Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles

Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Applications examines the current state-of-the-art of recent progress in fluorescent carbon nanoparticles research. Prime attention is given to synthesis and processing methods, structure, and properties, as well as characterization, surface functionalization, and various applications. In recent years, fluorescent carbon nanoparticles have attracted considerable research interest in several research fields due to their multifunctional properties such as low-cost and simple preparation, easy functionalization, sensitivity, excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity compared with metal and semiconductor nanoparticles, high photo-stability, cytocompatibility and easy dispersibility in aqueous medium.

With expert contributions from across the globe the book provides an outstanding reference resource for anyone involved in the field of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles utilized in a broad range of high-performance industrial applications.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles: Fundamentals, structure, fluorescent properties and mechanisms, challenges and future perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Chemical structure of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3 Factors influencing the physiochemical properties of CDs
3.1 CDs derived from different carbon sources
3.1.1 CDs derived from small molecules
3.1.2 CDs derived from biomasses and natural sources
3.2 Different methodologies for the synthesis of CDs
3.2.1 Top-down synthetic route
3.2.2 Bottom-up synthetic route
4 Properties of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
4.1 Fluorescence (FL) and photoluminescence (PL) property
4.2 Phosphorescence
4.3 Chemiluminescence (CL)
4.4 Electrochemical luminescence (ECL)
4.5 Up-conversion photoluminescence (UCPL)
4.6 Photoinduced electron transfer (PET)
5 Fluorescence mechanism of CDs
5.1 Quantum confinement effect (QCE)
5.2 Surface states fluorescence
5.3 Effects of fluorescent molecules or fluorophores
5.4 Effects of doping with other elements
6 Application of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
6.1 Biomedicine
6.2 Biosensing
6.3 Metal ion probe
6.4 Bioimaging
6.5 CDs-based light-emitting diodes (CLEDs)
6.6 Drug delivery
7 Challenges and future perspectives
8 Conclusion
Chapter 2. Synthesis methods of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3 Synthesis methods of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.1 Electrochemical method
3.2 Laser ablation method
3.3 Microwave radiation
3.4 Hydrothermal/solvothermal method
3.5 Green synthesis method
4 Overview on synthesis and properties of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
5 Future prospects and challenges
6 Conclusions
Chapter 3. Spectroscopic and microscopic investigations of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Spectroscopic investigation of fluorescent carbon nanoparticle
2.1 FTIR spectroscopy
2.2 UV visible spectroscopy
2.3 Fluorescence emission
2.4 Raman spectroscopy
2.5 NMR spectroscopy
2.6 XPS analysis
3 Microscopic investigation of fluorescent carbon nanoparticle
3.1 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
3.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3.3 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
4 Applications of FCNPs based on the spectroscopic/microscopic investigation techniques
5 Future perspectives
6 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Green synthesized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their applications
1 Introduction
2 Diverse fluorescent carbon-based nanostructures
2.1 Carbon quantum dots
2.2 Graphene quantum dots
2.3 Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs)
2.4 Fluorescent carbon nanotubes
2.5 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)
3 Green synthesis methods of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
4 Characterization of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials
5 Applications of green synthesized carbon-based fluorescent materials
5.1 Bio-medical applications
5.2 Optoelectronic and energy storage applications
5.3 Catalytic applications
5.4 Environmental monitoring
5.5 Food quality assurance
5.6 Explosive detection
6 Conclusions
Chapter 5. Surface functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of surface functionalized CDs
3 Fluorescence mechanisms of surface functionalized carbon dots
3.1 Quantum confinement effect (QCE)
3.2 Surface state emissions
3.3 Molecular fluorescence
4 Applications of functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
4.1 Bioimaging
4.2 Photoluminescence (PL) sensor
4.3 DNA binding
4.4 Drug delivery
4.5 Phototherapy
4.6 Catalytic applications
4.6.1 Chemical catalysis
4.6.2 Photocatalysis
4.7 Energy storage devices
5 Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 6. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for bioimaging applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis approaches of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
