Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment

Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet

1st Edition - May 29, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Colin R. Martin, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 8 6 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 8 7 - 1

Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with proper and abnormal… Read more

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Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with proper and abnormal development. The book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological development and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the physiological, behavioral, molecular, and cellular features of neurodevelopment. In addition, the book examines in vitro and in vivo modeling of development with stem cells and model systems.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I. Genetics, molecular and cellular biology
Chapter 1. Hereditary motor neuropathies and overlapping conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical phenotype
Genetic bases
Applications to other areas of development
Funding
Key facts of hereditary motor neuropathies
Summary points
Chapter 2. Early life adversity and the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene in predicting childhood symptoms of ADHD and depression
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Auckland Birthweight Collaborative study and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Auckland Birthweight Collaborative study and depression
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 3. Genome-wide association studies and neurodevelopment: autism spectrum disorders and related traits
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Genome-wide association study of autism spectrum disorders and related traits
Prioritizing genes using bioinformatics databases
Future directions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of autism spectrum disorders
Key facts of genome-wide association study
Summary points
Chapter 4. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cerebral palsy
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neuroinflammation and cerebral palsy development
Biomarkers
Studied genes
Cytokines
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts for cerebral palsy development
Summary points
Chapter 5. Epigenetic regulation of cortical neurogenesis
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neural stem and progenitor cell types of the developing neocortex
Epigenetics
Histone modifications
H3K9me3 and Ehmt1/2
H3K27me3 and polycomb proteins
H3K4me3 demethylation and the Kdm5 gene family
H3K4me3 and trithorax proteins
Conclusions and outlook
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of epigenetics
Summary points
Chapter 6. Functions and dynamics of axonal mitochondria in development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Mitochondria transport mechanisms
Mitochondria stalling/capture mechanisms
Mitochondria fission
Mitochondria fusion
Targeting and distribution of mitochondria in axons
Role of the mitochondrion at the growth cone
Role of the mitochondrion in axon regeneration
Role of the mitochondrion in axon branching
The role of mitochondria in defining sites of axonal mRNA translation
Role of the mitochondrion at the presynaptic compartment
Axonal mitochondria as local energy sources
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 7. Linking apoptosis and caspases in fetal neural tube defects
Mini-dictionary of terms
Neural tube defects
Apoptosis and caspases
The role of apoptosis in the formation of the embryonic neural tube
Folate deficiency, apoptosis, and neural tube defects
Valproic acid, apoptosis, and neural tube defects
Maternal diabetes, apoptosis, and neural tube defects
Environmental exposure, apoptosis, and neural tube defects
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about neural tube defects and apoptosis
Summary points
Chapter 8. Brain oxidative stress and pathophysiological significance in Down syndrome
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Enhanced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Down syndrome
Proteins modified with aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation in Down syndrome
Possible genes responsible for enhanced oxidative stress in the trisomic region of Ts1Cje mice
Cu accumulation in the brain of a Down syndrome mouse model as a cause of oxidative stress
Accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the brain of mice with Down syndrome
Key facts of Down syndrome
Summary points
Chapter 9. Linking adhesion GPCRs to glial cell development and function
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction to adhesion G protein–coupled receptors
Adhesion G protein–coupled receptor structure and function
Adhesion G protein–coupled receptors in glial cell development and function
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of glia and adhesion class of G protein–coupled receptors
Summary points
Chapter 10. Immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules of the Ig-FNIII type and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
FN-type IgCAM families engaged in brain development
Modes and configurations of protein–protein interaction of FN-type IgCAMs
Engagement of FN-type IgCAMs in neurodevelopmental processes
Involvement of FN-type IgCAMs in neurodevelopmental disorders
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of cell adhesion molecules
Summary points
Chapter 11. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and embryonic neurogenesis
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adult neurogenesis
