Exploring Engineering

An Introduction to Engineering and Design

6th Edition - October 30, 2024
Authors: Robert Balmer, William Keat
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 5 4 1 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 5 4 2 - 2

Exploring Engineering: An Introduction to Engineering and Design, Sixth Edition explores the world of engineering by introducing the reader to what engineers do, the fundam… Read more

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Exploring Engineering: An Introduction to Engineering and Design, Sixth Edition explores the world of engineering by introducing the reader to what engineers do, the fundamental principles that form the basis of their work, and how they apply that knowledge within a structured design process. The three-part organization of the text reinforces these areas, making this an ideal introduction for anyone interested in exploring the various fields of engineering and learning how engineers work to solve problems. This new edition has been revised with new mini-design projects, more content on ethics, and more examples throughout the text on the use of significant figures.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Physical Constants and Unit Conversion Factors
Copyright
Preface
The structure of this text
Key elements of this book
Acknowledgments
Part 1. Lead-on
Part 1 Lead-on
Chapter 1. What engineers do
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is engineering?
1.3 What do engineers do?
1.4 Where do engineers work?
1.5 What is the difference between engineering and engineering technology?
1.6 What makes a “good” engineer?
1.7 Keys to success as an engineering student
1.8 Engineering is not an spectator sport
Solution
1.8.1 Lead-on skills
1.8.1.1 Seven important lead-on leadership skills
1.9 Summary
Chapter 2. Engineering ethics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What are personal ethics
2.2.1 Five cornerstones of personal ethical behavior
2.2.2 Top ten questions you should ask yourself when making a personal ethical decision2
2.3 What are professional ethics?
2.3.1 National Society of Professional Engineers code of ethics for engineers
2.3.2 Fundamental canons4
Solution
2.4 Engineering ethics decision matrix
Solution
2.4.1 The ethics challenge featuring Dilbert and Dogbert
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3. Elements of engineering analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Engineering drawing and sketching
3.2.1 Drawing scale and dimensioning
3.2.2 Computer-aided design software1
3.2.3 Engineering Sketches
3.3 Engineering variables
3.4 Engineering units of measurement
3.4.1 SI unit system
3.4.2 Unit names and abbreviations
3.5 Significant figures
3.5.1 Only apply the significant figures rule to your final answer
3.6 The “Need–Know–How–Solve” method
3.7 Spreadsheet analysis
3.7.1 Cell addressing modes
3.7.2 Graphing in spreadsheets
3.8 Computer programming with MATLAB
3.8.1 Representation of numbers
3.8.2 Variables, vectors, and arrays
3.8.3 Equations
3.8.4 Running the code in MATLAB
3.8.5 Functions
3.8.6 Control statements
3.9 The Engineering Equation Solver
3.3 Summary
Chapter 4. Force and motion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What is a force?
4.3 Newton’s first law (statics)
4.4 Newton’s second law (dynamics)
4.5 Newton’s third law
4.6 Free-body diagrams
4.6.1 Static equilibrium
4.6.2 Dynamic equilibrium
4.7 What is kinematics?
4.7.1 Distance, speed, and acceleration
4.7.2 The speed versus time diagram
4.8 Summary
Chapter 5. Energy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Energy has the capacity to do work
5.3 Different kinds of energy
5.4 Energy conversion
5.5 Conservation of energy
Summary
Chapter 6. Engineering economics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Why is economics important?
6.3 The cost of money
6.4 When is an investment worth it?
Summary
Part 2. Lead-on
Part 2 Minds-on
Chapter 7. Aeronautical engineering
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Airfoils and lift
7.3 The algebra of imaginary numbers
7.4 Conformal mapping
7.5 The Joukowski airfoil theory
7.6 The Kutta correction
7.7 Symmetric airfoils
7.7.1 The angle of attack
7.8 Major factors in aircraft economy
Summary
Chapter 8. Chemical engineering
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Chemical energy conversion
8.3 Atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions
8.4 The mol
8.5 Stoichiometry
8.5.1 The air-to-fuel ratio
8.6 Heating value of hydrocarbon fuels
8.7 Chemical engineering: How do you make chemical fuels?
