Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications

1st Edition - January 20, 2025
Editors: Anand Krishnan, Vadivalagan Chithravel, Prakash Gangadaran, Sathish Muthu, Ben Peacock
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 8 9 1 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 3 8 9 2 - 5

Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications provides an introduction to exosomes and extracellular vesicles, including their unique properties and character… Read more

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Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications provides an introduction to exosomes and extracellular vesicles, including their unique properties and characterization, before detailing the most-utilized isolation, purification, and surface engineering techniques for their preparation as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This book reviews recent developments in interdisciplinary research on exosome structure, properties, and engineering approaches as well as their use in diagnosis and treatment of a variety of illnesses such as cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease, ophthalmic diseases, and others. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications is an important reference for those interested in the development and application of exosomes and extracellular vesicles as biomaterials for us in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Isolation and purification of exosome and other extracellular vesicles
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Centrifugation-based isolation of extracellular vesicles
1.3 Affinity-based EV isolation
1.4 Microfluidics-based EV isolation
1.5 Conclusion
Conflict of interests
Author’s contributions
References
Chapter 2. Overview of the characterization of extracellular vesicles
Abstract
2.1 Background on extracellular vesicles
2.2 Classification of extracellular vesicles
2.3 Cargo compositions
2.4 Importance of characterizing extracellular vesicles
2.5 EV isolation techniques
2.6 Physical characterization of extracellular vesicles
2.7 Molecular profiling of extracellular vesicles
2.8 Conclusion
Funding information
Conflict of interest statement
Data availability statement
References
Chapter 3. Extracellular vesicles for therapeutic and diagnostic applications
Abstract
Graphical abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Features and modification in extracellular vesicle
3.3 Different detection mechanisms of exosomes
3.4 Various disease-based extracellular vesicles as diagnostic biomarkers
3.5 Clinical prospective and challenges
3.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 4. Preclinical evidence of extracellular vesicles for therapeutic and diagnostic applications
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Therapeutic and diagnostic applications in preclinical models
4.3 Cancer
4.4 Cardiovascular diseases and disorders
4.5 Neurodegenerative diseases and disorders
4.6 Liver diseases and disorders
4.7 Kidney diseases and disorders
4.8 Pulmonary diseases and disorders
4.9 Reproductive diseases and disorders
4.10 Wound healing research
4.11 Musculoskeletal disorders
4.12 Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter 5. Extracellular vesicles as biomarker and therapeutic targets for neurological disorders
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Extracellular vesicles in the central nervous system
5.3 EVs as biomarkers for neurological disorders
5.4 EVs as therapeutic target for neurological disorders
5.5 Future directions and conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Revolutionizing cardiovascular health: exploring the extracellular vesicles
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The roles of extracellular vesicle contents in inflammation and cardiovascular disease
6.3 Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology
6.4 Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and prognosis
6.5 Extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease treatment
6.6 Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems for cardiovascular disease treatment
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Extracellular vesicles for infectious diseases: a game-changer in infectious disease control
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Role of EVs in infection
7.3 Extracellular vesicles for the treatment of infectious diseases
7.4 EVs for prevention of infectious diseases
7.5 Challenges and limitations
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Extracellular vesicles against viral pathogens and infectious diseases
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview on infectious diseases—gaps and prospects
8.3 Extracellular vesicles as emerging drug delivery cargoes
8.4 Exosomal microenvironment against viral infections and other infectious agents
8.5 Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for pathogens
8.6 Extracellular vesicles against emerging and preexisting viral infections
8.7 Extracellular vesicles against different infectious agents
8.8 Challenges associated with infectious disease therapy and extracellular vesicles
8.9 Future perspectives and conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9. Theranostic potential of extracellular vesicles released from mycobacteria and mycobacterium-infected host cells
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mycobacterial EV biogenesis
9.3 Isolation and purification of mycobacterial extracellular vesicles
9.4 Host immunomodulation by mycobacteria-derived extracellular vesicles
9.5 Cellular alterations induced by exosomes from mycobacterium-infected hosts
9.6 Theranostic application of mycobacteria-derived extracellular vesicles
9.7 Theranostic applications of exosomes derived from mycobacterium-infected hosts
9.8 Implications of extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis of different TB subtypes
9.9 EV-based mimetics
9.10 Conclusion
9.11 Future prospects
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 10. Extracellular vesicles in reproductive medicines
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Extracellular vesicles
References
Chapter 11. Extracellular vesicles for ophthalmic and dermal ailments
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of exosomes
11.3 Bioengineering and loading of cargo in exosomes
11.4 Exosomes as vectors for advanced therapies
11.5 Clinical potential of exosomes
11.6 Application of exosomes in topical drug delivery
11.7 Application of exosomes for ocular drug delivery
11.8 Exosomes as bioinspired nanocarriers for RNA delivery: microneedle platform
11.9 Biodistribution of exosomes
11.10 Potential challenges or risk of exosomes
11.11 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 12. Extracellular vesicles for intervertebral disc regeneration
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Intervertebral disc degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and current regenerative treatments
12.3 Extracellular vesicles and intervertebral disc regeneration
12.4 Inhibition of apoptosis
12.5 Maintenance of ECM homeostasis
12.6 Antioxidant effects
12.7 Antiinflammatory effects
12.8 Current issues and future perspectives
12.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Extracellular vesicles: unlocking therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Regenerative medicine
13.3 EVs
References
Chapter 14. Role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract
14.1 Introduction to neurodegenerative diseases
14.2 Parkinson’s disease
14.3 Extracellular vesicles
14.4 Extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
14.5 Therapeutic potential of EVs for neurodegenerative diseases
14.6 Future perspectives
References
Chapter 15. Extracellular vesicle: the future personalized, targeted drug therapy towards cancer management
Abstract
15.1 Introductory remarks
15.2 Tumor-promoting properties of EVs
15.3 The extracellular vesicle role in tumor suppressor pathways
15.4 Extracellular vesicles in different stages of cancer
15.5 Future aspect and extracellular vesicle as a therapeutic agent
15.6 Concluding remark
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 16. Exosome and other extracellular vesicles for bone diseases
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Exosomal regulation of bone homeostasis
16.3 Exosomal-mediated osteoblast differentiation and function
16.4 Exosomal regulation of osteoblast
16.5 Exosomal regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption
16.6 Exosomal communication within the bone microenvironment
16.7 Implications of exosomes in bone diseases
16.8 Osteoporosis
16.9 Osteoarthritis
16.10 Bone metastasis
16.11 Fracture healing
16.12 Diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities
16.13 Clinical evidence
16.14 Challenges and future directions
16.15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. In silico techniques, artificial intelligence, and machine learning for enhanced efficacy of extracellular vesicle–based diagnosis and therapeutics
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Diagnostic role of extracellular vesicles
17.3 Therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles
17.4 Role and application of bioinformatic tools in extracellular vesicle design and applications
17.5 Roles and applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning
References
Chapter 18. Regulatory concerns for exosome- and other extracellular vesicle-based diagnostics and medicine products
Abstract
18.1 Therapeutic potential of EVs and exosomes
18.2 Regulatory requirements to be considered in developing EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications
18.3 Intellectual property and commercialization concerns
18.4 Exceptions to compliance with MISEV guidelines
References
Index

