Gas Chromatography
- 1st Edition - June 19, 2012
- Editor: Colin Poole
- Language: English
This title provides comprehensive coverage of modern gas chromatography including theory, instrumentation, columns, and applications addressing the needs of advanced students and… Read more
This title provides comprehensive coverage of modern gas chromatography including theory, instrumentation, columns, and applications addressing the needs of advanced students and professional scientists in industry and government laboratories. Chapters are written by recognized experts on each topic. Each chapter offers a complete picture with respect to its topic so researchers can move straight to the information they need without reading through a lot of background information.
- Individual chapters written by recognized experts
- The big picture of gas chromatography from theory, to methods, to selected applications
- Provides references to other sources in associated areas of study to facilitate research
- Gives access to core data for practical work, comparison of results and decision making
university and industrial libraries and individual professionals in different fields who currently use gas chromatography or need to enforce their knowledge of the techniques for project planning and execution.
Contributors
Chapter 1. Milestones in the Development of Gas Chromatography
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Invention of Gas Chromatography
1.3 Early Instrumentation
1.4 Early Column Developments
1.5 Interfacing Glass Capillary Columns to Injectors and Detectors
1.6 The Hindelang Conferences and the Fused-Silica Column
1.7 Increasing Sophistication of Instrumentation
1.8 Decline in the Expertise of the Average Gas Chromatographer
REFERENCES
Chapter 2. Theory of Gas Chromatography
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nomenclature and Other Conventions
2.3 General Definitions
2.4 Solute–Column Interaction
2.5 Properties of an Ideal Gas
2.6 Flow of Ideal Gas in Open Circular Tubes
2.7 Migration and Elution Parameters of the Solutes
2.8 Peak Spacing and Reversal of Peak Order
2.9 Peak Width
2.10 Optimization
REFERENCES
Chapter 3. Column Technology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of the Fused Silica Drawing Process
3.3 The Preform – Raw Material
3.4 Surface Chemistry
3.5 Drawing of the Capillary from the Preform
3.6 Protective Coating
3.7 Alternative Protective Coatings
3.8 Cleanroom Environment
3.9 Quality Monitoring
3.10 Observations on Handling of Fused-Silica Capillary Tubing
3.11 Column Technology – Coating the Stationary Phase
3.12 Stationary Phases
3.13 Coating Techniques
3.14 Column Technology – Quality Evaluation
3.15 Column Technology – Summary
REFERENCES
Chapter 4. Packed Columns for Gas–Liquid and Gas–Solid Chromatography
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gas–Liquid Chromatography
4.3 Gas–Solid Chromatography
REFERENCES
Chapter 5. Gas–Solid Chromatography (PLOT Columns)
5.1 Alumina Adsorbents
5.2 Molecular Sieves
5.3 Porous Polymers
5.4 Carbon Adsorbents
5.5 Other Adsorbents
REFERENCES
Chapter 6. Classification and Selection of Open-Tubular Columns for Analytical Separations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Stationary-Phase Classification
6.3 Porous-Layer Open-Tubular Columns
6.4 Temperature-Programmed Separations
6.5 Stationary-Phase Selectivity Tuning
REFERENCES
Chapter 7. Multidimensional and Comprehensive Gas Chromatography
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A Graphical Representation of 2D GC Separations
7.3 Backflushing 2D GC
7.4 Heartcutting 2D GC
7.5 Comprehensive 2D GC
7.6 Conclusions
REFERENCES
Chapter 8. Sample Introduction Methods
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Choosing a Sample Introduction System
8.3 Supporting Devices
8.4 The Cold On-Column Injector
8.5 The Flash Vaporization Injector
8.6 The Split/Splitless Injector
8.7 The Programmable Temperature Vaporizing (PTV) Injector
8.8 The Gas Sampling Valve
8.9 The Liquid Sampling Valve
Acknowledgment
