Gas Chromatography

2nd Edition - April 15, 2021
Editor: Colin Poole
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 6 7 5 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 6 7 7 - 5

Gas Chromatography, Second Edition, offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects relating to the practice of gas chromatography. A focus on short, topic-foc… Read more

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Gas Chromatography, Second Edition, offers a single source of authoritative information on all aspects relating to the practice of gas chromatography. A focus on short, topic-focused chapters facilitates the identification of information that will be of immediate interest for familiar or emerging uses of gas chromatography. The book gives those working in both academia and industry the opportunity to learn, refresh and deepen their understanding of fundamental and instrumental aspects of gas chromatography and tools for the interpretation and management of chromatographic data. Users will find a consolidated guide to the selection of separation conditions and the use of auxiliary techniques.

This new edition restores the contemporary character of the book with respect to those involved in advancing the technology, analyzing the data produced, or applying the technique to new application areas. New topics covered include hyphenated spectroscopic detectors, micromachined instrument platforms, derivatization and related microchemical techniques, petrochemical applications, volatile compounds in the atmosphere, and more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1. Milestones in the development of gas chromatography
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The invention of gas chromatography
1.3. Early instrumentation
1.4. Early column developments
1.5. Interfacing glass capillary columns to injectors and detectors
1.6. The Hindelang conferences and the fused-silica column
1.7. Increasing sophistication of instrumentation
1.8. Decline in the expertise of the average gas chromatographer
Chapter 2. Theory of gas chromatography
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Nomenclature and other conventions
2.3. General definitions and conventions
2.4. Solute–column interaction
2.5. Properties of ideal gas
2.6. Flow of ideal gas in open tubes
2.7. Solute migration and elution
2.8. Peak spacing and reversal of elution order
2.9. Peak width
2.10. Performance metrics
2.11. Optimization
Chapter 3. Column technology: open-tubular columns
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Overview of the fused-silica drawing process
3.3. The preform—raw material
3.4. Surface chemistry
3.5. Drawing of the capillary from the preform
3.6. Protective coating
3.7. Alternative protective coatings
3.8. Cleanroom environment
3.9. Quality monitoring
3.10. Observations on handling of fused-silica capillary tubing
3.11. Column technology—coating the stationary phase
3.12. Stationary phases
3.13. Coating techniques
3.14. Column technology—quality evaluation
3.15. Column technology—summary
Chapter 4. Column technology: porous layer open-tubular columns
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Challenges in porous layer open-tubular (PLOT) column chemistry
4.3. Measurement of restriction of PLOT columns
4.4. Manufacture of PLOT columns
4.5. Stabilization of adsorption layers
4.6. Behavior of adsorbents
4.7. PLOT columns in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
4.8. Types of capillary tubing
4.9. Most commonly used adsorbents
4.10. Summary
Chapter 5. Column technology: packed columns
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Gas–liquid chromatography
5.3. Gas–solid chromatography
Chapter 6. Column classification and structure-retention relationships
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Stationary-phase classification
6.3. Structure–retention relationships
Chapter 7. Multidimensional and comprehensive gas chromatography
7.1. Introduction
7.2. A graphical representation of 2D GC separations
7.3. Backflushing 2D GC
7.4. Heartcutting 2D GC
7.5. Comprehensive 2D GC
7.6. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Sample introduction methods
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Choosing a sample introduction system
8.3. Supporting devices
8.4. The cold on-column injector
8.5. The flash vaporization injector
8.6. The split/splitless injector
8.7. The programmable-temperature vaporizing (PTV) injector
8.8. The gas sampling valve
8.9. The liquid sampling valve
Chapter 9. Headspace gas chromatography
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Fundamentals of headspace extraction
9.3. Instrumentation and practice
9.4. Method development considerations
Chapter 10. Thermal desorption gas chromatography
10.1. General introduction to thermal desorption
10.2. Brief history of thermal desorption—essential functions and performance characteristics
10.3. The evolution of TD technology—important milestones
10.4. Using thermal desorption to enhance analysis of complex liquid and solid samples
10.5. Sampling options for thermal desorption
10.6. An introduction to thermal desorption applications
10.7. Breath monitoring
10.8. Air monitoring
10.9. Chemical emissions from everyday products to indoor and in-vehicle air
10.10. Toxic chemical agents and civil defense
10.11. Direct thermal desorption of residual volatiles
10.12. Odor/fragrance profiling and VOC “fingerprinting”
10.13. Forensic applications
10.14. Monitoring manufacturing and other industrial chemical processes
Appendix A
Appendix B
Chapter 11. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Molecular theory
11.3. Instrumentation
11.4. Applications
Chapter 12. Conventional detectors for gas chromatography
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Ionization-based detectors
12.3. Bulk physical property detectors
12.4. Optical detectors
12.5. Electrochemical detectors
Chapter 13. Molecular spectroscopic detectors for gas chromatography
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Milestones
13.3. Gas chromatography Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
13.4. Gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy
13.5. Comparison of techniques
13.6. Conclusions and future outlook
Chapter 14. Mass spectrometric detectors for gas chromatography
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry interfaces
14.3. Ionization techniques
14.4. Methods of mass separation
14.5. Modes of operation
14.6. Data analysis
14.7. Sample preparation
14.8. Conclusions
Chapter 15. Ion mobility detectors for gas chromatography
15.1. Introduction
15.2. IMS operation
15.3. IMS device components
15.4. Types of IMS instruments
15.5. Limitations of IMS
15.6. Fundamentals of GC-IMS
15.7. Types of IMS coupled to GC
15.8. Data obtained from GC-IMS instruments
15.9. Treatment of IMS data
15.10. Advantages and disadvantages of GC-IMS analysis
