Fundamentals of Biosensors in Healthcare

Volume 1

1st Edition - November 23, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Md Saquib Hasnain, Amit Kumar Nayak, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 6 5 8 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 6 5 9 - 6

Fundamentals of Biosensors in Healthcare: Volume One provides comprehensive coverage on fundamentals while also delving into the diverse types of biosensors used in healthcar… Read more

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Fundamentals of Biosensors in Healthcare: Volume One provides comprehensive coverage on fundamentals while also delving into the diverse types of biosensors used in healthcare. This first of three volumes covers biosensors in healthcare and explains the history, classifications, and fundamentals of biosensing. It presents current research and the development of biosensors, while also exploring and detailing the distinct types of biosensors and their application in healthcare.

Combined with Volume Two, Materials and Components of Biosensors in Healthcare and Volume Three, Applications of Biosensors in Healthcare, users will find a holistic set of reference sources that are suitable for researchers, graduate students, postgraduates, and industry professionals involved in biosensing, biosensors, and biomedical applications.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Biosensors: History and classifications
1 Introduction
2 Historical development
3 Classification of biosensors
3.1 Signal transduction perspective
3.1.1 Electrochemical biosensor
3.1.2 Optical biosensor
3.1.3 Piezoelectric biosensor
3.1.4 Thermal biosensors
3.2 Biological recognition view
3.2.1 Enzyme based biosensor
3.2.2 Antibody/antigen-based biosensors
3.2.3 Nucleic acid-based biosensors
3.3 Based on applications
3.3.1 In food industry
3.3.2 In medical field
3.3.3 In agriculture field
4 Future perspective and challenges
5 Conclusion
Chapter 2. Fundamentals of biosensing
1 Definition and significance of biosensors
1.1 What is a biosensor?
1.2 Importance of biosensors
1.3 Examples of common biosensors: Fig. 2.2
1.4 Historical perspective
1.4.1 Early versus modern biosensors: A journey of advancements and challenges
1.5 Applications and potential
1.5.1 Diverse applications of biosensors
1.5.2 Future prospects and emerging trends in biosensing
2 Building blocks of a biosensor
2.1 Bioreceptor element
2.2 Transducer
2.2.1 Performance characteristics of transducers (e.g., sensitivity, selectivity)
3 Conversion of biochemical signal into a measurable physical signal: Fig. 2.15
3.1 Signal processing and output
3.1.1 Amplification and conditioning of the transduced signal
3.2 Data analysis and interpretation
3.2.1 Data analysis and interpretation of biosensor signals: Unveiling the hidden language of biology
3.3 Output formats and display mechanisms for biosensor signals
4 Types of biosensors
4.1 Classification based on transducers
4.1.1 Electrochemical biosensors: A powerful tool
4.1.2 Common types of optical biosensors
4.1.3 Temperature sensors in thermal biosensors
4.1.4 Beyond thermistors: Exploring alternative transducers
4.1.5 MEMS and the future of thermal biosensing
4.2 Classification based on bioreceptor
4.2.1 Examples of bioreceptor-based biosensors
4.3 Nanoparticle-based biosensors
5 Performance characteristics and optimization
5.1 Sensitivity and specificity
5.1.1 Understanding the trade-off
5.1.2 Additional performance metrics
5.2 Limit of detection and dynamic range
5.2.1 Optimization strategies
5.2.2 Real-world implications
5.2.3 Demystifying limit of detection and dynamic range
5.3 Repeatability and reproducibility
6 Factors affecting repeatability and reproducibility
6.1 Response time and stability
7 Long-term stability and shelf life of biosensors
8 Challenges and future directions
8.1 Miniaturization and integration
9 Miniaturization and integration: Challenges and future directions in microfluidic biosensors
9.1 Multianalyte detection and multiplexing
10 Multianalyte detection and multiplexing: Unveiling the symphony of biomarkers
10.1 Biocompatibility and reliability
11 Biocompatibility and reliability: The Achilles' heel of biosensors
12 Conclusion
12.1 Summary of key concepts
13 Summary of key concepts: Significance of biosensors and their potential impact on various fields
13.1 Future outlook
14 Future outlook: Navigating the ethical landscape of biosensor technology
Chapter 3. Biosensor-signal transducers
1 Introduction
2 Electrochemical signal transducers