8.7.1 Process engineering
8.7.1.1 Distillation
8.8 Modern chemical engineering
8.9 Summary
Chapter 9. Civil engineering
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What do civil engineers do?
9.3 Structural engineering
9.3.1 Truss structures and the method of joints
9.3.2 Example using the method of joints
9.3.3 Solution of the equations using excel
9.4 Geotechnical engineering
9.4.1 Properties of soils
9.4.2 Effective stress principle
9.5 Water resources engineering
9.5.1 Reservoir capacity
9.5.2 Conservation of mass
9.5.3 Estimation of required capacity and yield
9.6 Transportation engineering
9.6.1 Highway capacity
9.6.2 Follow rule for estimating highway capacity
9.7 Summary
Chapter 10. Computer engineering
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Moore’s law
10.3 Analog computers
10.4 From analog to digital computing
10.5 Binary logic
Case 1:
Case 2:
10.6 Truth tables
10.7 Decimal and binary numbers
10.8 Binary arithmetic
10.8.1 Rules of binary subtraction
10.8.2 Rules for binary multiplication
10.8.3 Rules for binary division
10.9 Binary codes
10.10 How does a computer work?
10.11 Computer security
10.12 Summary
Chapter 11. Electrical engineering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrical circuits
11.3 Resistance, Ohm's law, and the “power law”
11.4 Series and parallel circuits
11.5 Kirchhoff’s laws
11.5.1 Kirchhoff's voltage law
11.5.1.1 Voltage dividers
11.5.2 Kirchhoff's Current Law
11.5.2.1 Current dividers
11.6 Switches
11.7 Summary
Chapter 12. Industrial engineering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Manufacturing and quality control
12.2.1 Statistical analysis
12.2.2 Probability theory
12.2.2.1 Probability addition
12.2.2.2 Probability multiplication
12.2.3 Reliability analysis
12.2.4 Calculating system MTTFs
12.2.5 Design of experiments
12.3 Methods engineering
12.4 Simulation analysis and operation research
12.5 Ergonomics
12.5.1 Occupational ergonomics
12.5.2 Cognitive ergonomics
12.6 Material handling
12.7 Summary
Chapter 13. Manufacturing engineering
13.1 Introduction
13.2 What is manufacturing?
13.3 Early manufacturing
13.4 Industrial revolution
13.5 Manufacturing processes
13.5.1 Subtractive processes
13.5.1.1 Turning
13.5.1.2 Drilling
13.5.1.3 Milling
13.5.2 Additive processes
13.5.3 Continuous processes
13.5.4 Net shape processes
13.6 Modern manufacturing
13.6.1 Just-in-time manufacturing
13.6.2 Flexible manufacturing
13.6.3 Lean manufacturing
13.6.4 Life cycle manufacturing
13.7 Variability and six sigma
13.8 Summary
Chapter 14. Materials engineering
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Choosing the right material
14.3 Strength
14.4 Defining materials requirements
14.5 Materials selection
14.6 Properties of modern materials
14.7 Summary
Chapter 15. Mechanical engineering
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mechanical engineering
15.2.1 Thermal design
15.2.2 Machine design
15.3 The elements of thermal design
15.3.1 Heat transfer
15.3.1.1 Thermal conduction
15.3.1.2 Thermal convection
15.3.1.3 Thermal radiation
15.3.2 Fluid mechanics
15.3.2.1 Fluid statics
15.3.2.2 Fluid dynamics
15.3.3 Thermodynamics
15.3.3.1 Thermodynamic system
15.3.3.2 The first law of thermodynamics
15.4 The elements of machine design
15.4.1 Mechanical behavior
15.4.2 Machine elements
15.4.3 Manufacturing processes
15.5 Summary
Chapter 16. Nuclear engineering
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Nuclear fission
16.1.2 Nuclear energy
16.2 Nuclear power reactors
16.3 Neutron moderation
16.4 How does a nuclear reactor work?
16.4.1 Fissile nuclei
16.4.2 Fertile nuclei
16.5 The four factor formula
16.6 Fission products and nuclear waste
16.6.1 Nuclear waste, the Achilles Heel of nuclear power
16.6.2 Nuclear accidents
16.7 Is nuclear power a viable renewable energy source?
16.8 Summary
Part 2.1. Interdisciplinary engineering fields
Part 2.1 Interdisciplinary engineering fields
Chapter 17. Bioengineering
17.1 Introduction
17.2 What do bioengineers do?
17.3 Biological implications of injuries to the head
17.4 Why collisions can kill
17.5 The fracture criterion
17.6 The stress-speed-stopping distance-area (SSSA)
17.7 Criteria for predicting effects of potential accidents
17.8 Healthcare engineering
A case study in healthcare engineering44This case study is from University College London, see https://www.ucl.ac.uk/healthcare-engineering/case-studies/2018/sep/smart-prosthetic-liner-monitors-wearers-temperature-and-actively-cools
17.9 Summary
Chapter 18. Electrochemical engineering
