Factors Affecting Neurological Aging

Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet

1st Edition - June 1, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Colin R. Martin, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 9 0 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 9 1 - 8

Factors Affecting Neurological Aging: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with neurologi… Read more

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Factors Affecting Neurological Aging: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with neurological aging and associated disorders. This book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological aging and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the aging of neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the physiological, behavioral, molecular, and cellular features of neurological aging. Finally, this comprehensive resource examines the use of animal modeling of aging and neurological disease.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I. Genetics, molecular and cellular biology
Chapter 1. Genetics of frontotemporal dementia
Mini-dictionary of terms
Genetics of frontotemporal dementia
Genetics of frontotemporal dementia
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of FTD genetics
Summary points
Chapter 2. Aging, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its Val66Met polymorphism: a focus on neuropsychology, the visual system, and brain structures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Brain-derived neurotrophic factors
BDNF polymorphisms
BDNF Val66Met polymorphism influences aging of neuropsychological functions
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor demonstrates protective effects against oxidative stress
Chapter 3. Aging, demented patients and polymorphisms in cytokine genes
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
SNPs: Nomenclature, distribution, and implications
SNPs in cytokine genes: a driving force on normal and pathological aging
Is dementia associated to a genetic susceptibility profile?
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts about SNPs in cytokine genes
Summary points
Chapter 4. RNA fragments and brain aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA
RNA interference
Transfer and ribosomal RNA fragments
Biogenesis of small RNA and RNA fragments
Regulatory roles of RNA fragments, their role in disease
RNA fragments in aging
RNA fragments and nervous system
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 5. Centrosome functions and remodeling during neuronal development and centrosome abnormalities in neuronal disorders, disease, and in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Structure and functions of centrosomes in mammalian somatic cells
The role of centrosomes in neuronal development
Centrosome dysfunctions in neuronal diseases/disorders
Centrosomes in neuronal cells of the aging brain
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 6. Brain aging and microarray analysis
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Microarray methods considerations
Alzheimer disease and microarray analysis
Applications to other areas of aging
Example of key facts
Summary points
Chapter 7. Human nuclear tau and aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The MAPT gene
Tau protein
Tau protein and cell aging
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of neurodegeneration
Summary points
Chapter 8. Lipoxidation: features, neurological tissues, and aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Lipid composition of human brain
Lipids in human brain from a cross-regional approach
Lipid oxidation and lipoxidation-derived molecular damage
Cross-regional differences in vulnerability to lipoxidative damage
Lipids and brain aging
Cross-regional differences in lipoxidative damage during human brain aging
Selective protein lipoxidation in human brain and during brain aging
Interventions against brain aging
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of lipids and brain
Summary points
Chapter 9. Aging modifies concentration and metabolism of amino acids and associated receptor functionality in the brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Differential changes in amino acid concentrations among some brain regions with aging
Excitatory amino acids (EAAs)
NMDA receptors
AMPA receptors
Kainate receptors
l-Tyrosine
l-Tryptophan
Branched chain amino acids
l-Arginine
d-Amino acids
Gut microbiota and brain amino acids with aging
Perspectives
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of amino acids
Summary points
Chapter 10. How 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases change in the brain with normal aging and dementia
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Changes in PDE expression or activity with normal aging
Changes in PDE subcellular compartmentalization with normal aging
PDE inhibitors show promising anti-aging effects preclinically and clinically
Changes in PDE expression and activity have been associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer Disease (AD), and other dementias
Application to other areas of aging
Key facts about PDEs
Summary points
Chapter 11. The prohibitin complex in aging and neurodegeneration
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Prohibitins in aging
Prohibitins in neurodegeneration
Olfactory deficits in aging and neurodegeneration
Deregulation of the olfactory prohibitin complex in neurodegenerative diseases
Applications in other areas of aging
Key factors of olfactory proteomics
Summary points
Chapter 12. Synaptic ATPases and energy metabolism in the nervous system: roles and changes during aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction: studying bioenergetics
Functional proteomics of mitochondrial enzyme system during aging
Functional proteomics of SPM enzyme systems
Aging effects on ATPases of SPM and sensitivity for drugs: perspectives for treatments of neurodegenerative diseases
