Friction Wear Lubrication

Preface

Notation

Chapter 1. The Contact of Solids

1.1. Contact of Ideally Smooth Surfaces

1.2. Surface Quality of Machine Parts

1.2.1. Physico-Mechanical Properties of Surface Layers

1.2.2. Characteristics of Surface Geometry

1.2.3. Methods for Determining Characteristics of Surface Geometry

1.3. Contact of Rough Surfaces

1.3.1. Interaction of Surface Peaks

1.3.2. Real and Contour Areas of Contact

1.3.3. Calculation of the Real Area of Contact and Real Pressure

1.3.4. Calculation of the Contour Area of Contact and Contour Pressure

1.3.5. Calculation of Approach Between Surfaces

1.3.6. Calculation of Intercontact Space Volume

1.3.7. Calculation of the Number of Spots in Real Contact, Their Average Area and Spacing

1.4. Rheological Properties of Contact

1.5. Methods and Instruments for Research on Properties of Contacts

1.5.1. Measurement of Real Contact Area

1.5.2. Measurement of Contact Deformations

References

Chapter 2. Calculation of Coefficients of External Friction and Preliminary Displacement

2.1. Main Concepts and Definitions

2.2. Interaction of Solids

2.3. Factors Affecting the Coefficient of External Static Friction

2.3.1. Contour Pressure

2.3.2. Surface Roughness

2.3.3. Mechanical Properties of Contacting Materials

2.3.4. Temperature of Solids in Contact

2.4. Methods for Determining Quantities Required for Calculation of the Coefficient of External Static Friction

2.5. Method for Calculation of the Coefficient of Friction

2.6. Preliminary Displacement

References

Chapter 3. Calculation of Wear Rate

3.1. General Characteristics of Wear of Materials

3.2. Physical Model of Wear

3.3. Main Design Relationships

3.4. Factors Affecting Wear Rate

References

Chapter 4. Calculation of Tribological Joints for Wear

4.1. Wear in Tribological Joints

4.1.1. Basic Laws of Wear in Materials

4.1.2. Wear of the Surface and Joint

4.1.3. Classification of Joints by Wear Conditions

4.2. Wear Calculation Methods for Tribological Joints

4.2.1. The Use of the Contact Condition

4.2.2. Rectilinear Guideways

4.2.3. Joints with Variable Contact Conditions

4.2.4. Running-In of Inaccurate or Deformed Parts

4.2.5. Pairs with Small Relative Displacements

4.3. Wear Calculation with Allowance for Stiffness

4.3.1. Contact Problem for Wearing Joints

4.3.2. Transition of Static Pressure Diagram into Dynamic One

4.3.3. Rigidly Linked Joints

4.4. Calculation of Wear Limits

4.4.1. The Allowable Amounts of Wear

4.4.2. Wear Limits for Multi-Link Mechanisms

4.5. Calculation for Reliability of Joints

4.5.1. Reliability Parameters

4.5.2. Example of Calculation for Wear Life and Probability of Failure-Free Operation

4.5.3. Predicting the Wear of Joints

4.5.4. Effect of Wear on Functional Properties of a Machine

4.5.5. Diagram for Calculation of a Machine for Reliability

References

Chapter 5. Choice of Materials for Rubbing Parts

5.1. Analysis of Operating Conditions and Drawing Up of Specifications

5.2. Preliminary Choice of Material

5.2.1. General Data

5.2.2. Polymer-Base Materials

5.2.3. Laminated Materials

5.2.4. Carbon-Graphite Materials

5.2.5. Metal-Ceramic Materials

5.3. Assessment of Performance of Tribological Joints at Design Stage

5.4. The Final Choice of Material

References

Chapter 6. Metals for Rubbing Components

6.1. Structural Changes of Metals in Friction

6.1.1. General

6.1.2. Structure and Properties

6.1.3. Metal Strengthening

6.1.4. Secondary Processes in Friction

6.1.5. Main Methods of Metal Structure Analysis

6.1.6. Recommendations

6.2. Thermo-Chemical Treatment as a Means for Increasing the Wear Resistance of Metals

6.2.1. Process Features

6.2.2. TCT Processes and Their Application

6.2.3. Assessing the Effectiveness of TCT

6.3. Friction and Wear of Metals at High Sliding Speeds

References

Chapter 7. Metallic Antifriction Materials

7.1. Brief Characteristics of Bearing Alloys

7.1.1. Babbitt Metals

7.1.2. Copper-Base Alloys

7.1.3. Aluminum-Base Alloys

7.1.4. Link-Base Alloys

7.1.5. Ferrous Alloys

7.1.6. Sintered Alloys

7.2. Comparative Evaluation of Bearing Materials Properties

7.2.1. Fatigue Strength

7.2.2. Running-In

7.2.3. Wear Resistance

7.2.4. Compatibility of Sliding-Pair Elements

7.2.5. Resistance to Scoring

7.3. Selection of Bearing Alloys

References

Chapter 8. Manufacturing Methods for Improving the Wear Resistance of Materials and Tribological Joints

8.1 General

8.2. Machining Methods

8.3. Surface Treatment by Plastic Deformation

8.4. Heat Treatment (Surface Hardening)

8.5. Surface Coating

8.6. Hard-Facing

8.7. Metal Spraying

References

Chapter 9. Lubricants and Additives

9.1. Engine Oils

9.1.1. Classification by Viscosity and the Main Principles of Oil Selection

9.1.2. Classification by Service Properties and the Main Principles of Selection

9.2. Transmission Oils for Automotive Applications

9.2.1. Viscosity and Its Dependence on Temperature

9.2.2. Basics of Oil and Additive Selection

9.2.3. Types and Properties of Additives

9.2.4. Requirements for Transmission Oils

9.3. Industrial Oils

9.3.1. Main Properties

9.3.2. Modern Oil Assortment

9.4. Greases

9.4.1. Properties

9.4.2. Assortment and Application of Greases

9.5. Solid Lubricants and Coatings for Operation in Vacuum

9.5.1. Solid Lubricants

9.5.2. Self-Lubricating Materials

9.5.3. Frictional Characteristics of Solid Lubricants and Self-Lubricating Materials

9.5.4. Solid Lubricant Coatings with Polymer Binders

9.5.5. Soft Metal Coatings

References

Chapter 10. Thermal Stability of Boundary Lubrication Films and Solid Lubricant Films

10.1. Influence of the Nature of Oil, Additive and Grease

10.2. Influence of the Rubbing Surface Material

10.3. Influence of Gas Medium

10.4. Thermal Stability of Solid Lubricant Coatings

References