Gait, Balance, and Mobility Analysis

Theoretical, Technical, and Clinical Applications

1st Edition - November 26, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Samuel Stuart, Rosie Morris
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 4 8 4 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 4 8 3 - 7

Gait, Balance, and Mobility Analysis: Theoretical, Technical, and Clinical Applications provides a comprehensive overview of gait and movement analysis techniques, from tradition… Read more

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Gait, Balance, and Mobility Analysis: Theoretical, Technical, and Clinical Applications provides a comprehensive overview of gait and movement analysis techniques, from traditional motion capture to modern wearable technologies. The book contains both a technical element that focuses on biomechanics and engineering concepts for gait analysis and the application of gait analysis with clinical populations. Beginning with a comprehensive background on the underlying neural control of gait and mobility in humans and physiological control of balance, the book then covers analysis methods and techniques for laboratory, clinic or remote patient assessment.

It then examines how gait, mobility and balance are impacted by musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardio-respiratory conditions. Lastly, it discusses future directions and provides recommendations for future studies. Combining the expertise of engineers and clinicians, this book takes a multidisciplinary approach to show how and why gait, balance and mobility can be used to tackle important clinical questions for various conditions.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Section 1: Background/theory
Chapter 1. Underlying control of gait and mobility
Abstract
Introduction
Aim 1. Characterising gait behaviour as a framework to understand gait control
Aim 2. Using neuroimaging to understand gait control
Aim 2a. An overview of imaging modalities used to study gait control
Aim 2b. Describing the relationship of neural substrates with gait characteristics
Aim 2c. Techniques that quantify neural activity during walking
Aim 3. Complimenting neuroimaging with insights from neurotransmitter systems in the brain
Aim 4. The role of vision in understanding gait control
Future research
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Competing interests
References
Chapter 2. Underlying control of balance
Abstract
Introduction
Underlying systems of balance control
Neural mechanisms for balance control
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Motor control development and decline
Abstract
Introduction
Infancy
Early childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Neurodiverse populations
Clinical application
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. A breakdown of the gait cycle: biomechanics basics
Abstract
Gait cycle
Metrics for gait
Clinical gait analysis
Running mechanics
Laboratory gait analysis
Free-living conditions
References
Chapter 5. Biomechanics of balance
Abstract
Introduction
Biomechanics constraints and balance during standing
Biomechanics of anticipatory postural adjustments
Biomechanics of reactive postural adjustments
Parkinson’s disease and biomechanics of balance
Final considerations
References
Section 2: Methods/technical application
Chapter 6. A history of gait and mobility analysis methods and techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Etymology of important terms
Early observations of gait and mobility
Development and advancements in gait and mobility analysis
Weber brothers – Wilhelm Weber (1804–91) and Eduard Weber (1806–71)
Christian Baune (1831–92) and Otto Fischer (1861–1917)
Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904)
Gaston Carlet (1849–92)
Guillaume Duchenne (1861–1917)
Friedrich Trendelenberg (1844–1924)
Russel Plato Schwartz (1892–1965)
Emergence of modern gait analysis
Verne T. Inman (1905–80)
Jacquelin Perry (1918–2013)
David H. Sutherland (1923–2006)
Special mention: questionnaires and scales
Historical and current applications of gait and mobility analysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. A history of balance analysis methods and techniques
Abstract
A history of balance analysis methods and techniques
First quantitative approaches to instrumental balance assessment
The gold standard laboratory measurement in posturography: the force platforms
Conclusions
References
Chapter 8. An overview of clinical gait, balance, and mobility assessments
Abstract
Introduction: the importance of physical function
Traditional clinical approaches for assessing gait
Traditional clinical assessment for balance
Assessment of physical function ‘in the wild’: the role of wearable technology
Digital innovations in gait, balance, and mobility assessment
Discussion and future directions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Modern video-based gait and balance analysis
Abstract
Modern video-based gait and balance analysis
What is pose estimation?
Single-camera approaches
Multicamera approaches
Available open-source algorithms, software, and models
Commercial markerless motion capture systems for human biomechanics
Pose estimation for gait and balance analysis
Practical considerations
Common issues and barriers
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Wearable sensors for gait, balance, and mobility
Abstract
Introduction
Traditional methods of balance, gait, and mobility assessment
Insole pressure sensors wearables
Inertial measurement unit wearables
Surface electromyography
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Chapter 11. Algorithms for gait: technical and clinical validity
Abstract
Introduction
Defining the concept of interest, setting out a robust protocol for the technical validation of wearable devices and algorithms for gait analysis, verifying and characterizing the measurement tools
A framework for assessing the technical validity of algorithms and recommendations for extracting robust and reliable digital gait outcomes
A framework for determining the clinical validity and utility of digital gait outcomes
Conclusions and recommendations
Funding
Acknowledgements
Competing interests
References
Section 3: Clinical application
Chapter 12. Mobility, gait, and balance assessment in musculoskeletal conditions and its management
Abstract
Introduction
Conservative management of knee osteoarthritis
Gait
Balance
Clinical measures
Digital technology for assessment and rehabilitation
References
Chapter 13. Gait and mobility assessment in neurological conditions
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Neurodegenerative disease
Neurological injury
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 14. Gait and mobility assessment in cardio-respiratory conditions
Abstract
Introduction
Gait and mobility differences between patients with cardio-respiratory conditions and healthy individuals
Impact of clinically relevant outcomes on gait and mobility parameters
Physical activity outcomes
Gait characteristics
Prognostic value of gait and mobility parameters
Physical activity outcomes
Gait characteristics
Sensitivity of gait and mobility parameters to assess postinterventional change
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15. Balance assessment in neurological conditions
Abstract
Introduction
Neurodegenerative disease
Neurological injury
Discussion
References
Chapter 16. Balance assessment in cardio-respiratory conditions
Abstract
Introduction
Why is balance important in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Why is balance worse in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
How can balance in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be assessed in different settings?
What interventions have the potential to improve balance and reduce falls in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Conclusions
References
Chapter 17. Future directions in clinical application of gait, balance and mobility analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Causes of gait, balance and mobility deficits
Technologies applicable for gait, balance or mobility assessment in clinical practice
A data-driven approach to clinical assessment
A comprehensive and portable laboratory for clinical application and beyond
Conclusions
References
Index

