Functionalized Nanoclays

Synthesis and Design for Industrial Applications

1st Edition - November 29, 2024
Editors: Shadpour Mallakpour, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 8 9 4 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 8 9 3 - 3

Functionalized Nanoclays: Synthesis and Design for Industrial Applications presents a thorough and in-depth overview of functionalized nanoclays, from an introductory presentat… Read more

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Functionalized Nanoclays: Synthesis and Design for Industrial Applications presents a thorough and in-depth overview of functionalized nanoclays, from an introductory presentation of different nanoclays and their characterization, to their properties, synthesis, fabrication methods, and applications in various industries. The book begins with an introduction to functionalized nanoclays and their composites that is followed by sections dedicated to theoretical aspects and material synthesis. Subsequent chapters cover a broad range of industrial applications, including pollution remediation, sensing, drug delivery, food packaging, and much more.

Following sections discuss recent progress in commercialization and standardization for functionalized nanoclays at both experimental and theoretical model scales. The book's final chapter presents research advances and future perspective for functionalized nanoclays as a replacement for traditional materials in diverse applications.

Functionalized Nanoclays
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Section 1: Functionalized nanoclays: Fundamental and opportunities
1 Natural nanoclays
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Properties of clay minerals
3 Classification of clay minerals
4 Identification methods in clay minerals
5 Nanoclay nanocomposite and/or functionalization
6 Surfactant-modified nanoclays
7 Silane and siloxane-modified nanoclays
8 Polymer-modified nanoclays
9 Nanoclay modification with metals
10 Applications of nanoclays
10.1 Water treatment applications
References
2 Synthetic nanoclays: Synthesis, modifications, polymer integration, and physicochemical characterization
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure and classification of nanoclays
2 Synthetic and modified clay minerals
2.1 Synthetic clay minerals
2.2 Nanoclays modification methods
3 Clay-polymer nanocomposites
3.1 Solution-blending method
3.2 Melt-blending method
3.3 In situ polymerization method
4 Physicochemical characterizations of nanoclays
4.1 X-ray diffraction
4.2 Transmission electron microscopy
4.3 Differential scanning calorimetry
5 Challenges and conclusion
5.1 Challenges
5.2 Conclusion
References
3 Clay composites: Advanced imaging methods
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 X-ray diffraction technique
2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of XRD
2.2 Characterization of nanoclay XRD patterns
3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)/transmitted electron microscope (TEM)
3.1 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
3.2 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
4 Raman spectroscopy
4.1 The stokes versus anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
4.2 Instrumentation
4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Raman spectroscopy
4.4 Characterization of nanoclay using Raman spectroscopy
4.5 Confocal Raman spectroscopy
5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of FTIR spectroscopy
5.2 Characterization nanoclay by FTIR
References
4 Functionalized nanoclays with hybrid nanocomposites
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Layered silica architecture
2.1 Types of nano-structured layered silica
3 Functionalization of nanoclay
4 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoclays
5 Nanoclay hybrid
6 Polymer-nanoclay composites
6.1 Preparation of PNC
6.2 Types of PNC structures
6.3 Characterization
6.4 Applications
6.5 Commercial viability
6.6 Toxicity/biocompatibility
7 Conclusion
References
Section 2: Theoretical aspects of functionalized nanoclays
5 Mathematical and computational modeling of functionalized nanoclays
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Molecular vs quantum methods
3 Molecular modeling
3.1 Force field concept
3.2 Molecular mechanics
3.3 Molecular dynamics
3.4 Molecular docking
3.5 Quantum approach
3.6 Case studies
3.7 Concluding remarks
References
Section 3: Selections and synthesis of functionalized nanoclays
6 Synthesis methods of nanoclays
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of PHCs clay
3 Synthesis soft nanocomposites based nanoclay
4 Synthesis of PEVA/PUA clay nanocomposite
5 IPN-nanocomposite preparation
6 Preparation of MMT nanoclay exfoliation
7 Preparation of MontKSF clay-GO nanocomposites
8 Sonochemical synthesis of PAA-nanoclay nanocomposites
9 Preparation of clay/elastomer hybrid
10 Synthesis of clay/GO/Fe2O3 nanocomposites
11 Preparation of a nanoclay/PVA/PSF nanocomposites
12 Preparation of ultra-thin poly ether block amide/nanoclay nanocomposite membranes
13 Synthesis of conducting polymeric nanocomposites embedded with nanoclay
14 Preparation of zincated nanoclay polymer composites (ZNCPCs)
15 Synthesis of amino acids functionalized nanoclays
References
Section 4: Industrial applications of functionalized nanoclays
7 Functionalized nanoclays in pharmaceutical industry
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Pharmaceutical industry improving global health
3 Nanotechnology expediting pharmaceutical product development
4 Nanoclays as emerging materials for drug delivery enhancement
5 Nanoclays structure and their classification
6 Properties of nanoclays suitable for drug delivery
7 Factors affecting drug delivery through nanoclays
7.1 Nanoclay morphology, size distribution, and average size
7.2 Pore size of nanoclay
7.3 Charge density and zeta potential
7.4 Nanoclay behavior: Mechanical and thermal
7.5 Entrapment efficiency
8 Mechanism of drug release from nanoclay composites
9 Modification/functionalization of nanoclays
10 Applications of functionalized nanoclays in drug delivery
10.1 Halloysite
10.2 Montmorillonite
10.3 Kaolinite
10.4 Palygorskite
10.5 Sepiolite
11 Challenges and future prospective
References
8 Functionalized nanoclays in biomedical industry
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Functionalized nanoclays—Definition, properties, and characterization
3 Nanoclays functionalized strategies
3.1 Activated esters/amine chemistry
3.2 Click chemistry
3.3 Thiol chemistry
3.4 Isocynate modifications
3.5 Schiff reaction
3.6 Michael addition reaction
3.7 Ring-opening reaction
3.8 Multicomponent reaction
4 Biomedical applications of functionalized nanoclays
4.1 Functionalized nanoclays as wound healing, antiviral, and antimicrobial agents
4.2 Functionalized nanoclays for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
5 Conclusion
References
9 Functionalized nanoclays in the environmental industry
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Uses of nanoclays in industrial process
2.1 Rheological control agent
2.2 Food packaging
3 Nanoclay technologies for water pollution control
3.1 Purification of water from drug substances
3.2 Removal of dyes from water
3.3 Purification of water by removing metal ions
3.4 Purification of water by eliminating pesticides and phenolic compounds
3.5 Water purification via eliminating inorganic pollutants
3.6 Removal of bacteria from water
4 Use of nanoclay for water purification by removing turbidity, suspended solids, and soluble solids