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Electrochemistry
18.3 Principles of electrochemical engineering
18.4 Lead-acid batteries
18.5 The Ragone chart
18.6 Electrochemical series
18.7 Advanced batteries
18.8 Fuel cells
18.8.1 Fuel cells using novel fuels
18.9 Ultracapacitors
18.10 Summary
Chapter 19. Environmental engineering
19.1 Introduction
19.2 What do environmental engineers do?
19.3 How do we measure pollution?
19.3.1 Pollutants in water
19.3.2 Pollutants in soil
19.3.3 Pollutants in air
19.4 The Mass Balance Equation
19.5 Air quality and control
19.5.1 Air quality
19.5.2 Air pollution control
19.5.3 Global implications of air pollution3
19.6 Water quality and treatment
19.6.1 Water quality
19.6.2 Pretreatment of the water supply
19.6.3 Wastewater treatment
19.7 Solid waste management
19.8 Ethical considerations
Summary
Chapter 20. Green energy engineering
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Solar energy
20.2.1 Photovoltaic power
20.2.2 Solar thermal power plants
20.2.3 Solar thermal heating
20.2.4 Windmills
20.2.5 Hydropower
20.3 Other green energy source
20.4 Sustainable engineering
20.4.1 Life cycle analysis
20.4.2 Recycling
Summary
Chapter 21. Mechatronics and physical computing∗
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Physical computing
21.2.1 Actuators
21.2.2 Sensors
21.2.2.1 Temperature sensor
21.2.2.2 Proximity sensors
21.2.2.3 Infrared sensors3
21.2.2.4 Ultrasonic sensor
21.3 Microcontrollers and Arduino
21.3.1 What is Arduino?
21.3.2 The basic structure of an Arduino program (called a “sketch”)
21.3.3 Variables and storing information
21.4 Basic communication for microcontrollers
21.4.1 Digital input–output
21.4.2 Serial communication
21.4.3 The serial monitor
21.4.4 Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion
21.5 Interfacing sensors and actuators
21.5.1 Buttons and switches
21.5.2 Passive sensors
21.5.3 Active sensors
21.5.4 More complex output devices
21.5.5 Controlling higher power actuators
21.6 Summary
Part 3. Hands-on
Part 3 Hands-on
Chapter 22. Introduction to engineering design
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Nature of engineering design
22.3 Design problems versus homework problems
22.4 Benefits of a hands-on design project
22.5 Qualities of a good designer
22.6 Using a design notebook
22.7 The need for a systematic approach
22.8 Steps in the engineering design process
22.9 Hands-on design exercise: “The tower”
22.9.1 Setup
22.9.2 Rules
22.9.3 Scoring
22.9.4 After the exercise
Chapter 23. Design teams
23.1 Introduction
23.2 How to manage a design team project
23.2.1 Gantt and PERT charts
Solution
23.3 Effective teaming
23.3.1 How to write a good memo
23.3.2 Team building
23.3.3 Communication exercise
23.3.4 Problem-solving exercise
23.3.5 Planning exercise
23.3.6 Team leadership
23.3.7 Team assessment, feedback, and risks
Chapter 24. Design step 1: Defining the problem
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Identifying the need
24.3 Defining the problem
24.4 List of design specifications
Demand (D) specification
Performance
Geometry
Materials
Time
Cost
Manufacture
Standards
Safety
Transport
24.5 Design milestone #1: Defining the problem
24.5.1 For a general design project
24.5.2 For design competitions
Chapter 25. Design step 2: Generation of alternative concepts
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Brainstorming
25.2.1 Mind Mapping
25.2.2 Ideation
25.3 Concept sketching
25.4 Hands-on design exercise: “The tube”
25.4.1 Setup
25.4.2 Rules
25.4.3 Procedure
25.5 Research-based strategies for promoting creativity
25.5.1 Analogies
25.5.2 Reverse engineering
25.5.3 Literature search
25.6 Functional decomposition for complex systems
25.6.1 Step 1: Decompose the design objective into a series of functions
25.6.2 Step 2: Brainstorm on alternative concepts for each function and assemble the results in a classification scheme
25.6.3 Step 3: Combine function concepts to form alternative design concepts
25.6.4 Step 4: Sketch each of the most promising combinations
25.7 Design milestone #2: Generation of alternative concepts
Brainstorming
Concept sketching
Functional decomposition
Chapter 26. Design step 3: Evaluation of alternatives and selection of a concept
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Minimize the information content of the design
26.3 Maintain the independence of functional requirements
Solution
Water cannon design
Twin boat design
Final note
26.4 Design for ease of manufacture
26.5 Design for robustness
Manufacturing errors
Environmental changes
Internal wear
26.6 Design for adjustability
Solution
26.7 Hands-on design exercise: “Waste ball”
26.7.1 Scenario
26.7.2 Design objective
26.7.3 Setup
26.7.4 Rules
26.7.5 After the exercise
26.8 The decision matrix
26.8.1 Evaluation criteria
26.8.2 Procedure for filling out a decision matrix
26.8.3 Additional tips on using decision matrices
1 Drives well
2 Putts well
3 Loader is robust
4 Easy to transport
5 Easy to manufacture
6 Discussion of results
26.9 Design milestone #3: Evaluation of alternatives and selection of a concept
Minimize design information content
Functional requirement independence
Design for ease of manufacturability and robustness
Decision matrix
Chapter 27. Design step 4: Detailed design
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Analysis
27.2.1 Selection of DC brushed motors
27.2.2 Common mechanical linkages
27.3 Mechanism control
27.3.1 DC brushed gear motors and batteries
27.3.2 Manual control of motor speed
27.3.3 Remote control of motor speed
27.3.4 Autonomous control of motor speed
27.3.5 Control of servo-actuated functions
27.4 Experiments
Solution
Sources of risk
Proposed experiments
27.5 Models
27.6 Detailed drawings
27.7 Design milestone #4: Detailed design
Analysis
Experiments
Models and drawings
Chapter 28. Design step 5: Design defense
28.1 Introduction
28.2 How to prepare an oral defense
28.3 Design milestone #5: Oral design defense
Preparing an oral defense
Chapter 29. Design step 6: Manufacturing and testing
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Manufacturing and testing strategies
29.3 Materials
29.4 Joining methods
29.5 Useful hand tools
29.5.1 Tools for measuring
29.5.2 Tools for cutting and shaping
29.5.3 Tools for drilling holes
29.5.4 Tools for joining parts
29.5.5 Tools for wiring
29.6 Design milestone #6A: Manufacturing and testing assessment I
Assignment
Grading
29.7 Design milestone #6B: Manufacturing and testing assessment II
Assignment
Subfunction Test
Grading
Manufacturing and testing strategies
Materials and joining methods
Chapter 30. Design step 7: Performance evaluation
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Stage 1 performance evaluation tests
30.3 Design milestone #7: Stage 1 performance evaluation
30.4 Stage 2 performance evaluation—The final competition
Chapter 31. Design step 8: Design report
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Organization of the report
31.3 Writing guidelines
31.4 Technical writing is “impersonal”
31.5 Design milestone #8: Design report
Chapter 32. Examples of design competitions
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Design competition example 1: A Bridge Too Far
32.3 Some design milestone solutions for “A Bridge Too Far”
32.3.1 Design milestone #1: Clarification of the task
32.3.2 Design milestone #2: Generation of alternative concepts
32.3.3 Design milestone #3: Evaluation of alternative concepts
32.3.3.1 Discussion of results
32.3.4 Design milestone #4: Detailed design
32.3.4.1 Experiments
32.3.4.2 Analysis
32.3.4.3 Detailed drawing
32.4 Official rules for the “A Bridge Too Far” design competition
32.4.1 Objective
32.4.2 Constraints
32.4.3 The game
32.4.4 Scoring
32.4.5 Other rules
32.5 Design competition example 2: Mars Meteorite Retriever Challenge
32.6 Some design milestones for the “Mars Meteorite Retriever Challenge”
32.6.1 Design milestone #7: Performance evaluation
32.6.1.1 Grading
32.6.2 Design milestone #8: The design report
32.6.2.1 Purpose
32.6.2.2 Organization
32.6.2.3 Grading
32.6.2.4 Oral presentation
32.7 Official rules for the “Mars Meteorite Retriever Challenge” design competition
32.7.1 Objective
32.7.2 Constraints
32.7.3 Scoring
32.7.4 Rules
32.7.5 Additional supplies
32.8 Design competition example 3: Automatic Air Freshener
32.8.1 Design milestone #1: Defining the problem
32.8.2 Design milestone #2: Generation of alternative concepts
32.8.3 Design milestone #3: Evaluation of alternative concepts
32.8.4 Design milestone #4: Detailed design
32.8.4.1 Mechanical design
32.8.4.2 Electronics design with a microcontroller
Chapter 33. Closing remarks on the important role of design projects in engineering education
Index
National Academy of Engineering
Top 20 Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century
National Academy of Engineering
Challenges for the 21st Century
Engineering Project Design Steps and Milestones

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Exploring Engineering

An Introduction to Engineering and Design

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Resources

Robert Balmer

William Keat