Possible involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the neurogenesis stimulated by compounds
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor–mediated neurogenesis
Summary points
Chapter 12. SLC7A5 and neural development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 13. Linking SOX3, SRY, and disorders of neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Hormones and sex chromosomes are not mutually exclusive as explanations for neurodevelopmental sex bias
SOX3 and SRY are homologous proteins expressed during brain development
Epigenetic mechanisms and gene networks of SRY and SOX3
SOX3/SRY targets and neurodevelopmental disorders
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of SOX3 and SRY in neurodevelopmental disorders
Summary points
Chapter 14. Neuronal Src homology 2 B adaptor protein 1 and brain growth
Mini-dictionary of terms
Applications to other areas of development
Introduction
SH2B family
Neuronal SH2B1 supports brain development and growth
Role of neuronal SH2B1 in mental states and defensive behavior
Cellular mechanisms of SH2B1 actions on brain development and maintenance
SH2B1 pathways in brain development
Role of brain SH2B1 in the control of body weight and metabolism
Key facts of SH2B1 and brain growth
Summary points
Chapter 15. Effects of extrinsic factors and intracellular signaling and transcription factors regulating the development and cell fate of spinal cord ependymal cells
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The heterogeneity of spinal cord ependymal cells
The properties of spinal cord ependymal cells after injury
Extrinsic factors affecting the cell fate of spinal cord ependymal cells
Intracellular signaling and transcription factors for the cell fate determination of spinal cord ependymal cells
Conclusion
Applications to other areas
Key facts of spinal cord injury
Summary points
Chapter 16. Myelination, oligodendrocyte development, and associated neurodevelopmental disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The myelin membrane beyond a simple electrical insulator
Myelin role in axonal growth regulation and maintenance
Oligodendrocyte generation
Genetic control of oligodendrocyte development
Oligodendrocytes and myelin-associated neurodevelopmental disorders
Applications to other areas of development
Summary points
Part II. Neurological and imaging features
Chapter 17. Magnetic resonance imaging of the developing fetal brain structures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Fetal magnetic resonance imaging
Imaging of the fetal brain structures
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of fetal magnetic resonance imaging
Summary points
Chapter 18. Four-dimensional ultrasonography: methods, uses, and fetal neuroscience
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography for fetal behavior evaluation
Four-dimensional ultrasonography and its implications in the assessment of fetal neurobehavior
The launch of Kurjak antenatal neurodevelopmental test by four-dimensional ultrasonography
KANET applicability in clinical practice
Normal fetal neurobehavior development in the first trimester of pregnancy
Physiological variations of fetal neurobehavior during second and third trimesters of pregnancy
Abnormal fetal brain development assessed with 4D US KANET results
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of fetoscopy
Summary of points
Chapter 19. Linking histology and neurological development of the fetal and infant brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Early fetal period (8–12 postconceptional weeks)
Midfetal period (15–23 postconceptional weeks)
Late fetal period: early preterm (24–32 postconceptional weeks)
Late fetal period: late preterm (33–36 postconceptional weeks)
The neonatal period: newborn at term
Early infancy (1–3 months)
Late infancy (4–12 months)
Period of transition between infancy and early childhood
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of human cortical development
Summary points
Chapter 20. Development of corticospinal tract axons: from embryonic stage to adulthood
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Three-dimensional navigation of corticospinal tract
Molecular pathways of corticospinal tract navigation
Corticospinal tract connection and relays between upper and lower motor neurons to drive motor control
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of corticospinal tract development
Key facts of spinal cord injury and its relation with corticospinal tract
Summary points
Chapter 21. Vascular endothelial growth factor and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Applications to other areas of development
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor effects on neurogenesis
Conclusion
Key facts of VEGF
Summary points
Chapter 22. Brain-wide connectivity architecture: developmental aspects
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Structural morphology and connectivity
Brain function and connectivity
Brain function
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of functional magnetic resonance imaging
Summary points
Chapter 23. Development and pathology of the germinal matrix
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Classifying germinal matrix hemorrhage
Application to other areas of development
Conclusion
Key facts of germinal matrix physiology and pathology
Summary points
Chapter 24. Development of the GABAergic network in the mouse spinal cord
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
GABAergic synapses and GABAergic transmission
GABAergic network in the mature spinal cord
Development of GABAergic system in the spinal cord
Discussion and conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of the GABAergic network development in the spinal cord