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of energy metabolism
Summary points
Part II. Neurological and imaging features
Chapter 13. Microstructural imaging of the human brain with normal and “abnormal” aging using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease
Normal aging
Cognitively normal aging versus amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD
Diagnosis of AD in the early stage
The role of microstructure imaging in the early detection of AD
Axonal density and inflammation-associated cellularity
Hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI)
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of magnetic resonance imaging
Summary points
Chapter 14. Imaging the brain and its vasculature in aging: applications of optical coherence tomography angiography
Mini-dictionary of terms
Principle of OCT/OCTA
Complex-signal-based OCTA: OMAG
Using OMAG to evaluate the anatomy of blood supply
Doppler OCTA and Doppler OMAG (DOMAG)
Using DOMAG to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF)
OCTA capillary velocimetry
Evaluating cerebral capillary flow parameters in aging
Summary
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 15. Potential involvement of perineuronal nets in brain aging: an anatomical point of view
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Age-related changes in PNNs
PNNs and neuronal protection
PNNs and synaptic plasticity
PNNs and cognitive function
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of PNNs
Key facts of the anatomy of the hippocampus
Summary points
Chapter 16. Grey-matter networks in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Gray matter covariance networks
Analysis methods
Gray matter networks and aging
Gray matter networks and sex
Gray matter networks and cognition
Gray matter networks and disease
Caveats and outlook
Application to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 17. Changes in brain synapse–related molecules with age
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of the hippocampal formation
Mechanisms of synapse formation
Different neuronal vulnerability between the CA1 and CA3 regions
Changes in expression levels of synaptic CAMs and their binding proteins with development and age
Changes in expression levels of other synapse-related molecules with development and age
Conclusions and perspectives
Summary points
Chapter 18. Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The process of macro- and chaperone-mediated autophagy
Autophagic flux and precision monitoring of autophagy
Macroautophagy is a key regulatory link between aging and neurodegeneration
CMA and its role in aging and cognition
On the repurposing of drugs for autophagy targeting and antiaging research
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of autophagy
Summary points
Chapter 19. Neuronal L-type calcium channels in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Ca2+ signaling and the L-type calcium channel
CaV1.2 and CaV1.3
Ca2+dysregulation and synaptic plasticity in aging
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Parkinson disease
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of neuronal L-type calcium channels (LTCCs)
Summary points
Chapter 20. The impact of aged microglia on d-serine-regulated glutamatergic transmission
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 21. Ion channels and the aging brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of Alzheimer disease
Key facts of dasatinib
Summary points
Chapter 22. Dendritic spine remodeling and aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Structural remodeling of spines in the aging brain
Age-related memory loss
Spine-minded therapeutics in a complex, aging brain
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts about dendritic spines
Summary
Chapter 23. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and neuroaging: memory and gyrification of the insular and frontal opercular cortex
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Vasoprotective functions of HDL related to AD
Positive effect of HDLC on cognitive and memory functions
Surface-based morphometry
Associations of HDLC and memory function in the elderly
Association between HDLC and gyrification of insular and frontal opercular cortex
Effects of insular and frontal opercular cortices on memory function
Conclusion
Key facts of gyrification
Summary points
Chapter 24. Astrocyte and microglial aging: morphology and modeling
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Glia and eugeric aging
Astrocyte-specific activation in eugeric aging
Microglia-specific changes in eugeric aging
Biochemical basis of activation in eugeric aging
Inflammaging
Stress as a driver of inflammaging
Diseases driving inflammaging—chronic diseases
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts in morphology associated with glial aging
Summary points
Chapter 25. Cerebellum—aging of the neuronal machine
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Structure and function
Cerebellar changes in aging
Current concepts and hypotheses for cerebellar aging
Possible methods of prevention of cerebellar damage and improvement of cerebellar function
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of cerebellum
Summary points
Chapter 26. Lipids, beta-secretase 1, and Alzheimer disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction: the link between lipids and Alzheimer
Role of lipid rafts in AD
Sphingolipids and Alzheimer disease
Phospholipids and Alzheimer disease
Arachidonic acid, PLA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and Alzheimer
Therapeutically targeting of BACE1 and lipid enzymes
Saturation balance of fatty acids plays a key role in the control of AD inflammation
Conclusion and perspectives
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 27. Aging, myelination, and the optic nerve
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Myelination in the nervous system