5 Controlling gas emissions using nanoclays
5.1 Applications in H2S removal
5.2 CO2 capture applications
6 Applications of nanoclays in oil spill remediation
7 Environmental toxicity of nanoclays
7.1 Toxicology evolution methods
7.2 Toxicity of nanoclays
7.3 Toxicity mechanism
8 Conclusion and recommendations for future research
References
10 Functionalized nanoclays in pollutants adsorption
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and modification techniques employed to enhance the adsorption properties of nanoclays
3 Interactions between functionalized nanoclays and different classes of pollutants
4 Mechanisms and factors influencing the adsorption process when functionalized nanoclays are used
5 Examples of utilizing functionalized nanoclays for environmental remediation
6 Challenges and future prospects of utilizing functionalized nanoclays for environmental remediation
7 Conclusion
References
11 Nanoclay-based drug delivery systems
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and characterization of functionalized nanoclays
3 Properties and advantages of functionalized nanoclays for drug delivery
4 Applications of functionalized nanoclays in drug delivery
4.1 Oral drug delivery
4.2 Topical drug delivery
4.3 Injectable drug delivery
4.4 Targeted drug delivery
5 Methods of incorporating drugs into functionalized nanoclays
6 Toxicity and biocompatibility of functionalized nanoclays
7 Challenges and limitations of functionalized nanoclays in drug delivery
8 Future directions and potential applications of functionalized nanoclays in drug delivery
9 Conclusion
References
12 Functionalized nanoclays in textile industry for the stabilization of natural pigments
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Natural colorants and their use in textile industry
2.1 Biopigments from plants
2.2 Microbial biopigments
3 Process of textile dyeing
3.1 Mordant
4 Natural clay-based hybrid materials as nanopigments
5 Conclusions and final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
13 Green and sustainable routes toward the development of functionalized nanoclays
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Sustainable routes toward synthesis of functionalized nanoclays
2.1 Synthesis of polymer nanoclay composites
2.2 Melt blending method
2.3 Supercritical CO2 synthesis (ScCO2)
2.4 In situ polymerization
2.5 Submerged liquid plasma approach
2.6 Ionic liquid approach
3 Covalently modified nanoclays
4 Conclusion
References
14 Functionalized nanoclays and their catalytic applications
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Acid-functionalized nanoclays
3 Base-functionalized nanoclays
4 Metal-functionalized nanoclays
5 Enzyme-functionalized nanoclays
6 Photocatalytic nanoclays
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15 Functionalized nanoclays in textile industry
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Chemistry and classification of nanoclays
3 Functionalization types of nanoclays
3.1 Metallic ions
3.2 Inorganic compound
3.3 Polymer
4 Synthesis methods of functionalized nanoclay
4.1 Solution blending method
4.2 Melt blending method
4.3 In situ polymerization method
4.4 Ion exchange reactions
4.5 Dispersion method
5 Characterization of the functionalized nanoclays
6 Application of functionalized nanoclay for the textile industry
6.1 Flame retardancy
6.2 Ultraviolet (UV) protection
6.3 Mechanical strength and durability
6.4 Increased resistance to stains
7 Conclusion
References
16 Functionalized nanoclays in bioactive materials
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Functionalization techniques
2.1 Surface loading
2.2 Structural modification
2.3 Surface modification
3 Properties of functionalized nanoclays
3.1 Mechanical properties
3.2 Thermal properties
3.3 Biocompatibility and bioactivity
4 Applications of functionalized nanoclays
4.1 Tissue engineering
4.2 Wound healing
4.3 Drug delivery
5 Current challenges
6 Conclusion
7 Future prospectives
References
17 Functionalized nanoclays as bioactive materials for the management of plant pathogens in agriculture
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 General structure and functional versatility of NCS
3 Active ingredients for the management of plant pathogens
4 Functionalized nanoclays for the management of plant pathogens
4.1 NCs as carriers of synthetic pesticides for the management of plant pathogens
4.2 NCs as carriers of natural compounds for the stimulation of the immune system of plants
4.3 NCs as carriers of natural AIs and biomolecules for the management of plant pathogens
4.4 NCs as carriers of genetic material for crop protection
5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
18 Development of functionalized nanoclays for the industrially important catalytic processes
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Functionalized nanoclay as a catalsyt in organic reactions
3 Clay nanotube-metal core/shell catalysts for hydroprocesses
3.1 Hydrogenation of nitroarenes and aromatics
3.2 Hydrogenation of phenols and reduction of nitrophenols
4 Application of nanoclay in drug delivery system
5 Industrial applications of nanoclays in dye recovery and water treatment
5.1 Montmorillonite (MMT)
5.2 Halloysite
5.3 Bentonite
6 Conclusion
References
19 Functionalized nanoclays in food and food packaging industry
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Functionalized nanoclays as food packaging materials
3 Nanoclays on biodegradability of packaging materials
4 Functionalized nanoclays in active and intelligent packaging
4.1 Antibacterial agents
4.2 Colorimetric indicator system
4.3 Control and dispersal of active components
5 Nanoclay toxicity and migration from packaging materials
6 Conclusion
References
20 Functionalized nanoclays in asphalt modification
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Unfunctionalized nanoclays in asphalt modification
2.1 The aging resistance of unfunctionalized nanoclay-modified asphalts
2.2 Compatibility of unfunctionalized nanoclays with asphalt
3 Introduction of functionalized nanoclays
3.1 Definition and classification of functionalized nanoclays
3.2 Preparation of functionalized nanoclays
3.3 Preparation of functionalized nanoclay-modified asphalts
4 Organic nanoclays in asphalt modification
4.1 Microstructure of organic nanoclays and modified asphalts
4.2 Compatibility of organic nanoclays with asphalt
4.3 The properties of organic nanoclay-modified asphalts
5 Compound nanoclays in asphalt modification
5.1 Microstructure of compound nanoclays and modified asphalts
5.2 Compatibility of compound nanoclays with asphalt
5.3 The properties of compound nanoclay-modified asphalts
6 Composite nanoclays in asphalt modification
6.1 Microstructure of composite nanoclays and modified asphalts
6.2 Compatibility of composite nanoclays with asphalt
6.3 The properties of composite nanoclay-modified asphalts
7 Challenges and prospects
References
Section 5: Commercialization and standardization for functionalized nanoclays
21 Legalization, toxicity, and health and safety functionalized nanoclays
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Health effects and safety issues of functionalized nanoclays
2.1 Health effects of functionalized nanoclays
2.2 Environmental applications of nanoclays
2.3 Environmental applications of nanoclays for gas emission treatment
2.4 Safety and toxicity issues of functionalized nanoclays
3 Legal issues of functionalized Nanoclay
4 Conclusion
References
Index

