
Functional Neurologic Disorders
- 1st Edition, Volume 139 - October 6, 2016
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Mark Hallett, Jon Stone, Alan J Carson
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 7 7 2 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 8 4 9 - 1
Functional Neurologic Disorders, the latest volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, summarizes state-of-the-art research findings and clinical practice on this… Read more

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Request a sales quoteFunctional Neurologic Disorders, the latest volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, summarizes state-of-the-art research findings and clinical practice on this class of disorders at the interface between neurology and psychiatry. This 51-chapter volume offers an historical introduction, chapters on epidemiology and pathophysiolology, a large section on the clinical features of different type of functional neurologic symptoms and disorders (including functional movement disorders, non-epileptic seizures, dizziness, vision, hearing, speech and cognitive symptoms), and then concluding with approaches to therapy.
This group of internationally acclaimed experts in neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience represent a broad spectrum of areas of expertise, chosen for their ability to write clearly and concisely with an eye toward a clinical audience. This HCN volume sets a new landmark standard for a comprehensive, multi-authored work dealing with functional neurologic disorders (also described as psychogenic, dissociative or conversion disorders).
- Offers a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach for the care of patients with functional disorders seen in neurologic practice, leading to more efficient prevention, management, and treatment
- Provides a synthesis of research efforts incorporating clinical, brain imaging and neurophysiological studies
- Fills an existing gap between traditional neurology and traditional psychiatry
- Contents include coverage of history, epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapy
- Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field, the broadest, most expert coverage available
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Section 1: History
- Chapter 1: A brief history of hysteria: From the ancient to the modern
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Babylon and assyria
- Ancient egypt
- Greece and rome
- Middle Ages
- Mass hysteria
- Willis (1621–1675) and the beginnings of neurology
- 18th and 19th centuries
- Conclusions
- Chapter 2: Charcot, hysteria, and simulated disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The protagonist
- Charcot's nosology: organic diseases and the névroses
- Charcot and the cause of neurologic diseases
- Charcot and hysteria
- Hysteria and psychologic influences: the role of suggestion
- Charcot and Freud: the mentor's never-sated obsession
- Simulation
- Charcot in a modern context
- Chapter 3: Neurologic approaches to hysteria, psychogenic and functional disorders from the late 19th century onwards
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neurologic approaches to hysteria from charcot to world war I
- World war I
- The 1920S to the 1960S
- 1970S to 1990S
- Developments since 2000 and the future
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 4: Freud's hysteria and its legacy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Freud's hysteria
- Repression
- Conversion
- The third ingredient
- Shell shock and psychosomatics
- Scientists and philosophers
- Hysteria is dead; long live functional neurologic symptoms
- Section 2: Epidemiology, etiology, and mechanism
- Chapter 5: Epidemiology
- Abstract
- Introduction: which diagnosis in which population?
- A technical barrier to epidemiologic research
- Incidence
- Prevalence
- Onset
- Physical symptom and disease comorbidity
- Disability
- Psychologic comorbidity
- Outcome: misdiagnosis
- Risk factors
- Epidemiology of functional neurologic disorder subtypes: lumping or splitting?
- Patient outcomes and mortality
- Economics
- Conclusion
- Chapter 6: Neurophysiologic studies of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Functional weakness and paralysis
- Functional sensory loss
- Functional movement disorders
- Other functional movement disorders
- Acknowledgment
- Chapter 7: Imaging studies of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Background
- Structural Imaging
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 8: Dissociation and functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Psychiatric classification and the dissociative experiences scale
- “Trait dissociation” and functional neurologic symptoms
- “State” dissociation and functional neurologic symptoms
- Compartmentalization and FND
- Evidence for compartmentalization in functional neurologic disorders
- Trauma and functional neurologic disorders
- Summary, implications, and future developments
- Chapter 9: Hypnosis as a model of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Hypnosis as a model
- Hypnosis and suggestibility
- Explanatory models in scientific explanation
- The initial construction of hypnosis as a model for hysteria
- Contemporary versions of hypnosis as a model for functional symptoms
- Relationships between functional symptoms, suggestive processes, and hypnosis
- Conclusion
- Chapter 10: Psychologic theories in functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Psychodynamic theories
- Illness behavior
- Abnormal illness behavior
- Diagnostic operationalization
- Learning theories
- Mindfulness
- Conclusions
- Chapter 11: Voluntary or involuntary? A neurophysiologic approach to functional movement disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What are we aware of when we act?