Regulation of myelination
Aging and oligodendrocytes
Changes in the optic nerves with age
Myelin changes in the optic nerve
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 28. Linking proteostasis, aging, and brain ischemia
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The impact of aging in CA
The impact of aging in ischemic stroke
Effects of brain aging and ischemia on cellular homeostasis
Proteostasis-related pathways in aging and brain ischemia
Clinical implications
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of brain ischemia
Summary points
Chapter 29. Luteinizing hormone and the aging nervous system
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Circulating luteinizing hormone relationship with cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease
Circulating luteinizing hormone suppression effects on cognition and Alzheimer disease
Relevance of CNS-derived luteinizing hormone on cognition and Alzheimer disease
Unifying hypotheses for the role of luteinizing hormone signaling in the aging CNS
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of aging
Key points on luteinizing hormone
Summary points
Chapter 30. Insights into aging using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The principles of TMS
TMS measures of cortical circuit functioning across the lifespan
TMS measures of cortical plasticity across the lifespan
Extension to regions beyond the motor cortex with TMS-EEG
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Summary points
Chapter 31. Alpha rhythms: what they are and how they alter with aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Thalamic mechanisms of AR
Cortical mechanisms and basic functions of AR
AR from human EEG
AR structure with data-driven methods
Intrinsic AR structure in young adults
AR components and visual processing streams
The conventional view of AR aging
Aging of the intrinsic component structure of AR
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of alpha rhythm (AR)
Summary points
Chapter 32. Nicotine and its derivatives in healthy brain aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The aging brain: Mechanisms and consequences
Nicotine: Kinetics, metabolism, and metabolites in the brain
Nicotine, its metabolites, and nAChRs in the brain
Procognitive effects of nicotine in neurodegeneration and aging
From bench to bedside: Clinical applications of nicotine
Cotinine: An emerging role player in the procognitive effects of nicotine
Nornicotine: A minor but pharmacologically active metabolite of nicotine in the brain
Conclusion and future directions
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of nicotine
Summary points
Part III. Physiological aspects
Chapter 33. Environmental enrichment and physiological aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Changes in neuroplasticity in the aging brain and effects of EE
Applications to other areas of aging
Summary points
Key facts
Chapter 34. Treadmill exercise and neuroinflammation: Links with aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Key facts of treadmill exercise, neuroinflammation, and aging
Summary points
Chapter 35. Impact of aerobic exercise on brain structure in models of aging: hippocampus and beyond
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Cellular and molecular processes
Effects on brain structure
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of brain structure
Summary points
Chapter 36. The effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on brain and cognitive aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Exercise effects on growth factors in aging
Arterial elasticity in aging
Fitness effects on the preservation of cognitive performance, brain tissue, and cognitive function
Discussion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts about arterial elasticity
Summary points
Chapter 37. Aging, babble noise, and the processing of speech perception
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Cognitive aging
What is noise?
Speech processing in babble noise
Factors influencing speech perception in background noise of aging brain
Neuroimaging technique
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 38. The blood-brain barrier in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The structure and role of BBB
BBB in physiological aging
BBB in age-related pathologies
How to preserve the integrity of BBB in aging?
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of blood-brain barrier aging
Summary points
Part IV. Behavior and psychopathological aspects
Chapter 39. Linking aging, anticholinergic drugs use, and cognitive impairment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 40. Cognitive frailty: definitions, components, and impact on disability and mortality
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Frailty phenotypes
Cognitive frailty: a new definition
Cognitive frailty models and the potential for reversibility
Cognitive frailty: screening and diagnostic aspects
Current epidemiology of cognitive frailty
Biomarkers and potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive frailty
Applications to other areas of aging
Discussion
Key facts of cognitive frailty
Summary points
Chapter 41. Cognitive impairment (brain) and (et) dynapenia (D) “BED” in older persons: role of arterial tree
Introduction: the “motoric cognitive risk (MRC)”
Main text: the link between hypertension and white matter hyperintensity (WMH)
Hypertension and cognitive impairment
Risk factors for dementia
Minor neurological signs and frailty in older persons
Frailty and dementia
Falls as key element of the “brain-muscle loop”
Physical activity and dementia
Clinical evaluation of the “motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome”
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of vascular system
Summary points
Chapter 42. Disentangling the effects of aging and ovarian hormone loss on sleep: implications for health and disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Overview of sleep
