Ferrite Nanostructured Magnetic Materials

Technologies and Applications

1st Edition - April 28, 2023
Editors: Jitendra Pal Singh, Keun Hwa Chae, Ramesh Chandra Srivastava, Ovidiu Florin Caltun
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 7 1 7 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 7 1 8 - 2

Ferrite Nanostructured Magnetic Materials: Technologies and Applications provides detailed descriptions of the physical properties of ferrite nanoparticles and thin films. Synthe… Read more

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Ferrite Nanostructured Magnetic Materials: Technologies and Applications provides detailed descriptions of the physical properties of ferrite nanoparticles and thin films. Synthesis methods and their applications in numerous fields are also included. And, since characterization methods play an important role in investigating the materials’ phenomena, various characterization tools applied to ferrite materials are also discussed. To meet the requirements of next-generation characterization tools in the field of ferrite research, synchrotron radiation-based spectroscopic and imaging tools are thoroughly explored.

Finally, the book discusses current and emerging applications of ferrite nanostructured materials in industry, health, catalytic and environmental fields, making this comprehensive resource suitable for researchers and practitioners in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, chemistry and physics.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section 1: Magnetism and ferrite nanostructure
1. Fundamentals of magnetism
Abstract
1.1 Magnetized media
1.2 Magnetic moment
1.3 Physical quantities describing magnetic materials magnetization process
1.4 Fundamental formulas between H, M, and B in magnetized media
1.5 Demagnetizing field: magnetizing energy
References
2. Classification and types of ferrites
Abstract
2.1 The history of ferrites
2.2 Classification of ferrite nanoparticles based on the crystal structure
2.3 Classification of ferrites nanoparticles based on magnetic coercivity
2.4 Applications of ferrites: evolution and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
3. Technical magnetism
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Magnetization curves
3.3 Demagnetization curves and hysteresis losses
3.4 Magnetization of ferrites in weak fields—Rayleigh’s law
3.5 Magnetization of ferrites in strong and complex fields. The influence of external factors
3.6 The influence of applied magnetic field strength
3.7 The influence of superposed magnetic field
3.8 The influence of temperature on hysteresis loops
3.9 The influence of temperature and frequency on initial permeability
3.10 The effect of frequency on initial permeability
3.11 Conclusions
References
4. Magnetization processes in ferrite nanoparticles, thin films, and nanowires
Abstract
4.1 Magnetization process in bulk and in nanostructures
4.2 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
5. Spin canting in ferrite nanostructures
Abstract
5.1 Experimental techniques for measuring spin canting
5.2 Surface spin canting
5.3 Core–shell geometry of nanoparticles exhibiting spin canting
5.4 Spin canting and magnetic relaxation
5.5 Conclusion and future research
References
Section 2: Synthesis and post-synthesis approaches
6. Mechanical milling of ferrite nanoparticles
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Synthesis using high-energy ball milling
6.3 Effect of high-energy milling in ferrite nanoparticles
6.4 Techniques useful for studying milled ferrites
6.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
7. Ferrite nanoparticles by sol–gel method
Abstract
7.1 Fundamental features
7.2 Gelation via hydrolysis and condensation
7.3 Spinel ferrites by sol–gel auto-combustion
7.4 Strategies for the synthesis of 1D nanostructures
7.5 The evolution and perspectives of sol–gel
Acknowledgments
References
8. Synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles using sonochemical methods
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principle and effects of sonochemical approach
8.3 Ferrite nanostructured materials prepared via sonochemical approach
8.4 Comparison of various synthesis methods
8.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
9. Green synthesis of spinel ferrite nanoparticles
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Green synthesis approach
9.3 Activation phase
9.4 Growth phase
9.5 Termination phase
9.6 Synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles via green method
9.7 Cobalt ferrite (CoF) nanoparticles
9.8 Doped CoF nanoparticles
9.9 Zinc ferrite (ZnF) nanoparticles
9.10 Nickel ferrite (NiF) nanoparticles
9.11 Copper ferrite (CuF) nanoparticles
9.12 Magnesium ferrite (MgF) nanoparticles
9.13 Manganese ferrite (MnF) and hematite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles
9.14 Zinc–cobalt ferrite (ZnCoF)
9.15 Zinc–magnesium ferrite (ZnMgF)
9.16 Maganese–zinc ferrite (MnZnF)
9.17 Copper–nickel ferrite (CuNiF)
9.18 Nickel–copper–zinc ferrite (NiCuZnF) and nickel–copper–magnesium ferrite (NiCuMgF)
9.19 Conclusion and future perspective
References
10. Synthesis of rare earth–doped ferrite nanoparticles
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis
10.3 Conventional ceramic method
10.4 Sol–gel method
10.5 Coprecipitation
10.6 Sonochemical reaction techniques
10.7 Other methods
10.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
11. Synthesis of ferrites-based core–shell nanostructure
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ferrites-based core–shell nanostructure
11.3 Approaches for core–shell nanostructures
11.4 Characterization techniques
11.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
12. Pulsed laser deposition of ferrite thin films
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism of pulsed laser deposition process
12.3 The dis-/advantages of pulsed laser deposition technique
12.4 Laser–target interaction
12.5 Plume expansion. Stoichiometry transfer. Influence of ultrahigh vacuum and different gas pressures pressure
12.6 Thin film growth