2.1 Amperometric signal transducers
2.2 Potentiometric signal transducers
2.3 Impedance signal transducer
2.4 Conductometry signal transducer
3 Optical signal transducers
4 Colorimetric sensors
4.1 Graphene derivatives colorimetric sensors
4.2 Metal and its oxide nanoparticles colorimetric sensors
4.3 Metal nanoparticles surface plasmon resonance
4.4 DNA nanomaterial built colorimetric sensors
5 Semiconductor-based signal transducers
5.1 The theory and technical use of semiconductors
6 Mass sensitive signal transducers
6.1 The piezoelectric effect devices
6.2 Chemical sensing and quartz crystal microbalances devices
6.3 Surface acoustic wave signal transducers
6.4 Film bulk acoustic sensor
6.5 Microcantilevers systems
6.6 Capacitive microtechnology ultra-sonic signal transducer
7 Temperature transducers/pyroelectric signal transducers/calorimetric
7.1 Resistive temperature signal transducers
7.2 Thermistor
7.3 Enzymatic thermal sensors
7.4 Thermistor-based enzymatic sensors
8 Nano technological methods for signal transduction
Chapter 4. Chemical biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Composition of chemical biosensors
3 Types of chemical biosensors
4 Enzymatic chemical sensors
5 Nucleic acid in chemical sensors
6 Nanomaterial based chemical sensors
7 Microbial biosensors
8 Electrochemical bio sensors
9 Types of electrochemical bio sensors
10 Amperometric biosensor
11 Voltammetric
12 Impedimetric biosensor
13 Potentiometric biosensors
14 Organic electrochemical transistor biosensors
15 Electrochemiluminescence biosensors
16 Application of chemical biosensors in health care
16.1 In detecting the glucose level of diabetic patients
16.2 In detection of urinary tract infection
16.3 Cardiovascular diseases and heart failure
16.4 To monitor the level of enzymes in cancer patients
16.5 In drug discovery program
16.6 In surgeries
16.7 To detect neurotransmitters
16.8 Monitoring of biomarkers in saliva
16.9 Real time monitoring of sweat
16.10 In analysis of brain tissues
17 Other application of chemical biosensors
18 Food industry
19 Defense
20 Metabolic engineering and plant biology
21 Advantage and disadvantage of chemical biosensors
22 Advantages
23 Disadvantages
24 Future scope
25 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Temperature biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of temperature sensing in biosensing
1.2 Overview of temperature biosensors
1.3 Scope and objectives
2 Principles of temperature biosensors
2.1 Thermoresistive sensors
2.1.1 Resistance temperature detectors
2.1.2 Thermistors
2.2 Thermoelectric sensors
2.2.1 Thermocouples
2.2.2 Seebeck effect-based sensors
2.3 Optical sensors
2.3.1 Fluorescence-based sensors
2.3.2 Surface plasmon resonance sensors
2.4 Nanomaterial-based sensors
2.4.1 Carbon nanotubes
2.4.2 Graphene-based sensors
2.4.3 Quantum dots
2.5 Comparison of sensing mechanisms
3 Types of temperature biosensors
3.1 Thermoresistive biosensors
3.1.1 Resistance temperature detectors
3.1.2 Thermistors
3.2 Thermoelectric biosensors
3.2.1 Thermocouples
3.2.2 Seebeck effect-based sensors
3.3 Optical biosensors
3.3.1 Fluorescence-based sensors
3.3.2 Surface plasmon resonance sensors
3.4 Nanomaterial-based biosensors
3.4.1 Carbon nanotubes
3.4.2 Graphene-based sensors
3.4.3 Quantum dots
3.5 Emerging technologies and hybrid sensors
4 Applications of temperature biosensors
4.1 Healthcare and medical diagnostics
4.2 Food safety and quality control
4.3 Environmental monitoring
4.4 Industrial process control
4.5 Biotechnology and research applications
5 Advantages and limitations of temperature biosensors
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Challenges and opportunities
6 Recent advances and future prospects
6.1 Miniaturization and integration
6.2 Wireless and wearable temperature biosensors
6.3 Point-of-care testing devices
6.4 Enhanced sensing performance through nanotechnology
6.5 Biocompatible and biodegradable materials
6.6 Artificial intelligence and data analytics integration
7 Instrumentation for temperature biosensors
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Principles of temperature measurement
7.2 Technologies for temperature biosensor instrumentation
7.2.1 Analog signal conditioning
7.2.2 Digital signal processing
7.2.3 Microcontroller-based systems
7.2.4 Wireless sensor networks
7.3 Instrumentation interfaces and communication protocols
7.3.1 Analog interfaces
7.3.2 Digital interfaces
7.3.3 Wireless communication
7.4 Recent advances and future prospects
7.4.1 Advanced sensor fusion techniques
7.4.2 Internet of Things integration
7.4.3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
7.4.4 Edge computing and edge analytics
8 Materials and methods used in temperature biosensors
8.1 Introduction to materials and methods in temperature biosensors
8.2 Materials for temperature biosensors
8.2.1 Metals
8.2.2 Semiconductors
8.2.3 Polymers
8.2.4 Nanomaterials
8.3 Fabrication methods for temperature biosensors
8.3.1 Thin-film deposition
8.3.2 Microfabrication
8.3.3 Additive manufacturing
8.4 Sensing mechanisms in temperature biosensors
8.4.1 Resistance-based sensing
8.4.2 Voltage-based sensing
8.4.3 Optical sensing
8.5 Performance optimization strategies
8.5.1 Calibration and characterization
8.5.2 Signal processing and conditioning
8.5.3 Packaging and encapsulation
9 Temperature biosensors in drug discovery and development
9.1 Introduction to temperature biosensors in drug discovery and development
9.2 Advancements in temperature biosensor technology
9.2.1 Miniaturization and integration
9.2.2 Wireless and remote monitoring
9.2.3 High sensitivity and precision
9.3 Applications of temperature biosensors in drug discovery and development
9.3.1 High-throughput screening
9.3.2 Enzyme kinetics studies
9.3.3 Protein stability assessments
9.3.4 Formulation development
10 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Electrical biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Electrochemical versus electrical biosensing
3 Construction of electrical biosensors
3.1 Bioaffinity couple
3.2 Immobilization
3.3 Electrical analysis
3.3.1 Amperometry and voltammetry
3.3.2 Potentiometry
3.3.3 Conductimetric and impedimentary
4 Principle of electrical biosensors
5 Advancement on electrical biosensors
5.1 Amperometric biosensors
5.2 Voltammetric biosensors
5.3 Potentiometric ISE biosensors
5.4 FET biosensors
5.5 Conductometric biosensors
5.6 Impedance biosensors
6 Remarks and future prospects
Chapter 7. Piezoelectric biosensors for healthcare applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Background on biosensors
1.2 The concept of piezoelectricity
1.3 Overview of piezoelectric biosensors
2 Piezoelectric QCM
2.1 Overview of QCM
2.2 Biosensing applications of QCM
2.2.1 Immunosensing
2.2.2 DNA analysis
2.2.3 Diagnosis of cancer
2.2.4 Study of protein activities
2.2.5 Analysis of food/microorganisms detection
2.2.6 Detection of COVID-19
2.2.7 Other therapeutic applications
3 Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs)
3.1 Working principle
3.2 Inorganic materials for piezoelectric nanogenerators
3.2.1 Perovskite structured piezoelectric materials
3.2.2 Wurtzite structured piezoelectric materials
3.3 Organic materials for piezoelectric nanogenerators
3.3.1 Polyvinylidene fluoride based piezoelectric materials
3.3.2 Organic-inorganic metal halide based perovskites
3.4 Biosensor applications of piezoelectric nanogenerators
3.4.1 Pulse sensors
3.4.2 Strain sensors
3.4.3 Monitoring of blood pressure
3.4.4 Sensing of the sweats
3.4.5 Sensing of saliva contents
3.4.6 Sensing of urine contents
3.4.7 Biomechanical sensing
3.4.8 Biomimetic artificial hair cells
4 Perspectives, challenges and future prospects of piezoelectric biosensors
4.1 Perspectives
4.2 Challenges and future prospects
5 Conclusions
Chapter 8. Mechanical biosensors
1 Sensor
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification
1.3 Types of sensors as per applications
2 Biosensor
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principal of a biosensor
2.3 Types of biosensors
2.4 Examples
3 Mechanical biosensor
3.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
3.2 Solidly Mounted Resonators (SMRs)
3.3 Nanowire Biosensor (NW sensor)
3.4 Lateral flow assay (LFA)
3.5 Microring Resonator Biosensors
3.6 Quartz Crystal Microbalance
3.7 Biobarcode Amplification Assay
3.8 Immunofluorescence Assay
3.8.1 Direct (primary) IF technique
3.8.2 Indirect (secondary) IF technique
3.9 Microcantilever Biosensors
4 Nano-mechanical biosensors
5 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Wearable biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Wearable biosensors based on biological analyte
2.1 Tear-based sensors
2.2 Saliva-based sensors
2.3 Sweat-based sensor
3 Wearable biosensors based on design and utility
3.1 Wrist mounted
3.2 Head and face mounted
3.2.1 Eyeglasses
3.2.2 Cavitas
3.2.3 Helmets
4 Wearable biosensors based on the material used
4.1 Biocompatible
4.1.1 Mechanical biocompatibility
4.1.2 Immune biocompatibility
4.2 Biodegradable
5 Advancing biosensors with machine learning
5.1 How can ML benefit biosensors?
5.2 Types of biosensors with ML
5.3 Electrochemical biosensors
5.4 SERS and other spectra-based biosensors
6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 10. Amperometric biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Three generations of amperometric biosensors
2.1 Mediatorless amperometric biosensors
2.2 Mediated amperometric biosensors
2.3 Amperometric biosensors using a direct electron transfer
3 Enzyme immobilization techniques
4 The role of nanotechnology in the design of amperometric biosensor
5 Applications of amperometry in commercial biosensors
6 New trends in amperometric biosensors and future aspects
Chapter 11. Optical biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Principles of optical biosensors
3 Types of optical biosensors
4 Components of optical biosensors
5 Sensing mechanisms
6 Applications of optical biosensors
7 Challenges and future scope
8 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Fluorescence-based biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 What are biosensors
1.2 Importance of biosensors
2 Role of fluorescence in biosensing
2.1 The basic principle
2.2 Key advantages of fluorescence in biosensing
2.3 Types of fluorescence biosensors
2.4 Applications of fluorescence biosensing
2.5 Advantages of fluorescence-based biosensors
2.6 Applications of fluorescence-based biosensors in various fields
3 Principles of fluorescence
3.1 Electronic structure of molecules and fluorescence phenomenon
3.1.1 Electronic structure of molecules
3.1.2 Absorption and excitation
3.1.3 Relaxation and emission
3.2 Factors affecting fluorescence intensity (excitation/emission spectra, quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer)
3.2.1 Factors affecting fluorescence intensity
3.3 Instrumentation for fluorescence measurements (spectrofluorometers, microscopes)
3.3.1 Fluorescence spectrofluorometers
3.3.2 Fluorescence microscopes
3.3.3 Choosing the right instrument
4 Types of fluorescence-based biosensors
4.1 Direct labeling
4.1.1 Labeling target molecules with fluorophores
4.1.2 Benefits of direct labeling
4.1.3 Limitations of direct labeling
4.1.4 Examples of direct labeling techniques
4.1.5 Applications in immunoassays, DNA hybridization assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)
4.1.6 Applications of direct labeling
4.2 Energy transfer-based
4.2.1 Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between donor and acceptor fluorophores
4.2.2 FRET in biosensing
4.2.3 Applications in protein-protein interaction studies, monitoring cellular processes
4.2.4 Types of energy transfer
4.3 Quenching-based
4.3.1 Changes in fluorescence intensity due to interaction with target molecule (static quenching, dynamic quenching)
4.3.2 Applications in enzyme assays, ion detection, environmental monitoring
4.4 Nano-enhanced sensors
4.4.1 Integration of nanoparticles (quantum dots, gold nanoparticles) for enhanced sensitivity and multiplexing
4.4.2 Applications in single-molecule detection, cancer diagnostics
5 Design and development of fluorescence-based biosensors
5.1 Selection of appropriate bioreceptor (enzymes, antibodies, DNA) and fluorophore
5.2 Immobilization strategies for bioreceptors on sensor surfaces
5.3 Optimization of assay parameters for sensitivity and specificity
6 Applications of fluorescence-based biosensors
6.1 Medical diagnostics: Point-of-care testing for diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases
6.2 Environmental monitoring: Detection of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens in air, water, and soil
6.3 Food safety: Analysis of foodborne pathogens and toxins
6.4 Drug discovery and development: High-throughput screening of drug candidates, monitoring drug efficacy
7 Challenges and future prospects
7.1 Sensitivity and specificity improvement
7.2 Multiplexing capabilities for simultaneous detection of multiple analytes
7.3 Miniaturization and portability for point-of-care applications
7.4 Biocompatibility and long-term stability
8 Conclusion
8.1 Fluorescence-based biosensors are a powerful tool for diverse applications
8.2 Continuous advancements in technology and materials will lead to even more sensitive, specific, and versatile sensors
8.3 Fluorescence-based biosensors hold immense potential for improving healthcare, environmental monitoring, and various other fields
Chapter 13. Chemiluminescence-based biosensor: From principle to its applications