15.11. Applications
Chapter 16. Speciation and element-selective detection by gas chromatography
16.1. Introduction to plasma-based detectors
16.2. GC-ICPMS
16.3. GC-MIP and GC-GD
16.4. Sample preparation for GC–plasma spectroscopy
16.5. Advances in applications of GC–plasma spectroscopy
16.6. Conclusions and perspectives
17. Field and portable instruments for gas chromatography
17.1. History
17.2. Design challenges
17.3. Sample introduction
17.4. Column configurations
17.5. Detectors
17.6. Gas supply
17.7. Power management
17.8. Prototyping
17.9. Commercial portable GCs currently available
17.10. Future trends
Chapter 18. Preparative gas chromatography
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Application scale of preparative gas chromatography
18.3. Experimental techniques for analytical-scale prep-GC
18.4. Case studies: applications
18.5. Conclusions
Chapter 19. Data acquisition and integration
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Equipment control and signal measurement
19.3. Peak search
19.4. Errors caused by discretization (data rate) and conversion (bit price value)
19.5. Smoothing
19.6. Peak identification
19.7. Quantification
Chapter 20. Data analysis methods for gas chromatography
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Preprocessing
20.3. Pattern recognition
20.4. Calibration
20.5. Experimental method optimization
20.6. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Validation of gas chromatographic methods
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Regulatory aspects
21.3. Method validation items
21.4. Accuracy profiles
Chapter 22. Physicochemical measurements (inverse gas chromatography)
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Gas–solid inverse gas chromatography
22.3. Bulk properties of polymers and polymers blends
Chapter 23. Separation of stereoisomers by gas chromatography
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Chiral stationary phases for enantioselective gas chromatography
23.3. Determination of the enantiomeric distribution
23.4. Strategy for achieving chiral recognition
23.5. Total analysis systems and chiral recognition of complex samples
23.6. Micropreparative enantioselective gas chromatography
23.7. Conclusions
Chapter 24. Sample preparation for gas chromatography
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Isolation and concentration techniques using physical methods
24.3. Sample cleanup by column chromatography
24.4. Microchemical reactions for modification of target compound
Chapter 25. Petrochemical applications of gas chromatography
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Column selection according to sample volatility
25.3. Introduction to organic geochemical analyses
25.4. Refinery oil assays
Chapter 26. Gas chromatographic analysis of essential oils
26.1. Definitions: what is essential oil? What are fragrances?
26.2. GC phases used in the analysis of essential oils and aroma chemicals
26.3. Separation criteria and techniques
26.4. Retention index
26.5. Qualitative and quantitative aspects
26.6. GC-MS libraries
26.7. Conclusions
Chapter 27. Gas chromatographic analysis of lipids
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Fatty acid analysis by GC as methyl ester derivatives
27.3. Analysis of free fatty acids and acylglycerols
27.4. Analysis of sterols, sterol esters, stanyl esters, and steryl glycosides
27.5. Analysis of waxes
Chapter 28. Gas chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Sample preparation
28.3. Derivatization
28.4. Chromatographic conditions for the analysis of carbohydrates
28.5. Structural elucidation of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates
28.6. GC-MS analysis of oligo- and polysaccharides
28.7. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography
Chapter 29. Gas chromatographic applications in metabolomics
29.1. Overview of metabonomics
29.2. Analytical tools in metabonomic research
29.3. GC-MS-based metabonomics
29.4. Metabonomics of solid samples
29.5. Metabonomics of liquid samples
29.6. Future directions
Chapter 30. Applications of gas chromatography in forensic science
30.1. Introduction and scope
30.2. Analysis of bulk drug for identification, impurity profiling, and drug intelligence purpose
30.3. Gas chromatography in forensic toxicology
30.4. Analysis of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris
30.5. Analysis of explosives
30.6. Gas chromatographic analysis of organic gunshot residues (OGSRs)
30.7. Analysis of forensic trace evidence
30.8. Forensic environmental analysis
30.9. Analysis of human odor profile
30.10. Analysis of human decomposition products
30.11. Field-portable gas chromatograph for onsite sample analysis
30.12. Gas chromatography in food forensics
30.13. Analysis of chemical warfare agents (CWAs)
30.14. New developments in gas chromatography with forensic implications
Chapter 31. Applications of gas chromatography to multiresidue methods for pesticides and related compounds in food
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Multiresidue methods for pesticides in crops
31.3. Multiresidue methods for pesticides in animal origin products
31.4. Multiresidue methods for pesticides in processed food
31.5. Multiresidue methods for pesticides in baby food
31.6. Conclusions
Chapter 32. Gas chromatographic analysis of wine
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Stationary phases
32.3. Multidimensional separations
32.4. Detectors and hyphenated techniques
32.5. Sample preparation
Summary
Chapter 33. Gas chromatographic analysis of emerging and persistent environmental contaminants
33.1. Introduction
33.2. Polychlorinated biphenyls
33.3. Dioxins
33.4. Organochlorine pesticides
33.5. Halogenated flame retardants
33.6. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
33.7. Other halogenated flame retardants
33.8. Perfluorinated compounds
33.9. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
33.10. Other compounds not specifically discussed
33.11. Summary
Chapter 34. Gas chromatography in space exploration
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Technological and operating constraints in space GC
34.3. Prebiotic chemistry in Titan's atmosphere: the Cassini–Huygens mission
34.4. Prebiotic chemistry in comet environments: Rosetta mission
34.5. Search for key chemical biomarkers: Mars exploration
34.6. Search for chirality in space
34.7. Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 35. Gas chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents
35.1. Introduction and background
35.2. Analytical considerations for sampling and gas chromatographic analysis of CWA-related compounds
35.3. GC applications for biomedical CWA analyses
35.4. Conclusion
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Gas Chromatography

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Colin Poole