Shadpour Mallakpour

Professor Shadpour Mallakpour, organic polymer chemist, graduated from chemistry department, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. in 1984. He spent two years as post-doc at UF. He joint to the department of chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Iran, since 1986. He held several positions such as chairman of department of chemistry and deputy of research, department of chemistry at IUT. From 1994-1995 he worked as visiting professor, University of Mainz, Germany and from 2003-2004 as visiting professor, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA. Now he has published more than 900 journal papers and book chapters and more than 440 conference papers and got more than 40 items of awards. The most important award to him was given for the selection of first laureate on fundamental research, at 21st Khwarizmi International award in 2008. He is listed as the Top 1% Scientists in Chemistry in ISI Essential Science Indicators Since 2003. He was selected as academic guest of the 59th Meeting of Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, 2009, at Lindau, Germany. He presented many lectures as invited or keynote speaker in different national and international conferences or universities. He was member of organizing and scientific committees for many national and international conferences. He was also the chairperson of many national and international meetings. In recent year he focused on the preparation and characterization of polymers containing chiral amino acid moieties under green conditions using ionic liquids and microwave irradiation as new technology and bringing these aspects towards nanotechnology for the preparation of novel chiral bionanocomposite polymers as well as polymer nanocomposities for hazardous materials removal technologies.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Shadpour Mallakpour, PhD, Organic polymer chemist,Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Dr. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor and Director of Laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials, environmental management, analytical chemistry, and other various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around One hundred and fifty (150) books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas. He has published with ELSEVIER, American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, CRC Press, and Springer.

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor & Director of Laboratories, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, NJ, USA

Life Sciences

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