Geochemical Studies

Chapter 1. Minor Elements in Metal Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks - A Review of the Recent Literature Introduction Classification of Deposits Minor-Element Data Compilation Stratabound Galena-Shalerite in Carbonates Stratiform Massive Sulphide Deposits Stratabound Cu-U-V Deposits in Arenaceous Rocks Significance of Minor Elements Discussion of Ore Genesis Stratabound Lead-Zinc in Carbonates Stratiform Massive Sulphides Metal Deposits in Argillaceous Rocks Stratabound Cu-U-V Deposits in Arenaceous Rocks Modern Metalliferous Sediments Conclusions Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 2. Principles of Diffusion in Sedimentary Systems Introduction Theory of Diffusion Facets of Diffusion in Sediments and Solid Systems Free Path Interface Surface Action, Viscosity and Zeta Potential Temperature Pressure Compaction Diffusion and Side Reactions Diffusion in Solid Media Field Observations as Related to Diffusion Conclusions ReferencesChapter 3. Hydrogeochemical Aspects of Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks Introduction Hydrodynamics Hydrochemistry Applications Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 4. Fluid-Inclusion Evidence on the Genesis of Ores in Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks Introduction Literature Sources Assumptions on which Fluid-Inclusion Data are Based Classification of Inclusions Laboratory Technique Sample Selection Cutting and Polishing Choice of Inclusions and Problems in Microscopy Heating Stages and their Operation Cooling Stages Types of Data Available - Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits Density Rate of Movement Pressure Temperature Gross Salinity pH Noncondensable Gases and Organic Matter Isotopic Ratios Nonvolatile Ions (i.e., "Salts") in Solution Comparison of Fluid-Inclusion Data from Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits with those from Magmatic Hydrothermal Deposits Data from Other than Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits Suggestions for Future Work Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 5. The Significance of Organic Matter in Ore Genesis Introduction Concentration of Metals Metal-Organic Compounds Physical Adsorption Chemical Precipitation Generation of Sulphide Stages of Sedimentary Ore Formation Laboratory Studies Artificial Diagenesis Isolation of Organic Matter in Ores Conclusion ReferencesChapter 6. Microbiological Processes in Relation to Ore Genesis Introduction Accumulation of Mineral-Forming Elements Modification of Physico-Chemical Environment Generation of Organic Matter Transformation by Metabolism Sulphide Mineralization Mineral Synthesis by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria Pyritic Framboids Isotopic Evidence Sulphur Deposits Phosphorite Deposits Biological Precipitation of Manganese Microbial Precipitation of Iron Concluding Remarks Note Added in Proof Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 7. Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Ore Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks Introduction Environmental Abundances of 13C and 18O 18O and 13C in Hydrothermal Systems Theoretical Considerations Oxygen-18, 195 -Carbon-13, 198 18O in Active Geothermal Systems 18O in Gangue Minerals and Mineralizing Fluids 13C in Carbonate Gangue Minerals 18O and 13C as a Guide to Ore Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 8. Sulphur and Lead Isotopes in Strata-Bound Deposits Introduction Sulphur Isotopes General Theory Abundance Fractionation of Sulphur Isotopes Influence of Sulphur Species on Sulphur Isotopic Abundances Sulphur Isotopes in Strata-Bound Deposits Deposits Enclosed in Marine Host Rocks Discussion Deposits Enclosed in Rocks of Continental or Near Continental Origin Deposits of the Conglomerate-U (-Au) Type Lead Isotopes General Theory Lead Isotopes in Strata-Bound Sulphide Deposits Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits Carbonate-Hosted Lead- Zinc Deposits Discussion ReferencesChapter 9. Uranium-, Thorium- and Lead-Isotope Studies of Strata-Bound Ores Introduction Age Deteminations: Radioactive Decay The U-Pb and Th-Pb Method Common Lead The Lead Growth Curve of Conformable Ores (Anomalous) Lead Lines, Multi-Stage Leads Case Histories Mississippi Valley Lead-Zinc Deposits Other Lead-Zinc Deposits in Carbonate Rocks Broken Hill Lode Archean Greenstone Belts of the Eastern Transvaal Geological Setting Lead-Isotope Data Summary and Conclusions ReferencesChapter 10. Sedimentary, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Sulfides of Lead, Zinc, Copper and Iron and their Occurrence in Sedimentary Ore Deposits Introduction Aspects of Pb, Zrr, Cu, and Fe Chemistry and Geochemistry Lead Zinc Copper Iron Crystal-Field Theory and the Geochemistry of Fe and Cu Distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe in the Earth Pb, Zn, Cu, anf Fe Sulfide Minerals of Sedimentary Association Structures and Compositions of the Major Minerals Forms and Textures of the Minerals Mineral Composition as an Indication of Formation Conditions Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe Sulfides in Aqueous Systems Eh - pH and Partial Pressure Diagrams Equilibria Amongst Lead Compounds Equilibria Amongst Zinc Compounds Equilibria Amongst Copper and Copper-Iron Compounds Equilibria Amongst Iron Compounds Transport and Depositional Phenomena Involving Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe Sulfides Solubilities and Complex Formation Depositional Reactions, Depositional Systems, and Surface Phenomena Examples of Sedimentary Environments Containing Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe Sulfides Modern Environments Copper and Iron Sulfide Concentrations in Sedimentary Environments Lead-Zinc Sulfide OresConcluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferences