea
- 3E.2 Triassic Ammonoidea
- 3E.3 Orders/Suborders
- 3E.4 Jurassic Ammonoidea
- 3E.5 Cretaceous Ammonoidea
- Subchapter 3F. Calcareous nannofossils
- 3F.1 Introduction
- 3F.2 Evolution
- 3F.3 Biostratigraphy—Mesozoic
- 3F.4 Biostratigraphy—Cenozoic
- Subchapter 3G. Planktonic foraminifera
- 3G.1 Introduction
- 3G.2 Jurassic
- 3G.3 Cretaceous
- 3G.4 Cenozoic
- Subchapter 3H. Larger benthic foraminifera
- 3H.1 Introduction
- 3H.2 Key groups of larger benthic foraminifera
- 3H.3 Late Paleozoic LBF Biostratigraphy
- 3H.4 Triassic LBF Biostratigraphy
- 3H.5 Jurassic LBF Biostratigraphy
- 3H.6 Cretaceous LBF Biostratigraphy
- 3H.7 Cenozoic LBF Biostratigraphy
- Acknowledgments
- Subchapter 3I. Dinoflagellates
- 3I.1 Dinoflagellates as organisms
- 3I.2 Dinoflagellates as fossils
- 3I.3 Evolution of dinoflagellates
- Acknowledgments
- Subchapter 3J. Plants, spores, and pollen
- 3J.1 The Precambrian
- 3J.2 Paleozoic
- 3J.3 Mesozoic
- 3J.4 Cenozoic
- 3J.5 Final remarks
- Subchapter 3K. Cretaceous microcrinoids
- Subchapter 3L. Three major mass extinctions and evolutionary radiations in their aftermath
- 3L.1 Introduction
- 3L.2 The Late Ordovician mass extinction
- 3L.3 End-Permian mass extinction
- 3L.4 End-Cretaceous mass extinction
- 3L.5 Concluding remarks
- Chapter 4. Astrochronology
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Eccentricity
- 4.3 Chaos in the solar system
- 4.4 Inclination and obliquity
- 4.5 Chaotic diffusion and secular resonances
- 4.6 Discussion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 5. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 5.1 Principles
- 5.2 Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic geomagnetic polarity time scale
- 5.3 Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous geomagnetic polarity time scale
- 5.4 Geomagnetic polarity time scale for Early Jurassic and older rocks
- 5.5 Summary
- Bibliography
- Chapter 6. Radioisotope Geochronology
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 U–Pb geochronology
- 6.3 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
- 6.4 Re–Os geochronology
- 6.5 Application of radioisotope geochronology in the stratigraphic record
- 6.6 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Chapter 7. Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Methodologies for Sr-isotope stratigraphy
- 7.3 The databases used in this volume
- 7.4 Numerical ages
- 7.5 Fitting the LOESS database
- 7.6 The quality of the fit
- 7.7 Comments on the LOESS fit
- 7.8 Sr-isotope stratigraphy for pre-Ordovician time
- Bibliography
- Chapter 8. Osmium Isotope Stratigraphy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Untapped potential
- 8.3 Hydrogenic Fe–Mn crusts
- 8.4 Organic-rich mudrock
- 8.5 Re–Os isochrons and (187Os/188Os)0 profiles
- 8.6 Pre-Phanerozoic changes in seawater 187Os/188Os
- 8.7 Higher resolution 187Os/188Os Phanerozoic records
- 8.8 Integrating organic-rich mudrock and oxic pelagic sediment 187Os/188Os records
- Bibliography
- Chapter 9. Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Mechanisms driving the variation in the S isotope record
- 9.3 Isotopic fractionation of sulfur
- 9.4 Measurement and materials for sulfur isotope stratigraphy
- 9.5 A Geologic time scale database
- 9.6 A database of S isotope values and their ages for the past 130 Myr using LOWESS regression
- 9.7 Use of S isotopes for correlation
- Bibliography
- Chapter 10. Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Methodology
- 10.3 Application principles and considerations
- 10.4 Oxygen isotope stratigraphy
- 10.5 Summation
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Appendices
- Chapter 11. Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Methodology
- 11.3 Application principles and considerations
- 11.4 Materials and methods
- 11.5 Chronostratigraphic correlation and excursions
- 11.6 Causes of carbon isotope excursions
- 11.7 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 12. Influence of Large Igneous Provinces
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 12.1 Large Igneous Provinces
- 12.2 Influence on environment
- 12.3 Correlation with Phanerozoic time scale boundaries
- 12.4 Implications for natural boundaries in the Precambrian
- 12.5 Additional important Proterozoic Large Igneous Provinces
- 12.6 Large Igneous Provinces volume and extent of environmental effects
- 12.7 Future work
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 13. Phanerozoic Eustasy
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 The sequence stratigraphy paradigm and eustasy