REFERENCES
Chapter 9. Headspace-Gas Chromatography
9.1 Introduction and History
9.2 Fundamentals of Headspace Extraction
9.3 Instrumentation and Practice
9.4 Method Development Considerations
9.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Chapter 10. Thermal Desorption for Gas Chromatography
10.1 General Introduction to Thermal Desorption
10.2 Brief History of Thermal Desorption – Essential Functions and Performance Characteristics
10.3 The Evolution of TD Technology
10.4 Sampling Options and the Role of Thermal Desorption as a Frontend Technology for GC
10.5 Method Development and Optimization
10.6 Calibration and Validation
10.7 An Introduction to Thermal Desorption Applications
10.8 Air Monitoring
10.9 Chemical Emissions from Everyday Products to Indoor Air
10.10 Toxic Chemical Agents and Civil Defense
10.11 TD–GC(MS) Analysis of Residual Volatiles
10.12 Flavor, Fragrance, and Odor Profiling
10.13 Forensic Applications
10.14 Monitoring Manufacturing and Other Industrial Chemical Processes
10.15 New GC-Related Technology Developments Which Benefit Thermal Desorption
10.16 Concluding Remarks
REFERENCES
Chapter 11. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
11.1 Thermal Sampling GC
11.2 Chemical Theory
11.3 Instrumentation
11.4 Applications
REFERENCES
Chapter 12. Detectors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Thermal Conductivity Detector
12.3 Flame Ionization Detector
12.4 Electron-capture Detector
12.5 Alkali Bead Detector
12.6 Flame Photometric Detector
12.7 Photoionization Detector
12.8 Electrolytic Conductivity Detector
12.9 Atomic Emission Detector
12.10 Chemiluminescent Detector
REFERENCES
Chapter 13. Hyphenated Spectroscopic Detectors for Gas Chromatography
13.1 Introduction
13.2 GC Interfaces
13.3 Data Analysis
13.4 GC-Atomic Emission-Mass Spectrometry
13.5 Spectroscopic Detectors for GC
REFERENCES
Chapter 14. Plasma-Based Gas Chromatography Detectors
14.1 Introduction to Plasma-Based Detectors
14.2 GC-ICPMS
14.3 GC-MIP and GC-GD
14.4 Sample Preparation for GC-Plasma Spectroscopy
14.5 Advances in Applications of GC-Plasma Spectroscopy
14.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
REFERENCES
Chapter 15. Field and Portable Instruments
15.1 History
15.2 Design Challenges
15.3 Sample Introduction
15.4 Column Configurations
15.5 Detectors
15.6 Gas Supply
15.7 Power Management
15.8 Prototyping
15.9 Future Trends
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Chapter 16. Preparative Gas Chromatography
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Application Scale of Preparative Gas Chromatography
16.3 Experimental Techniques for Analytical-Scale Prep-GC
16.4 Case Studies: Applications
16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Chapter 17. Data Analysis Methods
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Preprocessing
17.3 Pattern Recognition
17.4 Calibration
17.5 Experimental Method Optimization
17.6 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Chapter 18. Validation of Gas Chromatographic Methods
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Regulatory Aspects
18.3 Method Validation Items
18.4 Accuracy Profiles
18.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Chapter 19. Quantitative Structure–Retention Relationships
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Historical Perspective
19.3 Most Frequent Errors
19.4 Recommendations to Avoid the Most Common Errors
19.5 Correct Validation
19.6 Recent Developments
REFERENCES
Chapter 20. Physicochemical Measurements (Inverse Gas Chromatography)
20.1 Gas–Solid IGC
20.2 Bulk Properties of Polymers and Polymer Blends
REFERENCES
Chapter 21. Separation of Enantiomers
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Chiral Stationary Phases Based on α-Amino Acid Derivatives
21.3 Chiral Stationary Phases Based on Metal Chelates
21.4 Chiral Stationary Phases Based on Modified Cyclodextrins (CDs)
21.5 The Temperature Dependence of Enantioselectivity, Enthalpy/Entropy Compensation, and the Isoenantioselective Temperature Tiso