Anand Krishnan

Dr. Anand Krishnan is a Principal Investigator in the Department of Chemical Pathology, School Pathology, Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, South Africa. He leads the Precision Medicine Integrative Nano Diagnostics (P-MIND) laboratories, which focus on the biological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in synthetic biology. His research encompasses cell surface protein modification, biomarker discovery through EVs derived from liquid biopsies, and the role of circulating biomarkers in disease development and stem cell biology. Dr. Krishnan has authored over 150 articles and edited eight books published by Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley. He received the National Research Foundation (NRF) rating for Next Generation Researchers in South Africa. In the latest list published by Stanford University, Dr. Krishnan was named among the Top 2% of the most influential scientists worldwide. He is an active member of the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), the African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC), and the American Association of Cancer Research (AACR). Recently, he has been serving as an editor for the eLife journal, focusing on the Africa region.

Affiliations and expertise

Precision Medicine and Integrated Nano-Diagnostics (P-MIND) Research Group, Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Vadivalagan Chithravel

Dr. Vadivalagan Chithravel works as a Research Fellow in the Department of Surgery at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, specializing in medical science, excluding epidemiology. The Exosome Mediated Signal Transduction Mechanism is his area of expertise. His current work focuses on a glycosylation biomarker associated with an exosome pathway for the physiology of cells with HCC. In addition to being a group director and scientist at the SAARP foundation in India, he has held postdoctoral research fellow positions at Taipei Medical University and China Medical University in Taiwan. He is also an active member of the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles and the American Association of Extracellular Vesicles.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Centre, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Prakash Gangadaran

Dr. Prakash Gangadaran is Principal Investigator and FOUR-Brain Korea Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Department of Biomedical Science and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. He has expertise in utilization of extracellular vesicles in angiogenesis, wound healing, drug delivery, molecular and nuclear imaging. He has published more than 48 research articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has authored 2 book chapters as well as 24 review articles. His research interests include extracellular vesicles, angiogenesis, wound healing and drug delivery, radiotherapies, molecular imaging and nuclear imaging.

Affiliations and expertise

BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.

Sathish Muthu

Dr. Sathish Muthu is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Orthopaedics at Government Medical College, Karur, India. He is the Co-Founder and Head of Research at Orthopaedic Research Group, a non-profit research organization dedicated to translational orthopaedic research. He is also a steering committee member of the Indian Stem Cell Study Group. and associate member of Knowledge Forum Degenerative of AO Spine. Despite being a board-certified orthopaedic surgeon, Dr. Muthu holds fellowships in spine surgery, orthopaedic rheumatology, and regenerative medicine. He has published over 275 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has contributed 5 chapters to books on cartilage injury and regeneration. He is also an Associate Editor at various academic journals like PLOS One, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports. His research focuses on cartilage biology, mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, degenerative disorders, osteoarthritis, and cartilage regeneration.

Affiliations and expertise

Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Ben Peacock

Dr. Ben Peacock is Head of Research at NanoFCM Co., Ltd. He has expertise in exosomal miRNA and protein profiles of EVs from cancer cell lines by RNA-seq and mass spectrometry (ion-trap) with validation by RT-qPCR and further western blotting. In international peer-reviewed journals, he has published more than nine research articles. His research interests include EV research, but he is well established in stromal communication of cancers of the head and neck. Multiple procedures were optimized to maximize EV generation from cell lines, improve concentration and purity of EV isolations, and implement best practices for sample storage.

Affiliations and expertise

Head of Research. NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Nottingham, UK

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Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Anand Krishnan

Vadivalagan Chithravel

Prakash Gangadaran

Sathish Muthu

Ben Peacock