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of chemiluminescence
2.1 Excitation of reactants
2.2 Formation of excited states
2.3 Relaxation and light emission
3 Components of chemiluminescence reaction
3.1 Luminophore
3.2 Oxidizing agents
3.3 Catalysts or enzymes
3.4 Coreactants
3.5 Reaction medium
3.6 Energy transfer mechanisms
4 Factors influencing chemiluminescence emission and intensity
4.1 Reactant concentrations
4.2 Temperature
4.3 pH of the medium
4.4 Solvent properties
4.5 Reaction mechanisms
4.6 Presence of quenchers and enhancers
5 Design and components of chemiluminescence-based biosensors
5.1 Selection of recognition elements
5.1.1 Antibodies
5.1.2 Enzymes
5.1.3 Aptamers
5.1.4 Immobilization techniques
5.1.5 Physical adsorption
5.1.6 Covalent list
5.1.7 Self-assembled monolayers
5.2 Core components of CL-based biosensors
5.2.1 Substrate
5.2.2 Luminophore
5.2.3 Enhancers
5.2.4 Quenchers
6 Types of chemiluminescence and their mechanisms
6.1 Organic chemiluminescence
6.2 Bioluminescence
6.3 Electrochemiluminescence
6.4 Coreactant ECL systems
6.5 Gas-phase chemiluminescence
7 Recent advancements and application of CL
7.1 Detection of drugs
7.1.1 Determination of diethylstilbestrol
7.1.2 Detection of isoniazid
7.1.3 Detection of acetylthiocholine chloride
7.1.4 Determination of methamphetamine
7.1.5 Identification of heroin
7.2 Detection of biomolecules:
7.2.1 Determination of uric acid
7.2.2 Determination of cholesterol
7.3 Beverages
7.3.1 Detection of ochratoxin A (OTA)
7.3.2 Determination of ethanol content
7.4 Antibiotic sensing in dairy products
7.5 Detection of toxins
7.6 Determination of phenolic content
7.7 Determination of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
8 Conclusion and future aspects
Abbreviations
Chapter 14. Multiferroic magnetoelectric-based biosensors in healthcare
1 Introduction
1.1 Background on sensors and biosensors
1.2 The concept of multiferroelectricity and magnetoelectricity
2 Materials for magnetoelectric biosensors
2.1 Single-phase magnetoelectric materials
2.2 Magnetoelectric composite materials
2.2.1 0-3 type ME particulate composite materials
2.2.2 ME laminate composite materials
2.2.3 Core-shell magnetoelectric composite materials
3 Applications of magnetoelectric based biosensors
3.1 Magnetic field sensors
3.2 Color bio-imaging
3.3 Detection of iron content in tissues
3.4 Biomagnetic measurements
3.4.1 Magnetoelectric magnetoencephalography
3.4.2 Magnetoelectric magnetocardiography
3.4.3 Magnetoelectric magnetomyography
3.5 Bone tissue engineering
3.6 Brain stimulation and magnetic particle imaging
4 Conclusion and future prospects of magnetoelectric-based biosensors
Chapter 15. Calorimetric biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Calorimetric biosensors
3 Enzyme-based calorimetric biosensors
4 Calorimetric biosensors for biomarkers
5 Calorimetric biosensors/microfluidic
6 Conclusions
Chapter 16. Enzymatic biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Types of enzymatic biosensor
2.1 Electrochemical biosensors
2.1.1 Amperometric biosensors
2.1.2 Conductometric biosensors
2.1.3 Potentiometric biosensors
2.2 Colorimetric biosensors
2.3 Microbial fuel cell-based biosensors
2.4 DNAzymes based biosensor
2.5 Fiber-optic fluorescence biosensors
3 Biosensors for pathogen detection
3.1 Bacteria detection
3.2 Fungi detection
3.3 Virus detection
4 Recombinant proteins
4.1 Protein engineering and evolution approaches
4.1.1 Rational designing in protein engineering
4.1.2 Semirational design
4.1.3 Directed evolution
4.1.4 De novo protein design
5 Evolving strategies of enzyme engineering
5.1 Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials
5.1.1 Carbon nanotubes for enzyme immobilization
5.1.2 Graphene and its derivatives for enzyme immobilization
5.1.3 Conducting polymers for enzyme immobilization
5.1.4 Metal oxide nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization
5.1.5 Metal-organic framework (MOFs) in enzyme-based biosensors
6 Sensitivity and stability of enzyme biosensors
7 Challenges with the development of enzymatic biosensors
8 Current trends and future prospects of enzyme biosensors
8.1 Current trends
8.1.1 Miniaturization and portability
8.1.2 Optimized sensitivity and selectivity
8.1.3 Fusion with IT
8.1.4 Multianalyte recognition
8.1.5 Biocompatible and sustainable materials
8.2 Future aspects
9 Conclusion
Chapter 17. Glucose biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Basic principles of glucose biosensors
3 Evolution of biosensors
3.1 First-generation of glucose biosensors