- Neurophysiology of action awareness
- Action awareness and agency in functional movement disorders
- Expected and experienced control
- Generation of “involuntary” movements in fmd
- Conclusions and research agenda
- Chapter 12: Neurobiologic theories of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historic neurobiologic theories
- 20th-century neurobiologic theories
- 21st-century neurobiologic models
- Concluding remarks
- Chapter 13: Stress, childhood trauma, and cognitive functions in functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Trauma and life events in conversion disorder: a literature review
- Other vulnerability factors
- Explanatory models
- Towards an integration
- Summary and research agenda
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 14: Do (epi)genetics impact the brain in functional neurologic disorders?
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Environmental effects
- Link between environmental factors like stress and the brain systems
- Genetics
- Environment–gene interactions and epigenetics
- Conclusions
- Section 3: Symptoms (including signs and investigations)
- Chapter 15: Assessment of patients with functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preparation and start of the consultation
- The assessment of physical symptoms in the history
- Exploring the patient's beliefs
- The psychologic assessment of patients with functional disorders
- Physical examination
- Principles of diagnosis and diagnostic pitfalls
- Conclusion
- Chapter 16: The classification of conversion disorder (functional neurologic symptom disorder) in ICD and DSM
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Conversion disorder in the international classification of diseases (ICD)
- Conversion disorder in the DSM, 1952–2000
- Conversion disorder in DSM-5
- Chapter 17: Neurologic diagnostic criteria for functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Functional motor, sensory, and gait disorders
- Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
- Functional movement disorders
- Concluding remarks
- Chapter 18: Functional limb weakness and paralysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historic descriptions
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features in the history
- Physical signs of functional limb weakness
- Mechanism, etiology, and treatment
- Conclusion
- Chapter 19: Functional tremor
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Symptoms and signs
- Supportive ancillary examinations
- Chapter 20: Functional dystonia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historic background
- Diagnosis of functional dystonia
- Regional functional dystonia phenotypes
- Psychopathology
- Pathophysiology
- Prognosis
- Management
- Conclusions and future steps
- Chapter 21: Functional jerks, tics, and paroxysmal movement disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and clinical picture
- Pathophysiology of functional jerks
- The neurophysiologic examination
- Summary and conclusion
- Chapter 22: Psychogenic (functional) parkinsonism
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Clinical history
- Clinical signs
- Ancillary testing
- Future directions
- Chapter 23: Functional gait disorder
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Normal gait
- Characteristics of some classic organic gaits
- Characteristics of some complex organic gaits
- Psychogenic gait
- Conclusions
- Chapter 24: Functional sensory symptoms
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historic background
- Epidemiology
- Hypoesthesia/sensory loss
- Hyperesthesia/paresthesia and pain
- Unusual (but nonfunctional) sensory symptoms
- Pathophysiology
- Treatment specific for sensory symptoms
- Acknowledgment
- Chapter 25: Nonepileptic seizures – subjective phenomena
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methodologic considerations
- Temporal characteristics of subjective symptoms associated with PNES
- Impairment of consciousness
- Clinical significance of subjective PNES experience
- Conclusion
- Chapter 26: Nonepileptic seizures – objective phenomena
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Semiology
- Classification
- Other characteristics to help clinicians differentiate PNES from ES
- Conclusions
- Chapter 27: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: EEG and investigation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inpatient video-EEG monitoring
- The use of video-EEG in practice
- The value of medium-term residential monitoring
- Conclusions
- Chapter 28: Functional coma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Terminology, assessment, and differential diagnosis