Samuel Stuart

Samuel Stuart is an academic Associate Professor, a clinical physiotherapist and currently an Associate Director within the pharmaceutical industry where he leads a digital biomarker laboratory, which is a multidisciplinary group of engineers and clinicians. His work focuses on the development of novel digital clinical assessment and rehabilitation tools for clinical trials and healthcare settings, which include the application of technologies to examine gait, balance and mobility in clinical populations. He has published extensively in world leading journals focusing on a broad range of activities, such as real-world data analytics, algorithms development for wearable devices. He is also an Associate Editor at PLoS One and Frontiers of Neurology, and is on the editorial board for Gait & Posture, Sensors and Frontiers in Rehabilitation. He has guest edited several special issues for these journals, as well as for Physiological Measurement and Journal of Neuro-Engineering and Rehabilitation. Dr. Stuart has also been an Editor for several previous textbooks on Digital Health and Eye-tracking.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Director, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Visiting Associate Professor, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

Rosie Morris

Rosie Morris is an Assistant Professor, a physiotherapist and currently the Director of the Physiotherapy innovation Laboratory (www.pi-lab.co.uk) at Northumbria University, which is a multi-disciplinary lab of clinicians, scientists, engineers and data scientists. Her work focuses on the role that cognition plays in gait, balance and mobility impairment in clinical populations, particularly neurological diseases. Work includes UK and US projects across multiple sites to examine mobility function in clinical and home-based settings in a variety of large clinical cohorts. Dr. Morris has published extensively within world-class international journals in her field, which has led her to be an Associate Editor and Guest Editor for several journals, such as Frontiers of Neurology and Sensors.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

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