Menopause and associated ovarian hormone changes
Sleep is sensitive to menopause-associated hormone loss
Hormone deprivation, circadian rhythms, and homeostatic regulation of sleep
Sleep and healthy aging
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of sleep in aging women
Summary points
Chapter 43. Role of DNA methylation in aging-related cognitive functioning
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
DNA methylation as biomarker of disease
Regulation of DNA methylation in cognitive functioning
DNA methylation signatures of cognitive functioning
Epigenetic clock and cognitive functioning
Challenges and limitations of epigenetic studies of cognition
Summary
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of DNA methylation in aging
Summary points
Chapter 44. Depression in the elderly and psychobiotics
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Geriatric depression
Psychobiotics
Application of psychobiotics in the geriatric MDD
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of psychobiotics
Summary points
Part V. Diet and nutrition
Chapter 45. Aging, dietary patterns, and cognition
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Single nutritional supplementation on cognitive decline over aging
Potential use of multinutrient supplementation
Dietary patterns on cognitive decline over aging
MIND diet
Keto diet
Conclusions
Application to other areas of aging
Summary points
Chapter 46. Geriatric nutritional risk index: applications and limitations
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI)
Reliability and validity
Limitations
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of GNRI
Summary points
Chapter 47. Diet, inflammation, and neurocognitive aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Inflammation in LOAD
Diet in relation to LOAD and brain aging
Diet and inflammation
Mediation role of inflammation in the association between diet and LOAD
Research gaps and future direction
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 48. The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diets and brain aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Dietary pattern background
DASH diet and cognitive function
MIND diet and cognitive function
Potential mechanisms of action
Modulation of CVD risk and indices of diabetes
Telomere length
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets and brain aging
Summary points
Chapter 49. The ketogenic diet and healthy brain aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Fueling the brain
Ketogenesis and ketolysis
Dietary patterns and neurodegenerative disease
Experimental ketotherapeutics and neurodegenerative disease: mouse models
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of aging and ketone bodies
Summary points
Chapter 50. Autophagy and aging: diet, exercise, and the link with the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC)
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
An unkept house: autophagy and aging
Activating life’s recycling system
Finding good housekeeping
Live, laugh, longevity nutrients
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of autophagy
Key facts of caloric restriction
Key facts of the evolutionary underpinnings of human neurobiology of calorie restriction
Summary points
Chapter 51. Dietary flavonoids and brain health in aging: food for thought
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Can flavonoids reach the brain?
Are dietary flavonoids protective in aging? Glimpse into the epidemiological evidence
Impact of dietary flavonoids on cognition in humans
Mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the aging brain
Applications to other areas of aging: flavonoids and cardiovascular health
Key facts of flavonoids
Summary points
Chapter 52. Antioxidant effects of curcumin and neuroaging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Curcumin in oxidative and nitrosative stress-related aging in the brain: molecular-level effects
The effect of curcumin on mild cognitive impairments: evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies
Dietary curcumin and its effect on mild cognitive impairments and dementia: evidence from clinical trials
Applications to other areas of aging or aging-related disorders
Key facts of curcumin
Summary points
Chapter 53. Lipoic acid and vitamin D3 and their use in preventing brain aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Lipoic acid as a multifactorial nutrient
Lipoic acid in supplement formulation
Vitamin D3 as an aging marker
Vitamin D3 in the formulation of food supplements
New formulation that combines lipoic acid and vitamin D3 to improve cognitive function
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts of aging process
Summary points
Chapter 54. Effects of β−hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on biomarkers for cognitive function and electrophysiological processes in aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
HMB effects on cognition
Potential mechanism for HMB’s procognitive effects
Subjects and dietary supplements
Western blot
Electrophysiology
Effects of HMB supplementation
Summary of HMB’s effects
Possible mechanism for HMB’s cognitive benefits
Applications to other areas of aging
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 55. Hydration, the brain, and aging
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of aging
Regulation of fluid balance and aging
Dehydration and cognition function
Dehydration and cognitive function in the elderly
The role of dehydration in brain health and function
Key facts
Summary points
Index

Colin R. Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Factors Affecting Neurological Aging

Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet

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Colin R. Martin

Victor R Preedy

Rajkumar Rajendram

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