- Functional stupor and coma (including “nonepileptic pseudostatus”)
- Stupor in psychiatric disorders, such as depression, mania, and catatonia
- Factitious unresponsiveness
- Functional coma: clinical features and review of published cases
- EEG
- Conclusion
- Chapter 29: Functional and simulated visual loss
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nonorganic visual loss
- Evaluation
- Monocular vision loss
- Binocular vision loss
- Visual field loss
- Imaging and ancillary testing
- Management
- Conclusions
- Disclosures
- Chapter 30: Functional eye movement disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The eye movement examination
- Epidemiology
- Functional eye movement syndromes
- Management options
- Chapter 31: Functional facial and tongue movement disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Chapter 32: Functional auditory disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nonorganic hearing loss
- Disorders of auditory processing
- Tinnitus
- Musical hallucination (MH)
- Low-frequency noise complaint
- Disorders of loudness perception
- Misophonia
- Acoustic shock
- Conclusion
- Chapter 33: Functional speech disorders: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The spectrum of functional speech disorders
- Prevalence
- Examination and differential diagnosis
- Broad categories of functional speech disorders
- Foreign-accent syndrome and other prosodic disturbances
- Other manifestations of functional speech disorders
- Management
- Conclusion
- Chapter 34: Functional voice disorders: Clinical presentations and differential diagnosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Complexities of laryngeal function
- Terminologies and diagnostic classification
- Clinical voice evaluation and differential diagnosis
- Muscle tension voice disorders – clinical features
- Psychogenic voice disorders – clinical features
- Etiology
- Prevalence
- Biographic details for individuals with functional voice disorders
- Diagnostic dilemmas between functional and neurologic voice disorders
- Functional voice disorders versus neurologic voice disorders
- Management
- Conclusion
- Chapter 35: Psychologic/functional forms of memory disorder
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Memory clinics
- Neurologic causes of memory symptoms other than dementia
- Psychological/functional causes of memory symptoms
- Exaggeration/malingering of memory symptoms
- Approaches to assessment
- Approaches to treatment
- Conclusion and future directions
- Chapter 36: Functional (dissociative) retrograde amnesia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Content-based memory systems
- Measurement problems of retrograde amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia: organic or psychogenic?
- Short review of retrograde amnesia after structural brain damage
- Dissociative amnesia with and without tbi
- The puzzle of retrograde amnesia occurrence
- Inability of access hypothesis
- How can recovery occur?
- Why is anterograde learning of autobiographic episodes usually unimpaired or much less impaired than retrograde memory?
- Conclusions
- Chapter 37: Functional (psychogenic) dizziness
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Functional causes of vestibular symptoms
- Psychiatric causes of vestibular symptoms
- Chapter 38: Urologic symptoms and functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Lower urinary tract functions in health
- Current models of the brain–bladder axis
- Assessment of functional urologic disorders
- Psychogenic urinary retention
- Fowler's syndrome
- Paruresis
- Dysfunctional voiding and Hinman–Allen syndrome
- Overactive bladder
- Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and functional somatic syndromes
- Frequency of urologic symptoms in functional/psychogenic disorders
- Opiate use and LUT dysfunction
- Is there an association between LUT dysfunction and functional disorders?
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 39: Functional disorders of swallowing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Swallowing
- Dysphagia
- Functional dysphagia
- Globus sensation
- Conclusion
- Chapter 40: Pediatric functional neurologic symptoms
- Abstract
- Pediatric functional neurologic symptoms
- How common are pediatric functional neurologic symptoms?
- How do children with functional neurologic disorders present?
- Historic features
- Diagnosis of functional neurological disorders
- Are functional neurologic disorders psychogenic?
- Informing the child and family of the diagnosis
- Treatment of functional neurologic disorders
- Prognosis
- Functional or psychogenic?