3.2 The second-generation enzymatic glucose biosensors
3.3 The third-generation enzymatic-glucose biosensor
4 Classification of biosensor
4.1 Classification of biosensors based on bioreceptor
4.1.1 Enzyme–based glucose biosensor
4.1.2 GOx embedded on biopolymers
4.1.3 GOx embedded on MOFs
4.1.4 Nanoparticle–based biosensors
4.2 Nonenzymatic glucose biosensors
4.2.1 Noble/transition metal–based Glucose biosensors
4.2.2 Multimetal enzyme–free Glucose biosensors
4.2.3 Metal oxide–based enzyme–free Glu biosensors
5 Glucose biosensors for point-of-care testing
6 Conclusion
Chapter 18. Immunosensors
1 Introduction
2 Immunosensors
2.1 Definition
2.2 Immunosensor classifications
3 Type of biorecognition elements
3.1 Antibody
3.2 Aptamer
4 Applications of immunosensors
4.1 Detection of biomarkers
4.1.1 Cancer biomarkers
4.1.2 Cardiovascular biomarkers
4.1.3 Inflammatory biomarkers
4.1.4 Physiological biomarkers
4.2 Detection of metabolites and toxins
4.3 Detection of pathogens
4.3.1 Bacteria and fungi infections
4.3.2 Viral infection
4.4 Detection of antibiotics
4.5 Detection of hormones
4.6 Drug monitoring
4.7 Food safety
5 Lab-on-chip immunosensors
Chapter 19. Basics and types of microbial biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Principles of microbial biosensors
3 Design of microbial biosensors
4 Types of microbial biosensors
5 Applications of microbial biosensors
5.1 Environmental monitoring applications
5.2 Medical diagnostics
5.3 Food and beverage industry
6 Challenges and future prospects
7 Conclusion
Chapter 20. Bacteriophage-based biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Conventional techniques for identifying pathogenic bacteria and their drawbacks
2.1 Detection using colony counting and culturing methods
2.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection
2.3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based detection
2.4 Detection by biosensor based on nucleic acid
2.5 Detection by biosensor based on antibodies
3 Bacteriophage based bio-probes
3.1 Multiplication and propagation of virions
3.1.1 Lytic cycle of bacteriophages
3.1.2 Lysogenic cycle of phages
3.2 Genetically modified phages
3.3 Phage display peptides
3.4 Phage receptor binding proteins
3.5 Phage immobilization strategies
4 Bacteriophage-based biosensors
4.1 Phage-based optical biosensors
4.1.1 Surface plasmon resonance sensors
4.1.2 Bioluminescence sensors
4.1.3 Fluorescent bioassay
4.2 Phage-based electrochemical biosensors
4.2.1 Amperometric biosensors
4.2.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy biosensors
4.3 Micromechanical biosensors
4.4 Phage-based magnetoelastic biosensor
5 Applications of bacteriophage-based biosensors
5.1 Wastewater treatment
5.2 Biocontrol and bioprocessing in food industries
6 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 21. Antibody-based biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Antibodies and biosensors
2.1 Biosensor
3 Antibodies
4 Biosensors and cancer research
5 Biosensors and diabetes
6 Biosensors and COVID-19 detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antigen
7 Conclusions
Chapter 22. Aptasensors
1 Introduction
2 Aptasensors overview
2.1 History
2.2 Advantages
2.3 Disadvantages
3 SELEX and developing methods
3.1 General overview
3.2 Cell-SELEX
3.3 Microfluidic SELEX
3.3.1 Capillary-based electrophoresis SELEX (CE-SELEX)
3.3.2 Bead-based microfluidic SELEX
3.3.3 Sol-gel–based microfluidic SELEX
3.3.4 Integrated microfluidic SELEX
4 Aptasensors in health monitoring & diagnostic
4.1 Diseases biomarker detection
4.2 Medication monitoring
4.3 Toxin detection
4.4 Point-of-care testing
5 Mechanisms of detection
5.1 Electrochemical
5.2 Optical
5.2.1 Colorimetric
5.2.2 Fluorescent & chemiluminescent
5.2.3 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
5.2.4 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Chapter 23. cDNA-based biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Functional DNA strand based biosensors
1.2 DNA hybridization based biosensors
1.3 DNA template–based biosensors
2 Growth of the biosensor technology
3 Design of cDNA based biosensor
4 Working principle of biosensor
5 Application of cDNA biosensor in healthcare
5.1 Pathogen screening and detection
5.2 Cancer biomarker detection and diagnosis
5.3 Genetic disease screening
6 Challenges and future directions
7 Conclusion
Chapter 24. Genosensors in healthcare
1 Introduction
2 Types of genosensors
2.1 Electrochemical genosensor
3 Optical genosensor
4 Fluorescence genosensor