2.1 Top-down approaches
2.1.1 Oxidative treatment
2.1.2 Microwave and ultrasonication method
2.1.3 Ball milling
2.1.4 Laser ablation
2.2 Bottom-up approach
2.2.1 Ultrasonication method
2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
2.2.3 Hydrothermal approach
3 Properties of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.1 Structural properties
3.2 Optical properties
4 Bioimaging techniques
4.1 One photon bioimaging
4.1.1 Quantum dots
4.1.2 Carbon nanoparticles
4.2 Two-photon bioimaging
5 Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for bioimaging applications
5.1 UV–vis fluorescence imaging
5.2 NIR imaging
5.3 Multimodal imaging
6 Challenges and future prospects
7 Conclusions
Chapter 7. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for drug delivery applications
1 Introduction
2 Drug delivery approaches using fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3 Optical characterization of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials
3.1 In-vitro drug delivery
3.2 In-vivo drug delivery
4 Passive and active loading
5 Controlled release mechanisms of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
6 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles based biosensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1.2 Applications of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1.2.1 Biosensor
1.2.2 Bio-imaging
1.2.3 Chemical sensing
1.2.4 Luminescent device and photo-catalysis
2 Sensing abilities of different fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
2.1 Graphene quantum dots
2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF)
2.3 Functionalized carbon dots
3 Applications of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles in biosensors
3.1 Glucose sensing
3.2 Cholesterol sensing
3.3 Bacteria sensing
3.4 DNA sensing
3.5 Multifunctional sensing
4 Conclusion
5 Future perspectives
Chapter 9. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles in cancer diagnostic and therapy systems
1 Introduction
2 Ideal properties of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles in anti-cancer drug loading
3 Mechanism of action of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles in targeting cancer cells
4 Pharmacological application of FCNPs in targeting cancer cells for diagnosis of multiple cancer
5 Pharmacological application of FCNPs in targeting cancer cells for the treatment of multiple cancer
6 Application of FCNPs in anticancer therapy using in-vitro cell line assay
7 Conclusions
Chapter 10. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents
1 Introduction
2 Antimicrobial drug carrier
3 Theranostic agent
4 Biofilm inhibition and eradication
5 Composite nanohybrids
6 Antifungal
7 Antiviral
8 Doped nanocomposites
9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgement
Chapter 11. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles as fluorescent sensing platform for metal ions detection
1 Introduction
2 Optical properties of FCNPs
2.1 Absorbance
2.2 Fluorescence
3 CNPs for fluorescent sensing of metal ions
3.1 Mercury (Hg (II))
3.2 Lead (Pb (II))
3.3 Cadmium (Cd (II))
3.4 Chromium Cr (VI)
3.5 Arsenic (As (III))
3.6 Ferric (Fe (III))
4 Mechanism of fluorescent sensing
4.1 Static quenching effect (SQE)
4.2 Dynamic quenching effect (DQE)
4.3 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
4.4 Photo-induced electron transfer (PET)
4.5 Inner filter effect (IFE)
5 Challenges and future prospects
6 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for light emitting diodes
1 Introduction
2 Carbon nanoparticles: synthesis and characteristics
2.1 Overview of CNPs
2.2 Various synthesis methods of CNPs
2.3 Key characteristics of carbon nanoparticles
2.4 Fluorescent properties of carbon nanoparticles
2.4.1 Fluorescence mechanism
2.4.2 Factors influencing fluorescence
3 Types of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.1 Fluorescent carbon dots
3.2 Fluorescent CNTs
3.3 Fluorescent CNPs derived from natural materials
4 Integration of fluorescent CNPs in LEDs
4.1 Light emitting diodes
4.2 Carbon-based fluorescent LEDs
4.3 Enhancing luminescence in LEDs
4.4 Impact on LED stability and efficiency
5 Recent advances in carbon based fluorescent LEDs
6 Challenges in the development of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
7 Future directions and opportunities in fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for LEDs
8 Summary and outlook
Chapter 13. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for catalytic and photocatalytic applications
1 Introduction
2 Catalytic applications
2.1 Electrocatalysis
2.2 Oxidation reactions
2.3 Reduction reactions
2.4 Organic synthesis
2.4.1 Epoxidation
2.4.2 Synthesis of heterocycles
2.4.3 Ring opening
2.4.4 Condensation
2.4.5 C–C coupling
3 Photocatalytic applications of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.1 Photosensitization
3.2 Spectral conversion
3.3 Electron mediation
3.4 Photocatalysis
3.4.1 Photogeneration reaction
3.4.2 Photooxidation reaction
3.5 Photoreduction reaction