- 13.3 Anatomy of eustatic variations
- 13.4 Phanerozoic eustasy: a review
- 13.5 Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 14. Geomathematics
- Chapter outline
- SubChapter 14A. Geomathematical and Statistical Procedures
- 14A.1 History
- 14A.2 Spline fitting in GTS2004
- 14A.3 Modifications in GTS2012
- 14A.4 Statistical distribution of age determinations along the geologic time scale
- 14A.5 Modifications in GTS2020
- SubChapter 14B. Global Composite Sections and Constrained Optimization
- 14B.1 The geologic time scale challenge
- 14B.2 Constrained optimization of a composite section
- 14B.3 Projecting the composite sequence onto a time scale
- 14B.4 Slotting composite sections
- 14B.5 Technical information
- Part III: Geologic Periods: Planetary and Precambrian
- Chapter 15. The Planetary Time Scale
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 15.1 Introduction and methodologies
- 15.2 Time scales
- Bibliography
- Chapter 16. Precambrian (4.56–1 Ga)
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 16.1 International subdivisions
- 16.2 Hadean
- 16.3 Archean Eon
- 16.4 Proterozoic Eon
- 16.5 Isotopic and geochemical tracers of Precambrian evolution
- 16.6 Implications of recent findings for subdivision of the Precambrian time scale
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Chapter 17. The Tonian and Cryogenian Periods
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Historical background
- 17.3 Geochronological constraints on the Tonian and Cryogenian Periods
- 17.4 Biostratigraphy
- 17.5 Chemostratigraphy
- 17.6 Paleogeographic context
- 17.7 Tonian–Cryogenian Earth system evolution
- 17.8 Formalization and potential subdivision of the Tonian and Cryogenian Periods
- Bibliography
- Chapter 18. The Ediacaran Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 18.1 Historical background
- 18.2 Cap dolostones and the base of the Ediacaran System
- 18.3 The biostratigraphic basis for the Ediacaran System
- 18.4 Toward an Ediacaran chronostratigraphy
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Part IV: Geologic Periods: Phanerozoic
- Chapter 19. The Cambrian Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 19.1 History and subdivisions
- 19.2 Cambrian Stratigraphy
- 19.3 Cambrian Time Scale
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 20. The Ordovician Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 20.1 History and subdivisions
- 20.2 Regional subdivisions
- 20.3 Ordovician stratigraphy
- 20.4 Ordovician time scale
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 21. The Silurian Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 21.1 History and subdivisions
- 21.2 Silurian Stratigraphy
- 21.3 Silurian time scale
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 22. The Devonian Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 22.1 History and chronostratigraphic subdivisions
- 22.2 Devonian stratigraphy
- 22.3 Devonian time scale
- Bibliography
- Chapter 23. The Carboniferous Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 23.1 History and subdivisions
- 23.2 Carboniferous stratigraphy
- 23.3 Carboniferous time scale
- Bibliography
- Chapter 24. The Permian Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 24.1 History and subdivisions
- 24.2 Regional correlations
- 24.3 Permian stratigraphy
- 24.4 Permian time scale
- Bibliography
- Chapter 25. The Triassic Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 25.1 History and subdivisions
- 25.2 Triassic stratigraphy
- 25.3 Triassic time scale
- 25.4 Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 26. The Jurassic Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 26.1 History and subdivisions
- 26.2 Jurassic stratigraphy
- 26.3 Jurassic time scale
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 27. The Cretaceous Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 27.1 History and subdivisions
- 27.2 Cretaceous stratigraphy
- 27.3 Cretaceous time scale
- Bibliography
- Chapter 28. The Paleogene Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 28.1 History and subdivisions
- 28.2 Paleogene Biostratigraphy
- 28.3 Paleogene time scale
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 29. The Neogene Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 29.1 History and subdivisions
- 29.2 Neogene stratigraphy
- 29.3 Neogene astronomically tuned time scale
- 29.4 Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 30. The Quaternary Period
