Gene Manipulations in Fungi

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

I Historical Perspective: Mutants to Models

1 From Auxotropic Mutants to DNA Sequences

I. The Establishment of the Paradigm: One Gene-One Polypeptide

II. Cluster Genes and Gene Clusters

III. Systems of Regulation of Gene Activity

IV. Cloning and Sequencing

References

2 Molecular Taxonomy of the Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification

III. DNA Base Composition

IV. DNA Relatedness

V. Mitochondrial DNA Relatedness

VI. Ribosomal RNA Relatedness

VII. Comparison of Relatedness from Nucleic Acid Studies with That Determined by Other Methodologies

References

3 Fungal Mitochondrial Genomes

I. Introduction

II. Physical Organization

III. Genes and the Genetic Code

IV. Gene Order

V. Transcription

VI. Pseudogenes

VII. Mitochondrial Plasmids

VIII. Effects of Alteration of mtDNA

IX. Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions

References

4 Modeling the Environment for Gene Expression

I. Introduction

II. Modeling Metabolism under Steady-State Conditions

III. Modeling Metabolism during Product Accumulation

References

II Yeasts

5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Paradigm for Modern Molecular Genetics of Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Neoclassical Genetics

III. Transformation

IV. Cloning a Gene

V. Manipulation of a Cloned Gene

VI. Other Uses of Cloned Genes

VII. An Agenda for Progress

References

6 Yeast Transformation

I. Introduction

II. Specific Transformation Systems in Yeast

III. Applications

IV. Conclusions

References

7 Use of the LYS2 Gene for Gene Disruption, Gene Replacement, and Promoter Analysis in

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

I. Introduction

II. Characterization of the LYS2 Gene and Its Product

III. Genetic Manipulations Utilizing the LYS2 Gene

IV. Conclusions and Prospectus

References

III Molds

8 Molecular Biology of the qa Gene Cluster of Neurospora

I. Introduction

II. Molecular Analysis of the qa Cluster

III. Transformation of the qa Gene Cluster in Neurospora

IV. Summary

References

9 Neurospora Plasmids

I. Introduction

II. Naturally Occurring Plasmids

III. Replicating Plasmids Constructed in the Laboratory

IV. Overview and Prospects for the Future

References

10 Cloning and Transformation in Aspergillus

I. Introduction

II. Transformation Methodology

III. Fate of Transforming DNA after Entry

IV. The Quest for Replicating Vectors

V. Development of Vectors

VI. Future Prospects

References

11 Expression of Aspergillus Genes in Neurospora

I. Transformation of Neurospora crassa

II. Isolation of the Aspergillus nidulans Gene for Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase

III. Transformation of the Neurospora crassa arg-12 Mutant . .

IV. Control of Gene Expression

V. Subcellular Localization of the Active Enzyme

VI. Conclusions

References

12 Gene Dosage Effects and Antibiotic Synthesis in Fungi

I. Introduction

II. Methods for the Amplification of Genetic Material in Microorganisms

III. Studies with Disomic Strains of Aspergillus nidulans

References

13 Formal Genetics and Molecular Biology of the Control of Gene Expression in Aspergillus nidulans

I. Formal Genetic Methodology of Aspergillus nidulans as Applied to the Study of Control Systems

II. The Metabolic Versatility of A. nidulans and Its Exploitation

III. Regulatory Genes

IV. Putative Receptor Sites

V. The Spatial Organization of Functionally Related Genes

VI. At What Level Does Regulation of Gene Expression Occur?

References

14 A Cloning Strategy in Filamentous Fungi

Text

References

IV Applications

15 Primary Metabolism and Industrial Fermentations

I. Primary Metabolites

II. Genetic Approaches to the Production of Primary Metabolites

III. Organic Acids

IV. Amino Acids

V. Polysaccharides

VI. Lipids

VII. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid-Related Compounds

VIII. Vitamins

IX. Polyols

X. Ethanol

XI. The Promise of Biotechnology

References

16 Mitochondrial DNA for Gene Cloning in Eukaryotes

I. Introduction

II. Fungal Plasmids

III. Cloning Vectors of Mitochondrial Origin

IV. Biotechnological Implications

References

17 Molecular Bases of Fungal Pathogenicity to Plants

I. Introduction

II. Infection Structures

III. Cutinase

IV. Pisatin Demethylase

V. Toxins

VI. Cloning and Analysis of Pathologically Important Genes from Fungi

References

18 Morphogenesis and Dimorphism of Mucor

I. Introduction

II. Dimorphism of Mucor

III. Molecular Analysis of Mucor

IV. Perspectives—Molecular Genetics

References

19 Toward Gene Manipulations with Selected Human Fungal Pathogens

I. Introduction

II. Cryptococcus neoformans

III. Histoplasma capsulatum

IV. Wangiella dermatitidis

V. Candida albicans

VI. Concluding Remarks

References

20 Fungal Carbohydrases: Amylases and Cellulases

I. Introduction

II. Fungal Amylases

III. Fungal Cellulases

IV. Summary and Outlook

References

V Postscript

21 Prospects for a Molecular Mycology

I. Introduction

II. A Primer in Mycology

III. Molecular Mycology

References

Appendixes

I Fungal Taxonomy

I. Introduction

II. Outline of Fungal Taxonomy

References

II Conventions for Gene Symbols

I. Aspergillus nidulans

II. Neurospora crassa

III. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

IV. Other Fungi

References

Index