3.5.1 Photocatalytic degradation
4 Challenges and future perspectives
5 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for food analysis applications
1 Introduction
2 Properties of FCNPs for food analysis
3 FCNPs for detection of food additives
4 FCNPs for detection of foodborne pathogens
5 FCNPs for detection of pesticide residues
6 FCNPs for detection of veterinary drug residues
7 FCNPs for detection of heavy metals ions
8 FCNPs for detection of nutritional components
9 FCNPs for detection of other molecules
10 FCNPs in smart packaging
11 Challenges and future perspectives
12 Conclusion
Chapter 15. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticle hybrids: synthesis, properties and applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticle hybrids
2.1 Hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis
2.2 Surface immobilization via covalent/noncovalent interactions
2.3 Coprecipitation
2.4 Microwave method
2.5 Mechanical stirring
2.6 Other methods
2.6.1 Reduction method
2.6.2 Sonochemical method
3 Properties of fluorescent carbon nanoparticle hybrids
3.1 Structural properties
3.2 Magnetic properties
3.3 Optoelectronic properties
3.4 Morphological properties
3.5 Photophysical property
4 Applications of FCNPs hybrids
4.1 Applications of FCNPs hybrids in chemical sensing/gas sensing
4.2 Applications of FCNPs hybrids in biosensing
4.3 Applications of FCNPs hybrids in bioimaging
4.3.1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4.3.2 Fluorescent markers
4.4 Cancer diagnostics and therapy
4.4.1 Photothermal therapy
4.4.2 Photodynamic therapy
4.4.3 Fluorescent carbon nanoparticle hybrids for theranostic application
4.4.4 Drug delivery
4.5 Photocatalysis
4.6 Food spoilage
4.7 Light harvesting
4.8 Energy storage
4.8.1 Supercapacitors
4.8.2 Batteries
5 Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 16. Comparative analysis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthetic approaches for FNPs synthesis
2.1 Synthetic methods of FINPs
2.1.1 Controlled precipitation method
2.1.2 Structure directing agents assisted synthesis
2.1.3 Ligand exchange method
2.2 Synthetic methods of organic FCNPs
2.2.1 Top down approaches
2.2.2 Bottom–up approaches
2.2.3 Synthesis of FCNPs using plant materials
2.2.4 Ultrasonic waves assisted synthesis
2.3 Synthesis inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles
3 Comparison of fluorescence properties of inorganic and organic FNPs
3.1 Optical properties
3.1.1 Absorption properties
3.1.2 Fluorescence properties
3.1.3 Quantum efficiency
4 Application of FINPs
4.1 Fluorescence sensing
4.2 Bioimaging
4.3 Applications of FINPs
5 Applications of FCNPs
5.1 Bioimaging studies
5.2 Fluorescence and bio sensing studies
5.3 Drug delivery studies
5.4 Color conversion layers applications
5.5 Electrochemical sensors
5.6 Antioxidant applications
5.7 Photovoltaics, supercapacitors and lithium ion battery applications
5.8 Latent finger printing applications
6 Conclusions and future prospective
Chapter 17. Clinical trials and In vivo toxicity of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1 Introduction
1.1 What are fluorescent carbon nanoparticles?
1.2 Natural sources of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1.3 Potential applications of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1.3.1 Bioimaging
1.3.2 Sensors
1.3.3 Antibacterial activity
1.3.4 Anticancer activity
2 In vivo toxicity studies of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
2.1 In vivo toxicity evaluation of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles in animal models
3 Clinical trials involving carbon nanoparticles
3.1 Thyroid gland
3.2 Breast cancer
3.3 Cervical cancer
3.4 Colorectal cancer
3.5 Gastric cancer
4 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 18. Biocompatibility, biodistribution, cytotoxicity, biological and medical challenges, environmental and health impact of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Biocompatibility of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3 Biodistribution of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.1 Physicochemical properties of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.2 Route of administration
3.3 Animal models used for evaluation of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
3.4 Clearance mechanisms of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
4 Cytotoxicity of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
4.1 Mechanisms of FCNPs cytotoxicity
5 Biological and medical challenges of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles
5.1 Biological challenges
5.2 Medical challenges
6 Effect of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles on health and environment
6.1 Environmental impact
6.2 Health impact
6.3 Regulatory considerations
7 Conclusion
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles

Fundamentals and Applications

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Kalim Deshmukh

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

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