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 30.1 This chapter
- 30.2 Evolution of terminology
- 30.3 The Plio–Pleistocene boundary and definition of the Quaternary
- 30.4 Subdivision of the Pleistocene
- 30.5 Pleistocene/Holocene boundary
- 30.6 Holocene Series
- 30.7 Subdivision of the Holocene
- 30.8 Anthropocene Series
- 30.9 Terrestrial records
- 30.10 Ocean–sediment records
- 30.11 Land–sea correlation
- 30.12 Quaternary dating methods
- Bibliography
- Chapter 31. The Anthropocene
- Abstract
- Chapter outline
- 31.1 Origin of the term and history of research as a stratigraphic unit
- 31.2 Lithostratigraphic evidence for the Anthropocene
- 31.3 Chemostratigraphic indicators of the Anthropocene
- 31.4 Biostratigraphic indicators of the Anthropocene
- 31.5 Climatic signals of the Anthropocene
- 31.6 Anthropocene GSSP possibilities
- 31.7 Summary
- Bibliography
- Appendix 1. Recommended color coding of stages
- Appendix 2. Radioisotopic ages used in GTS2020
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 30, 2020
- Imprint: Elsevier
- No. of pages: 1390
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128243602
- eBook ISBN: 9780128243619
FG
Felix Gradstein
Felix Gradstein is Professor Emeritus at Oslo University, Norway and visiting Research Fellow, University of Portsmouth, UK. From 2000 to 2008, he was chair of the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Under his leadership major progress was made with the formal definition of chronostratigraphic units from Precambrian through Quaternary. For his fundamental work concerning the Geologic Time Scale, geochronology in general, quantitative stratigraphy and micropaleontology, the European Geosciences Union awarded him in 2010 the Jean Baptiste Lamarck Medal. He is Chair of the Geologic Time Scale Foundation and teaches courses in quantitative stratigraphy and the geologic time scale.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emeritus, Oslo University, Norway and visiting Research Fellow, University of Portsmouth, UKJO
James G. Ogg
JAMES OGG (Professor at Purdue University, Indiana, USA; now retired/adjunct) is also currently a visiting distinguished professor at Chengdu University of Technology and at China University of Geoscience (Wuhan). He served as Secretary General of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (2000-2008), and currently is executive director of the Geologic TimeScale Foundation and coordinator of TimeScale Creator service (https://timescalecreator.org/). His Mesozoic Stratigraphy Lab group has worked on aspects of climate cycles, magnetic polarity correlations and integration of stratigraphic information. Their TimeScale Creator array of visualization tools and extensive databases in global and regional Earth history was used to generate many of the diagrams in this book.
Affiliations and expertise
Chengdu University of Technology, Sichuan, China; Integrated Earth history, paleomagnetismMS
Mark D. Schmitz
MARK SCHMITZ is Professor of Geochemistry at Boise State University, Idaho, USA, and has extensive research interests in the development and application of radiogenic isotope geochemistry and high-precision U-Pb geochronology to problems of Earth systems evolution. He has been an active member of the Earth Time community and was co-editor and author for the Geologic Time Scale 2012. He seeks to enrich the radioisotopic calibration of the time scale through targeted dating of stratigraphically important volcanic event beds and the construction of robust chronostratigraphic models through geologic time. His extensive database with over 300 standardized radiogenic isotope ages (mainly U/Pb and Ar/Ar) is vital to this book.
Affiliations and expertise
Boise State University, Idaho, USA; GeochronologyGO
Gabi M. Ogg
GABI OGG applied micropaleontology to Jurassic-Cretaceous correlations before concentrating on public outreach in geosciences. She coordinated the extensive array of graphics in this book, and is the webmaster for the Geologic TimeScale Foundation (https://timescalefoundation.org) and for the TimeScale Creator visualization and database suites (https://timescalecreator.org). In addition to co-authoring the Concise Geologic TimeScale (GTS2016) and The Geologic Time Scale (GTS2012) books, she has produced numerous posters and time scale cards for public audiences.
Affiliations and expertise
Geologic TimeScale Foundation, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; Paleontology, geo-graphicsRead Geologic Time Scale 2020 on ScienceDirect