5 Colorimetric genosensor
6 SPR based genosensor
7 Piezoelectric genosensor
8 QCM-based genosensor
9 Application of genosensors
10 SARS-CoV-2
11 H1N1 influenza
12 HIV
13 HBV
14 Rotavirus
14.1 E.coli
15 Canine parvovirus
16 HPV-16
17 Dengue
17.1 Vibrio cholerae
18 TB
19 Conclusion
Chapter 25. Microfluidic-based nanobiosensors: perception, materials, and challenges
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of nanomaterials for the development of nanobiosensors
2.1 Bottom-up
2.1.1 Hydrothermal
2.1.2 Sol–gel
2.1.3 Chemical vapor deposition
2.1.4 Pyrolysis
2.2 Top-down
2.2.1 Thermal decomposition
2.2.2 Lithography
2.2.3 Sputtering
3 Overview of microfluidic-based nanobiosensors
4 Challenges and potential solutions of microfluidic-based nanobiosensors
5 Conclusion
Chapter 26. Surface plasmon resonance biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Working principle of surface plasmon resonance
2.1 Fundamentals of SPR
2.2 Mechanism of SPR for sensitivity and amplification
2.3 Localized surface plasmon resonance properties of nanomaterials
3 Advances technique of SPR
3.1 Optical surface plasmon resonance
3.2 Surface plasmon resonance imaging
3.3 Electrochemistry surface plasmon resonance
4 Applications of SPR in biosensor
4.1 SPR for medical applications
4.2 Therapeutic drug monitoring using SPR
4.3 Diagnosis of diseases using SPR
4.4 Detection of neurotransmitters by SPR
5 Conclusion and perspective
Chapter 27. Hydrogel-based biosensor
1 Introduction
2 Historical background
3 Characteristics of biosensors
3.1 Selectivity
3.2 Reproducibility
3.3 Stability
3.4 Sensitivity
3.5 Linearity
4 Types of biosensors
5 Hydrogel-based biosensor
6 Biomedical applications
6.1 Proteins and enzymes
6.2 Hormones and metabolites
6.3 DNA sensing
7 Conclusion
Chapter 28. BioMEMS-based biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Biologically oriented MEMS (BioMEMS)
3 BioMEMS classification
3.1 Classification based on bioreceptor type
3.2 Classification based on transducers type
3.3 Classification based on immobilization methods
4 BioMEMS fabrication materials
4.1 Silicon and silicon-based materials
4.2 Glasses and ceramics
4.3 Polymers and biopolymers
4.4 Metals
5 BioMEMS fabrication technologies
6 Microfluidics in BioMEMS
7 BioMEMS applications
7.1 Biomedical applications - diagnostics
7.1.1 Diagnostic sensors
7.1.2 Microarrays
7.1.3 Physiological monitors
7.1.4 Lab on a chip (LOC) and micro total analysis system (μTAS)
7.1.5 Point of care (POC) diagnostics and point of need (PON) applications
7.2 Biomedical applications - therapeutic
7.2.1 Drug discovery
7.2.2 Drug delivery
7.3 Surgical and prosthesis applications
8 Conclusions
Chapter 29. Molecular imprinted biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Molecular imprinted biosensors
1.2 Advantages of molecularly imprinted biosensors
2 Evolution of molecular imprinted biosensors
2.1 Molecular imprinted biosensors versus natural recognition elements
2.2 Applications of molecular imprinting technology
2.3 Practical uses of MIS
3 Polymers in molecular imprinting technology
3.1 Selection of polymeric materials
3.2 Biological versus MIP polymer memory
4 Molecular imprinted biosensors
4.1 Advantages of molecularly imprinted biosensors
5 Lock and key theory
5.1 Predetermined selectivity of biosensors
5.2 Target uses of biosensors
5.2.1 Glucose monitoring
5.2.2 Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics
5.3 Synthesis of biosensors
5.3.1 Bulk imprinting
5.3.2 Surface imprinting
5.3.3 Soft lithography
5.3.4 Template immobilization
5.3.5 Grafting
5.3.6 Emulsion polymerization
5.3.7 Epitope imprinting
5.4 Solvent selectivity
5.5 Monomer selectivity
5.6 Cross-linker monomer
5.7 Template selectivity
6 Selectivity and interaction mechanisms
6.1 Extraction of template/substrate
6.2 Factors affecting extraction
7 Conclusion
Chapter 30. Current challenges and future prospects of biosensors
1 Introduction
2 Sensitivity
3 Dynamic range
4 Limit of detection
5 Selectivity
6 Response time
7 Reproducibility
8 Linearity
9 Stability
10 Multiplex capability
11 Real-time monitoring in vivo
12 Integration and commercialization of biosensing devices
13 Ecological sustainability
14 Future prospects
15 Miniatured biosensors and multitarget analysis
16 Development of novel biocomponents
16.1 DNAzymes
16.2 Aptamers
16.3 Antisense
17 Application of artificial intelligence
17.1 AI biosensing biocomponents
17.2 Wireless devices
17.3 Understanding data—Machine learning
18 Nanotechnology based biosensors
19 Conclusion
Index