Summary points
Chapter 25. Postnatal development, electrophysiology, and sensory sural nerves
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Peripheral nervous system
Myelination during development
The sural nerve
Systemic alterations in the development of sural nerves
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of the development of the sensory sural nerve
Summary points
Chapter 26. Neuroscience of developing axonal strata in the human fetal brain
Introduction
Histological basis
Appearance of sagittal strata on magnetic resonance imaging
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of sagittal strata
Summary points
Chapter 27. Neuroactive steroids and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of neuroactive steroids
Summary points
Chapter 28. Voltage and ligand-gated ion channels appearance and function in neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The narrative of neocortex development with the prospect of ion channel role and function
Spontaneous correlated activity: the basic property of developing brain
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of the excitatory role of GABAA during neurodevelopment
Summary points
Chapter 29. Features of white matter development in very preterm children from infancy to late childhood
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Brain development relative to the premature period
Brain alterations detected in utero or shortly after birth
Subtle alterations to white matter
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about periventricular leukomalacia following preterm birth
Summary points
Chapter 30. The medial pulvinar: A crucial player in the development of the primate brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)
Summary points
Chapter 31. Cortical sulci in the human fetal brain and development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Theories of human sulcal folding development
Early sulcal folds and sulcal pits
Stable spatial distribution of early sulcal folds: relation to genetics and brain functions
Specific spatiotemporal pattern of sulcal development in the human fetal brain
Sulcal development analysis in the human fetal brain using magnetic resonance imaging
Abnormal pattern of fetal cortical sulci in developmental brain disorders
Future works in sulcal folding study in the human fetal brain
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of Fetal Cortical Folding
Summary points
Chapter 32. Causes and consequences of structural aberrations in cerebellar development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Cerebellar structure
Cerebellar development
Abnormal cerebellar development
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of abnormal cerebellar development
Summary points
Chapter 33. The developmental code of the cerebellothalamocortical tract
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Anatomical and functional features of the developing cerebellar network
Targets of early cerebellar output; focus on cerebellothalamocortical development
Cerebellar output modulates (patho-) physiological brain activity
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about developing cerebellothalamocortical networks
Summary points
Chapter 34. Prenatal exposure to progestins: Impact on neurodevelopment of the child
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The past: synthetic hormones, pregnancies, and psychiatric disorders in children after fetal exposure
The present: action of progestin(s) on central nervous system
The future: for the protection of future generations and for herself, women, whether pregnant or not, should be extremely vigilant about any kind of synthetic hormone therapy
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Part III. Physiological aspects
Chapter 35. Brain lesion characteristics in relation to upper limb function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Key fact of mirror movements
Summary points
Chapter 36. Maternal exercise and brain development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Concluding remarks
Summary points
Chapter 37. Pyramidal neurons: physiology, pathophysiology, and postnatal development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The ontogenesis and functional properties of pyramidal neurons
Development of pyramidal neurons in relation to cognitive function
Pyramidal neuron dysfunction in relation to developmental psychopathology
Conclusion and future directions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of pyramidal neurons
Summary points
Chapter 38. Working memory: Physiology and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Development of anatomical and physiological signals related to working memory
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 39. EEG development during resting state
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Frequency changes of brain rhythms during maturation
EEG is a diagnostic tool during development: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Summary points
Chapter 40. Availability and metabolism of thyroid hormones in the developing brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Thyroid hormone availability to the brain
Ontogeny of thyroid hormone action in the brain
Maternal thyroid hormone action in the developing foetal cerebral cortex
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of thyroid hormones in brain development
Summary points
Part IV. Behavior and psychopathological aspects
Chapter 41. Quality of life and psychosocial functioning in childhood stroke
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Functional and neurological outcome
Psychosocial outcomes
Quality of life
Summary of psychosocial outcomes and health-related quality of life