21.6 Applications
21.7 Hyphenated Approaches in Enantioselective GC
21.8 Two-Dimensional Approaches in Enantioselective GC
21.9 Enantioselective Stopped-Flow Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (sf-MDGC)
21.10 Practical Aspects of Enantioselective GC
21.11 (Semi)Preparative-Scale Enantioseparations by GC
REFERENCES
Chapter 22. Analysis of Essential Oils and Fragrances by Gas Chromatography
22.1 Definitions: What is Essential Oil? What are Fragrances?
22.2 GC Phases used in the Analysis of Essential Oils and Aroma Chemicals
22.3 Separation Criteria and Techniques
22.4 Retention Index
22.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects
22.6 GC-MS Libraries
22.7 Conclusions
REFERENCES
Chapter 23. Analysis of Lipids by Gas Chromatography
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Fatty Acid Analysis by GC as Methyl Ester Derivatives
23.3 Analysis of Free Fatty Acids
23.4 Analysis of acylglycerols
23.5 Analysis of Sterols, Sterol Esters, and Steryl Glycosides
23.6 Analysis of Waxes
23.7 Analysis of Lipid Classes
REFERENCES
Chapter 24. Metabonomics
24.1 Overview of Metabonomics
24.2 Analytical Tools in Metabonomic Research
24.3 GC-MS-Based Metabonomics
24.4 GC-MS-Based Tissue Metabonomics
24.5 GC-MS-Based Urine Metabonomics
24.6 Future Directions
24.7 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Chapter 25. Applications of Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science
25.1 Introduction and Scope
25.2 Analysis of Bulk Drug for Identification, Impurity Profiling, and Drug Intelligence Purpose
25.3 Gas Chromatography in Forensic Toxicology
25.4 Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris
25.5 Analysis of Explosives
25.6 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Organic Gunshot Residues (OGSRS)
25.7 Analysis of Forensic Trace Evidence
25.8 Forensic Environmental Analysis
25.9 Analysis of Human Odor Profile
25.10 Analysis of Human Decomposition Products
25.11 Field-Portable Gas Chromatograph for Onsite Sample Analysis
25.12 Gas Chromatography in Food Forensics
25.13 Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAS)
25.14 New Developments in Gas Chromatography with Forensic implications
25.15 Conclusions
REFERENCES
Chapter 26. Application of Gas Chromatography to Multiresidue Methods for Pesticides and Related Compounds in Food
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Multiresidue Methods for Pesticides in Crops
26.3 Multiresidue Methods for Pesticides in Animal Origin Products
26.4 Multiresidue Methods for Pesticides in Processed Food
26.5 Multiresidue Methods for Pesticides in Baby Food
26.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Chapter 27. Chemical Warfare Agents
27.1 Introduction and Background
27.2 Analytical Considerations for Sampling and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of CWA-Related Compounds
27.3 GC Applications for Biomedical CWA Analyses
27.4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Chapter 28. Emerging and Persistent Environmental Compound Analysis
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
28.3 Dioxins
28.4 Organochlorine Pesticides
28.5 Halogenated Flame Retardants
28.6 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
28.7 Other Halogenated Flame Retardants
28.8 Perfluorinated Compounds
28.9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
28.10 Other Compounds Not Specifically Discussed
28.11 Summary
REFERENCES
Chapter 29. Role of Gas Chromatography in the Identification of Pheromones and Related Semiochemicals
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Coupled Gas Chromatography-Electroantennogram Detection (GC-EAD)
29.3 Use of Comparative GC Retention Indices in Structure Identification
29.4 Determination of Enantiomeric Purity and Absolute Configuration
29.5 Microscale Preparative Gas Chromatography
29.6 Summary
REFERENCES
Chapter 30. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Wines
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Columns
30.3 Multidimensional Separations
30.4 Detectors and Hyphenated Techniques
30.5 Sample Preparation
30.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Chapter 31. Gas Chromatography in Space Exploration
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Technological and Operating Constraints in Space GC
31.3 Prebiotic Chemistry in Titan’s Atmosphere: The Cassini–Huygens Mission
31.4 Prebiotic Chemistry in Comet Environments: Rosetta Mission
31.5 Search for Key Chemical Biomarkers: Mars Exploration
31.6 Search for Chirality in Space
31.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
REFERENCES
Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: June 19, 2012
- Language: English
CP
Colin Poole
Professor Colin Poole is internationally known in the field of thin-layer chromatography and is an editor of the Journal of Chromatography and former editor of the Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC. He has authored several books on chromatography, recent examples being The Essence of Chromatography published by Elsevier (2003), and Gas Chromatography published by Elsevier (2012). He is the author of approximately 400 research articles, many of which deal with thin-layer chromatography, and is co-chair of the biennial “International Symposium on High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography”.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USARead Gas Chromatography on ScienceDirect