Md Saquib Hasnain

Prof. (Dr.) Md Saquib Hasnain has over 13 years of research experience in the field of drug delivery and pharmaceutical formulation analyses, especially systematic development and characterization of diverse nanostructured drug delivery systems, controlled release drug delivery systems, bioenhanced drug delivery systems, nanomaterials and nanocomposites employing Quality by Design approaches and many more. Till date he has authored over 100 publications in various high impact peer-reviewed journals, more than 100 book chapters and 30 books to his credit. He is also serving as the reviewer of several prestigious journals. Overall, he has earned a highly impressive publishing and cited record. He has also participated and presented his research work at over ten conferences in India, and abroad. He was also a member of scientific societies i.e., Royal Society of Chemistry, Great Britain, International Association of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, Switzerland and Swiss Chemical Society, Switzerland.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Amit Kumar Nayak

Dr. Amit Kumar Nayak (MPharm, PhD) is working as a professor, at the Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India. He has earned his PhD from IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has over 14 years of research experiences in the field of pharmaceutics, especially in the development and characterization of novel biopolymeric and nanostructured drug delivery systems. Till date, he has authored more than 138 research and review publications in various high-impact peer-reviewed journals and 135 book chapters. He has edited/authored 23 international books to his credit. Dr. Nayak has presented his research work at several conferences. He has received University Foundation Day Research Award, 2019 and 2022 by Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha. Dr. Nayak is a life member of the Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI) and a registered pharmacist.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Tejraj M. Aminabhavi

Tejraj M. Aminabhavi is the Director of Research at the Center for Energy and Environment , School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, India. He works in the area of membrane transport processes, molecular modeling of polymer surfaces, wastewater treatment technologies, drug delivery polymers and sustainable environmental engineering.

Affiliations and expertise

Director of Research, Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Fundamentals of Biosensors in Healthcare

Volume 1

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Md Saquib Hasnain

Amit Kumar Nayak

Tejraj M. Aminabhavi

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