Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture

Contributors

Preface


1. Impact of Introduced Pests on Man

I. Diseases of Crop Plants

II. Weeds

III. Insects

References


2. History of Insect Introductions

I. introduction

II. Biogeographic Considerations

III. Modes of Entry

IV. Incremental Increase in Foreign Species, 1620-1980

V. Composition of Present Immigrant Fauna

VI. Economic Status of Immigrant Insects and Mites

VII. Geographic Origins of Immigrant Fauna

VIII. Conclusions

References


3. History of Plant Pathogen Introductions

I. Hypothesis

II. Logic

III. Plant Introduction as a Government Activity

IV. Entrance of Pathogens with Hosts

V. Return of Native Plants from Abroad

VI. Entrance of Pathogens without Hosts

VII. Entrance of Hosts without Pathogens

VIII. The Importance of Alternate Hosts

IX. The Importance of Vectors

X. Introduction of Pathogens by Travelers

XI. Variable Host Range

XII. Chance of Establishment

XIII. Changing Virulence of Pathogens

XIV. Changing Susceptibility of Hosts

XV. Pathogens Introduced into the United States

XVI. Pathogens Exported from the United States

XVII. Other Pathogens of World Interest

XVIII. Discussion

References


4. History of Weed Introductions

I. Introduction

II. The Importance of Introduced Weeds in North America

III. The Nature of Weeds

IV. Modes of Weed Introduction

V. A Chronicle of Weed Introductions in North America

VI. Legal Considerations

VII. Synopsis and Conclusions

References


5. Where Are the Exotic Insect Threats?

I. Introduction

II. Recognition of Insect Pest Species

III. Characteristics of Organisms That Influence Pest Status

IV. Domestic Pest Threats

V. Conclusions and Recommendations

References


6. Where Are the Exotic Disease Threats?

I. Introduction

II. Awareness of Exotic Diseases and Exotic Disease Threats

III. Realization or Actualization of Exotic Diseases in Our Agriculture

IV. Where Are the Exotic Diseases?

V. Conclusions

References


7. Where Are the Principal Exotic Weed Pests?

I. Definition of a Weed

II. Distribution of Weeds

III. Evaluating Exotic Plants

IV. Exotic Weeds That May Threaten U.S. Agriculture

V. Concluding Comments

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

References


8. Ecology and Genetics of Exotics

I. Introduction

II. Density Dependence and Density Independence

III. Temperature

IV. Moisture

V. Other Factors

VI. Biological Competition

VII. Natural versus Agricultural Ecosystems

VIII. Stability-Complexity of Natural Ecosystems

IX. Genetic Interactions

X. Conclusions

References


9. Stopping Pest Introductions

I. Legal Basis for Stopping Pest Introductions

II. Pest Risk Reduction System

III. Suppression and Eradication Programs for Introduced Exotics

IV. New Trends for New Problems

V. Conclusions

References


10. How to Detect and Combat Exotic Pests

I. Introduction

II. History of Regulatory Plant Protection

III. Exotic Component of the World Biotas

IV. Biological Basis of Regulatory Plant Protection

V. Plant Pest Information

VI. Integrated Approach to Plant Protection

VII. Plant Quarantine and Inspection

VIII. Pest Detection and Monitoring

IX. Regulatory Control Strategies

X. Conclusion and Summary

References


11. Research on Exotic Insects

I. Introduction

II. Research Approaches

III. Research Institutions

IV. Conclusions

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

References


12. Research on Exotic Plant Pathogens

I. Introduction

II. How Well Can We Predict?

III. Potential of Exotic Pathogens

IV. Stopping the Would-Be Invaders

V. Preparing for Invasions

VI. What Should Our Focus Be?

References


13. Research on Exotic Weeds

I. Introduction

II. Research on Individual Species

III. Interaction of Exotic Weeds with Other Organisms

IV. Research on Control of Exotic Weeds

V. Conclusions

References


14. Biological Control: Exotic Natural Enemies to Control Exotic Pests

I. Introduction

II. Theory and Practice of Classical Biological Control

III. Factors Affecting Success in Classical Biological Control

IV. Summary and Conclusion

References


15. Prediction Capabilities for Potential Epidemics

I. Introduction

II. A Two-Part Problem

III. Modeling

References


16. Buying Insurance against Exotic Plant Pathogens

I. Introduction

II. Natural Diversity and Disease Loss

III. When Diversity Is Lacking

IV. Diversity in Agroecosystems as Insurance

V. Fungicides, Diversity, and Insurance

VI. Insurance Value of Different Types of Resistance

VII. Tolerance to Disease as Insurance

VIII. Geophytopathology and Insurance

IX. Concluding Remarks

References


17. International Cooperation on Controlling Exotic Pests

I. Introduction

II. International Plant Protection Convention

III. Regional Plant Protection Organizations

IV. International Programs, PPQ, APHIS, USDA

V. Conclusions

Appendix: Regional Plant Protection Organizations

References

Epilogue

Index