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Gene Activity in Early Development
2nd Edition - January 1, 1976
Author: Eric H. Davidson
Hardback ISBN:9780122051609
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 2 0 5 1 6 0 - 9
eBook ISBN:9780323161701
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 6 1 7 0 - 1
Gene Activity in Early Development, Second Edition is devoted to gene activity in early development, considering the estimates of RNA and protein synthesis rates, complexities,… Read more
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Gene Activity in Early Development, Second Edition is devoted to gene activity in early development, considering the estimates of RNA and protein synthesis rates, complexities, and amounts. A quantitative treatment of some of the key classes of macromolecules in early embryos and oocytes is also offered. This edition is organized into eight chapters and begins with an overview of the variable gene activity theory of cell differentiation, emphasizing the transcription level regulation as the fundamental process underlying differentiation and development. The following chapters explore the genome regulation of embryogenesis, differential embryo cell function, and transcription and protein synthesis in early embryos. The reader is also introduced to direct measurements regarding the DNA sequences transcribed during early development and localization of morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm. The book concludes with a discussion of the structure of lampbrush chromosomes and the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear and messenger RNAs during oogenesis. This book will prove useful to students as well as established researchers interested in developmental genetics.
Preface
1 Introduction: The Variable Gene Activity Theory of Cell Differentiation
Early Evidence for the Informational Equivalence of Differentiated Cell Genomes
Transdifferentiation
DNA Constancy and Nuclear Transplantation
DNA Sequence Complements of Differentiated Cells Appear Identical
Gene Amplification Cannot Explain Differentiation
Direct Evidence for the Variable Gene Activity Theory of Cell Differentiation
Only Minor Fractions of DNA Sequence Are Transcribed in Any Given Differentiated Cell Type
Diverse Sets of Sequences Are Transcribed in Each Differentiated Cell Type
Differentiated Cell Nuclei Contain Inactive (Nontranscribed) DNA
Cytological Manifestations of Variable Genomic Activity
Measurements of Specific Messenger RNA Accumulation
Transcription Level Gene Regulation in Animal Cells
Levels of Control
DNA Sequence Organization and Transcription Level Regulation
2 The Onset of Genome Control in Embryogenesis
The First Species Hybrid Experiments and Their Conceptual Background
Nineteenth Century Species Hybrid Experiments
Origins of the Chromosome Theory of Cellular Inheritance
Evidence for Delayed Onset of Embryo Genome Control from Echinoderm Species Hybrid Studies
Morphogenesis in Echinoderm Species Hybrids
Biosynthetic Processes in Echinoderm Species Hybrids
Embryo Genome Control in the Development of Species Hybrids in Chordates
Amphibian Hybrids
Teleost and Ascidian Hybrids
Interpretation of the Species Hybrid Experiments
Development in Physically Enucleated Embryos
"Chemical Enucleation": Development of Actinomycin-Treated Embryos
Actinomycin Effects on Echinoderm Embryos
Actinomycin Effects on Chordate Embryos
Effects of Actinomycin and Other Treatments on Early Morphogenesis
Delayed Morphogenetic Response to Experimental Treatments
Interpretation of Morphogenetic Effects
3 First Indices of Differential Embryo Cell Function
Qualitative Changes in Patterns of Protein Synthesis Correlated with Developmental Stage
Changes in Protein Synthesis Pattern Studied by High Resolution Gel Electrophoresis
The Double Label Method
Are Changes in Protein Synthesis Pattern in Early Embryos Post-transcriptional?
First Morphological Indications of Differential Cell Function
Intercellular Junctions in Early Embryos
Other Early Cytodifferentiations
Appearance of Histospecific Proteins
Appearance of Histospecific Proteins before Organogenesis
Differentiation of Primary Mesenchyme Cells in the Sea Urchin
Conclusions
4 Quantitative Aspects of Protein Synthesis in Early Embryos: The Role of Maternal Components
Absolute Rates of Protein Synthesis
Free Amino Acid Pools in Sea Urchin Embryos
Absolute Rates of Protein Synthesis in Sea Urchin Embryos
Absolute Rates of Protein Synthesis in Amphibian Embryos
Maternal Ribosomal and Transfer RNA’s
Translational Capacities of Mature Oocytes and Early Cleavage Stage Embryos
In Vitro Protein Synthesis on Embryo Ribosomes
Injection of Exogenous Messenger RNA into Oocytes
Direct Demonstration of Maternal Messenger RNA
Protein Synthesis in Enucleated Egg Cytoplasm
Isolation and Quantitation of Maternal Messenger RNA