- Chapter 41: Posttraumatic functional movement disorders
- Abstract
- Peripheral trauma and movement disorders – evolution of a concept
- Distinct phenotypes of movement disorders following peripheral trauma and their overlap with functional movement disorders
- Pathophysiologic considerations
- Management of movement disorders induced by peripheral trauma < liz >
- Conclusion
- Chapter 42: Factitious disorders and malingering in relation to functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historic context
- Diagnosis of simulated illness
- Growing interest in illness deception
- Psychosocial context
- Factitious disorders
- Malingering
- Clinical presentations relating to neuropsychiatric practice
- Conclusions
- Section 4: Treatment
- Chapter 43: Prognosis of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methodologic issues
- Symptom outcome
- Quality of life and functioning at follow-up
- Working status
- Cross-over
- Prognostic factors
- Misdiagnosis
- Pediatric studies
- Conclusion
- Chapter 44: Explanation as treatment for functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Evidence for the importance of good communication / explanation
- Barriers to explanation
- Evidence about explanations in clinical practice
- Chapter 45: Physical treatment of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiologic Model and Rationale for Physical Treatment
- Evidence for Physical Rehabilitation
- Referral to Physical Treatment
- Assessment
- Treatment Agreement
- Components of Treatment
- Components of Physical Treatment and Therapeutic Adjuncts
- Adaptive Aids, Equipment, and Environmental Modifications
- Setting Intensity and Duration
- Measuring Outcome
- Discharge
- Symptom-Specific Treatment Approaches
- Conclusions
- Financial disclosures
- Acknowledgment
- Chapter 46: Psychologic treatment of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What is the treatment evidence base?
- Implications of treatment studies
- Chapter 47: Hypnosis as therapy for functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Suggestion, hypnosis, and functional symptoms: a brief history
- Hypnosis and treatment of functional symptoms in the 20th century to the present
- Assessment and treatment approaches employing hypnotic techniques
- Symptom-oriented techniques
- Expressive techniques
- Future directions
- Conclusions
- Chapter 48: Nature of the placebo and nocebo effect in relation to functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Definition
- Characterization of the neurobiologic underpinnings
- Disruption of placebo effects
- Beyond the healing context
- What is the difference between placebos and drugs?
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 49: The role of placebo in the diagnosis and treatment of functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Evolving controversy over therapeutic placebo
- Placebo for psychogenic disorders
- Ethical and legal concerns
- Future directions
- Conclusions
- Chapter 50: Transcranial magnetic stimulation and sedation as treatment for functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Future directions
- Sedation
- Acknowledgments and Funding
- Chapter 51: Inpatient treatment for functional neurologic disorders
- Abstract
- Pioneering inpatient treatment of psychogenic (functional) movement disorders (PMDs)
- A rehabilitation model for conversion paralysis
- Strategic intervention in inpatient rehabilitation of severe functional/factitious disorders
- A multimodal program-based inpatient approach
- A neuropsychiatry-led multimodal intervention
- A unique randomized trial of inpatient physical rehabilitation therapies
- An exemplar of a very brief multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation program
- Principles of therapy within the MoRe program
- Pediatric inpatient services
- A move to day-patient treatment?
- Some considerations on psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)
- The interdigitating roles of the neurologist and mental health practitioner (MHP) in diagnostic assessment and treatment of inpatients with FND
- Conclusions
- Errata
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Volume: 139
- Published: October 6, 2016
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 680
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780128017722
- eBook ISBN: 9780128018491
MH
Mark Hallett
JS
Jon Stone
He has had a research interest in functional disorders in neurology since 1999 and completed his PhD thesis on a case control study of patients with functional limb weakness. He has published widely in the area including systematic reviews, large cohort studies, imaging studies and treatment studies. He has contributed to new diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 and ICD-11 and the development of professional organisations in this area.
In 2009 he made a website for patients with functional neurological disorders at www.neurosymptoms.org which has been translated by other neurologists in to 12 other languages and receives 60,000 visits a month. As of August 2012 is a National Research Strategy (NHS Scotland) Career Fellow. His work has been recognised with plenary sessions at the World Congress of Neurology, American Academy of Neurology, Movement Disorders World Congress and Association of British Neurologists as well as the Jean Hunter Award for Nervous Diseases (Royal College of Physicians).
AC