Clinical implications
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of childhood stroke
Summary points
Chapter 42. Neuropsychological outcomes following childhood stroke
Mini-dictionary of terms
Childhood stroke
Neuropsychological functioning following childhood stroke
Academic attainments
Language
Memory
Visuospatial and visuomotor function
Attention
Executive function
Risk factors associated with outcome following childhood stroke
Summary of neuropsychological outcome in childhood stroke
Clinical implications
Future research
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of childhood stroke
Summary points
Chapter 43. Youths with autism and working memory
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder and working memory
Neural correlates of working memory in autism spectrum disorder
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Magnetoencephalography
Magnetoencephalography source analyses
Magnetoencephalography oscillatory connectivity analyses
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 44. Episodic memory development in normal and adverse environments: The importance of critical periods
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Age-related improvements in episodic memory function
Maturation of the neural correlates of episodic memory
Critical periods in memory development
Key facts of episodic memory development
Summary points
Chapter 45. Cognitive aspects of Down syndrome
Mini dictionary of terms
Introduction and main text
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of Down syndrome
Summary points
Chapter 46. Adolescent neurocognitive development and cannabis use
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Normative adolescent neurocognitive development
The endocannabinoid system
Models of adolescent neurocognitive development and cannabis use
Review of existing studies of adolescent cannabis use
Methodological considerations and future directions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of substance abuse and cannabis abuse
Summary points
Chapter 47. The role of social anxiety in autism and the broader autism phenotype: Evidence from childhood through adulthood
Mini-dictionary of terms
Autism
Social anxiety
Comorbidity
Broader autism phenotype
Treating challenging co-occurring conditions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of the comorbidity between autism and social anxiety disorder
Summary points
Chapter 48. The impact of touch on bonding and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Touch is pivotal for the offspring
Peripheral and central processing of interpersonal touch
The importance of touch at different stages of infantile development
Key facts of affective touch
Summary points
Applications to other areas of development
Chapter 49. Catch-up growth and neurobehavioral development of small-for-gestational-age infants
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Catch-up growth of small-for-gestational-age infants
Neurodevelopment of small-for-gestational-age infants
Early childhood motor, language and cognitive development
Early childhood behavioural development
Cognitive function and academic performance during school age
School-age behavioural development
Problems during puberty and beyond
How does the growth of the body affect the brain?
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts regarding catch-up growth
Summary points
Part V. Diet and nutrition
Chapter 50. Caloric restriction and the developing brain
Introduction
Cellular mechanisms of caloric restriction action
Brain mechanisms of caloric restriction
Caloric (and food) restriction effects on the developing brain
Applications of caloric (and food) restriction to other areas of development
Chapter 51. The influence of maternal high-fat diet consumption on neurobehavioral development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Application to other areas of development
Introduction
Effects of maternal inflammation and placental lipids on fetal neurodevelopment
Perturbations in the development of neural circuitry stemming from maternal high-fat diet
Neurotransmitter systems
Maternal high-fat diet exposure suppresses the development of offspring’s serotonergic system
Maternal high-fat diet programming of the dopaminergic system
Maternal high-fat diet influences early signaling pathways within the melanocortin system
Conclusion
Key facts about maternal western-style diet
Summary points
Chapter 52. Bone mineral density and nutritional factors in children with cerebral palsy
Applications to other areas of development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Classification
Bone mineral density and the consumption of phosphorus, calcium, and vitamin D
Key facts of bone mineral density
Summary points
Chapter 53. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Linking the neurogenesis, hippocampus, and Down syndrome
Mini-dictionary of terms
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a well-established neuroprotective agent
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a new role for neurodevelopmental alterations in Down syndrome
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of down syndrome
Summary points
Chapter 54. Folic acid to prevent spina bifida and anencephaly
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Summary
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of folic acid
Key facts of anencephaly and spina bifida
Summary points
Index

Colin R. Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment

Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet

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Colin R. Martin

Victor R Preedy

Rajkumar Rajendram

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