12.7 Ex situ processes
12.8 Examples of ferrite and ferrite-based nanosystems obtained by pulsed laser deposition
12.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
13. Radio frequency sputtering of ferrite thin films
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of growth during sputtering and radio frequency sputtering setup
13.3 Factors affecting the growth of ferrite films
13.4 Effect of pressure on the growth of film
13.5 Sputtering power effect
13.6 Choice of substrate
13.7 Correlation between the sputtering time and film thickness
13.8 Effect of substrate temperature
13.9 Postannealing effect on the crystallinity of ferrite thin films
13.10 Advances in sputtering methodology
13.11 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
14. Growth of ferrite thin films using molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract
14.1 Fundamentals of molecular beam epitaxy
14.2 Growth of ternary spinel-type ferrites by molecular beam epitaxy
14.3 The role of nucleation and buffer layers
14.4 Ferrite-based superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy
14.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
15. Atomic layer deposition of ferrite thin films
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Atomic layer deposition
15.3 Application of atomic layer deposition to Fe-based oxides
15.4 Fabricating ferrites thin films using atomic layer deposition
15.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
16. Chemical vapor deposition of ferrite thin films
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Definition and history of chemical vapor deposition
16.3 Variants of chemical vapor deposition
16.4 Chemical vapor deposition of ferrite thin films
16.5 Growth mechanism and growth parameters
16.6 Gas kinetics
16.7 Precursor requirements
16.8 Chemical vapor deposition reactors
16.9 Importance of chemical vapor deposition technique for growing ferrite thin films
16.10 Applications of chemical vapor deposition-grown ferrite thin films
16.11 Protective and decorative coatings
16.12 Production of a thin film for electronic and optical devices
16.13 Composites
16.14 Nanomachines
16.15 Conclusion and future perspectives
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
References
17. Chemical synthesis of ferrite thin films
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sol–gel method
17.3 Spray pyrolysis
17.4 Spin coating
17.5 Dip coating
17.6 Chemical bath deposition
17.7 Ferrite plating
17.8 Spin spray ferrite plating
17.9 Electrochemical deposition
17.10 Liquid-phase epitaxy
17.11 Applications of ferrites thin films grown by chemical solution deposition methods
17.12 Conclusion
References
18. Growth of nanorods and nanotubes of ferrites
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Synthesis of ferrite nanorods and nanotubes
18.3 Ferrite nanotubes
18.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
19. Ferrite nanoflowers
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Synthesis of ferrite nanoflowers
19.3 Growth mechanism
19.4 Morphology control: particle size and shape
19.5 Hydrothermal
19.6 Polyol method
19.7 Other methods
19.8 Application
19.9 Environment
19.10 Pollutant removal
19.11 Electromagnetic radiation absorption
19.12 Sensing
19.13 Electrochemical energy storage
19.14 Battery electrodes
19.15 Supercapacitor electrodes
19.16 Photoelectrocatalysts for energy conversion
19.17 Biomedical
19.18 Imaging
19.19 Biosensing
19.20 Conclusion and future prospective
References
20. Synthesis of ferrite nanocubes
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Ferrite nanocubes
20.3 Synthesis
20.4 Chemical methods
20.5 Coprecipitation method
20.6 Sol–gel method
20.7 Hydrothermal method
20.8 Solvothermal method
20.9 Microwave synthesis
20.10 Sonochemical method
20.11 Some specific methods
20.12 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
21. Ferrite nanoparticles and thin films irradiated by slow highly charged ion beams
Abstract
21.1 Effect of ion beams collisions on structural and magnetic properties of nanostructures
21.2 Specific mechanism of the interaction of slow ions with matter
21.3 SIMPA irradiation installation
21.4 Ions fluence determination method
21.5 Theoretical (stopping and range of ions in matter) approximation
21.6 Investigations on the influence of slow highly charged ions on structural and magnetic properties of zinc ferrite systems
References
22. Swift heavy ion irradiation effects in ferrite nanostructures
Abstract
22.1 Swift heavy ions
22.2 Damage models
22.3 Ion irradiation tools
22.4 The stopping and range of ions in matter computer code
22.5 Irradiation in ferrite
22.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
23. Ion implantation in ferrites
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Ion implantation
23.3 Ion beam production using source of negative ion by cesium sputtering and typical ion implantation procedure
23.4 Modification in physical properties of ferrites via ion implantation
23.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Section 3: Characterisation tools and specific behavior
24. Mössbauer study of ferrite nanostructures
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Hyperfine interaction
24.3 Mössbauer spectroscopy of ferrites
24.4 Mössbauer spectroscopy in magnetic small crystals
24.5 Mössbauer spectroscopy at variable temperature
24.6 Mössbauer spectra in high magnetic field
24.7 Details of design and fabrication of the Mössbauer spectrometer
24.8 Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy
24.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
25. Photoacoustic spectroscopy and its applications to ferrite materials
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
25.3 Data Extraction
25.4 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Ferrites
25.5 Conclusion
References
26. Cation distribution in ferrite nanoparticles and thin films using X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods
Abstract
26.1 A short introduction to X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods—XANES and EXAFS theory
26.2 Experimental methods and data analysis
26.3 Unsupported ferrite nanoparticles
26.4 Supported and core–shell ferrite nanoparticles
26.5 Ferrite thin films
26.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
27. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism as a probe of cation distributions in ferrite nanoparticles
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Soft x-rays versus hard x-rays
27.3 Soft x-rays and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
27.4 Experiments
27.5 Detection techniques
27.6 Data analysis and sum rules
27.7 Application to ferrites
27.8 Fe3O4
27.9 CoFe2O4
27.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28. Raman spectroscopy of spinel ferrites
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Theory of Raman
28.3 Experimental considerations for Raman
28.4 The conventional setup of micro-Raman
28.5 Vibrational modes in spinels
28.6 Raman studies of spinel ferrites
28.7 Conclusion
References
29. Optical behavior of ferrite nanoparticles and thin films
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Different modes and mechanism of recording spectrum
29.3 Diffuse reflectance mode
29.4 Optical studies in terms of electron band structure
29.5 Optical bandgap
29.6 Direct bandgap and indirect bandgap determinations
29.7 Overview of different ferrite nanomaterials for light absorption properties
29.8 Summary and future directions
Acknowledgment
References
30. Photocatalytic activity of ferrites
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Photocatalysis
30.3 Ferrites as a photocatalyst
30.4 Conclusion
30.5 Future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
31. Dielectric properties of spinel ferrite nanostructures
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Dielectric spectroscopy
31.3 Origin of dielectric behavior
31.4 Dielectric relaxation mechanism
31.5 Models to explain the dielectric relaxation
31.6 Cole–Cole model
31.7 Davisson–Cole model
31.8 Havriliak–Negami model
31.9 Dielectric properties of spinel ferrites
31.10 Doped/mixed ferrites
31.11 Composite ferrites
31.12 Summary and future prospects
References
32. Multiferroic behavior of ferrites
Abstract
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Multiferroicity: symmetry consideration
32.3 Types of multiferroics
32.4 Multiferroicity in spinel ferrites
32.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
33. Magnetostriction effects in ferrites
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Mechanism
33.3 Magnetostriction measurement techniques
33.4 Effect of composition, synthesis method, and magnetic annealing on bulk ferrite magnetostrictive coefficients
33.5 Sintering conditions
33.6 Substitution
33.7 Thin films
33.8 Other types of ferrites or ferrite-based composites
33.9 Conclusions
References
34. Magnetoelectric ferrite-based composites
Abstract
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Why spinel ferrite-based composites are so important?
34.3 Product property in composites
34.4 Different forms of magnetoelectricity in spinel composites
34.5 Connectivity and structure dependency in spinel composites
34.6 Synthesis and characterization techniques used for spinel composites
34.7 Variation of physical properties
34.8 Quantitative and qualitative estimation of magnetoelectric coupling coefficient
34.9 Applications of spinel ferrite-based magnetoelectric composites
34.10 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
35. Verwey transition in Fe3O4
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Detection and mechanism of Verwey transition in Fe3O4: Techniques and analysis
35.3 Applications
35.4 Summary
References
Section 4: Applications
36. Spinel ferrites for energy applications
Abstract
36.1 Introduction to energy storage device
36.2 Batteries
36.3 Supercapacitors
36.4 Crystal structure of spinel ferrites: its suitability as an electrode material
36.5 Spinel ferrites for battery applications: the recent trend
36.6 Spinel ferrites for high-performance supercapacitors
36.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgemnt
References
37. Ferrites use in magnetic recording
Abstract
37.1 Magnetic recording techniques
37.2 Materials and device development
References
38. Spinel ferrite-based heterostructures for spintronics applications
Abstract
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Physical properties of spinel ferrites
38.3 The electronic structure
38.4 Spinel ferrite-based heterostructures for tunnel junctions
38.5 CoFe2O4—cobalt ferrite
38.6 NiFe2O4—nickel ferrite
38.7 NiZnFe2O4—nickel zinc ferrite
38.8 Summary
References
39. Ferrite nanoparticles for hyperthermia
Abstract
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Magnetic hyperthermia
39.3 Optical hyperthermia
39.4 Synthesis methods and types of ferrites used in magnetic hyperthermia
39.5 Specific physical characterization of ferrite nanomaterials for hyperthermia
39.6 In vitro and in vivo studies
39.7 Magnetic hyperthermia in vitro and in vivo
39.8 Outlook and new perspectives for ferrites in hyperthermia applications
39.9 Standardization of procedures for characterizing magnetic losses in magnetic colloids
39.10 Quantification of heat dose into biological matrices
Acknowledgments
References
40. Nanostructured ferrite materials for theranostics
Abstract
40.1 Introduction
40.2 General remarks on the synthesis, functionalization, and stabilization of ferrite nanoparticles for theranostics
40.3 Toxicity and biodistribution of ferrite nanoparticles
40.4 Applications
40.5 Conclusions
References
41. Ferrites and Fe oxides as effective materials for the removal of CO2
Abstract
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Factors influencing the CO2 decomposition
41.3 Synergistic effect by other metals/groups
41.4 Effect of photocatalyst
41.5 Available methods and techniques with Fe compounds
41.6 Fe2O3-based CO2 capture
41.7 Fe3O4/Fe-based CO2 capture
41.8 High temperature–high pressure mechanically induced CO2 capture
41.9 Metal–organic framework-based CO2 removal
41.10 Ferromagnetite in CO2 capture process
41.11 Conclusion
41.12 Future prospects
References
Index

Jitendra Pal Singh

Jitendra Pal Singh is the Ramanujan Fellow at the Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, India. His research interests are irradiation studies in nanoferrites, thin films, and magnetic multilayers, including the synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles and thin films, determining the magnetic, optical, and dielectric response of ferrites, and irradiation and implantation effects in ferrite thin films and nanoparticles.

Affiliations and expertise

Ramanujan Fellow, Department of Sciences, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Keun Hwa Chae

Professor Keun Hwa Chae received his B.Sc. Physics in 1986 and M.Sc. Physics in 1988 from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. In 1994, he received his Ph.D. Degree in Physics from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. He was a post-doctoral fellow from 1995 to 1997 at Rutgers ‐The State University of New Jersey, USA. He is currently working as a principal research scientist at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea (since 2000). His research fields include ion beam modification of materials and characterization of materials using synchrotron radiation with special emphasis on ferrite research.

Affiliations and expertise

Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea

Ramesh Chandra Srivastava

Professor R.C. Srivastava is currently working as Head of Department in the Department of Physics, G.B. Pant University of Ag. & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India. He joined Pantnagar in 1993. He did his Ph.D. from I.I.T. Kanpur in 1990. He is actively engaged in the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials. His research interests include magnetic nanomaterials, spintronics, diluted magnetic semiconductors, superconducting materials, magnetic thin films etc. He is also working on the modification of materials by swift heavy ion irradiation.

Affiliations and expertise

Head, Department of Physics, G.B. Pant University of Ag. and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India

Ovidiu Florin Caltun

Prof. O. F. Caltun received his B.Sc. Physics in 1980 and M.Sc. Physics in 1981 in Plasma Physics at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi. In 1998 he defended his Ph. D. in magnetism. In 2007 he became full Professor at the same university. He has served as a visiting scientist at institutions in Taiwan, Germany and USA with the support of NSF of Taiwan, DAAD and Fulbright agencies. His 40 year career in research has focused on bulk and nanostructured magnetic materials for sensors, actuators and magnetic carriers for technological and medical applications. He has authored books and papers in magnetism and magnetic materials, and has supervised more than 100 B. Sc., M. Sc. and Ph. D. theses.

Affiliations and expertise

ESTEEM, Iași, Romania

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Ferrite Nanostructured Magnetic Materials

Technologies and Applications

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Jitendra Pal Singh

Keun Hwa Chae

Ramesh Chandra Srivastava

Ovidiu Florin Caltun