Exergy Analysis of Heating and Cooling

1st Edition - November 21, 2024
Authors: Daniel Favrat, Malick Kane
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 4 9 6 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 4 9 7 - 1

Exergy Analysis of Heating and Cooling presents a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental theory and design of various complex heating and cooling systems. The book deve… Read more

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Exergy Analysis of Heating and Cooling presents a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental theory and design of various complex heating and cooling systems. The book develops a methodology for the reader to analyze the performance of thermodynamic heating and cooling systems, including known and emerging technologies of the future. The formulation of system and subsystem boundaries are discussed to ensure readers can evaluate the whole chain of processes, from primary exergies to useful exergy services. Numerous examples that illustrate how to identify causes for, and solutions to, exergy efficiency are included to increase clarity and understanding for readers.

The book's authors evaluate advanced thermodynamic systems by precisely identifying the design and operating parameters which may cause inefficiencies. Users will find this resource to be a great guide that helps solve common problems and mathematical equations for those working and researching in heating and cooling, thermodynamics, and thermal energy engineering systems.

Exergy Analysis of Heating and Cooling
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 Introduction
Abstract
Keywords
Importance of heating and cooling systems
Main conversion paths to heating
Main conversion paths to cooling (and incidentally heating)
Summary
References
Chapter 2 Historical review of heating and cooling theoretical and technological approaches
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
The age of enlightenment for thermodynamics
Exergy, integrating first and second laws of thermodynamics
Summary
References
Chapter 3 Energy and exergy terms, balances and efficiencies
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction and definition
Analyzing a simple heating system
Energy balance of a thermodynamic system (First Law of thermodynamics)
Entropy balance (Second Law of thermodynamics)
Process-dependant parameters versus state functions
Exergy balance
Exergy terms
Effectiveness (First Law) and exergy efficiency (First and Second Laws)
Commonly used indicators
Approach for a general expression of the effectiveness
The important role of the atmospheric temperature
Energy and exergy analyses with reactive processes
Definitions
Main combustion parameters of a generic fuel molecule with air
Energy (heating) values of fuels
Enthalpies of formation and absolute entropies
Exergy value and exergy of diffusion (also called chemical exergy)
Exergy balance for a generic fuel molecule CaHbOcNd
Liquid water as a special case
General synthesis of the energy and exergy approaches
Energy approach
Exergy approach
Basic principles to improve exergy efficiencies of heating and cooling technologies
Illustration of some applications in the exergy bowl (coenergy function)
Basic elements of psychrometry
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Exergy analyses of basic components of heating or cooling systems
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction and terminology
Exergy losses accompanying the process of heating and cooling
Basic principles to improve exergy efficiencies of heating/cooling systems
Fundamental equations for open systems in quasi steady state
Representing the exergy losses in heat exchangers for heating or cooling
Compressor or turbine machine efficiencies versus exergy efficiency
Real fluids and the Joule-Thomson effect
Volumetric compressors (example of “reciprocating compressors”)
Influence of the dead or clearance volume
Volumetric compressors (example of some “rotary type compressors”)
Dynamic compressors (example of “centrifugal compressor”)
Exergy analysis of the most commonly used components in heating and cooling systems: The important role of the temperature
Building centralized heating system based a fuel boiler
District heating (DH) systems with cogeneration
Cooling application based a vapor compression refrigeration cycle
Energy/exergy carried by a stream: Enthalpy/entropy relationship
Exergy analysis of a heat transfer process in a heat exchanger
Exergy received by the system from the hot stream
Exergy provided by the system to the cold stream
Exergy loss by heat transfer between hot and cold streams
Heat exchanger streams with dissipation losses
Exergy received by the system from the hot stream
Exergy provided by the system to the cold stream
General expression of efficiency of the heat exchanger
Exergy analysis of a compression process
Exergy analysis of an expansion process
Exergy analysis of a fluid mixing process
General expression of efficiency of a non-reactive fluid mixing process
Case of a feedwater tank with return liquids at different pressure and temperature
Case of a hot water mixing valve in different configurations
Case of a buffer, an accumulator or a hydraulic decoupling cylinder in heating or cooling systems
Cases of a superheated water preparation unit or a steam boiler feedwater system
Cases of economizers (or flash tanks) in heat pump or refrigeration cycles
Approaches to assess exergy efficiencies of heating and cooling systems
Exergy services and overall exergy efficiency of the system
Identifying and locating the system’s major exergy losses
Key parameters influencing the performance of the system
Summary
References
Chapter 5 Analyses of major heating and cooling systems
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Overall exergy efficiencies for heating and cooling systems
System decomposition in subsystems
System decomposition in subsystems including grid and transport network losses
Main thermal cycles technologies
Vapor compression heat pump/refrigeration system technologies
Vapor compression heat pump/refrigeration Cycle
Refrigerants used in heat pump/refrigeration systems
Components used in heat pump/refrigeration systems
Exergy analysis of a simple heat pump/refrigeration cycle
Main recommendations to improve performance of vapor compression heat pump cycles
Chemical heat pumps
Other types of less common heat pumps
Thermoelectric
Magnetic
Air-conditioning installation
Heating systems based on boiler technologies
Standard fuel-fired boiler heating systems and technology
Exergy analysis of a standard combustion boiler heating system
Energy/exergy services and exergy efficiency of the boiler system
Key parameters influencing the performance of a standard boiler system
Exergy services and exergy efficiency of the substation system
Summary
References
Chapter 6 Power co- or trigeneration technologies
Abstract
Keywords
The simultaneous production of different energy services
Power and cogeneration
Fuel based combustion systems
Electrochemical systems (fuel cells)
Solar
Hydropower
Nuclear
General approach to calculate cogeneration performance indicators
Trigeneration systems
Summary
References
Chapter 7 Energy storage systems
Abstract
Keywords
Importance of energy storage
Fuel storage
Thermal energy storage
Electricity storage
Rapid output storage technologies
Exergy analysis of energy storage systems
Summary
References
Chapter 8 District heating and cooling systems (DHC)
Abstract
Keywords
Generation of district heating and cooling
The important role of heat pumps and advanced cogeneration
Knowledge of GIS and composites
General exergy equations for DH networks
Relations relative to case Gen 2 DH (Figure 8.15)
Relations relative to case Gen 5 DH (Figure 8.16)
Summary
References
Chapter 9 Exergy and industrial processes
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Determination of the basic needs of a given site
Composite curves
Diagrams based on composites
Table method
Threshold problem
Composite curves and exergy losses
Interpretation of the pinch and the energy targets
Designing heat exchanger networks for minimum energy requirements
Network above the pinch (sink)
Network below the pinch (source)
Balance between utility consumption and investment
Summary of the design method for minimum energy networks
Procedures for the determination of the optimal pinch
Simple economic criteria
Equipment costs
Estimation of the average heat transfer areas for a network
Optimum economic pinch
Grand composite curves
Choice of the temperature levels of utilities
Integration of power units
Heat engines
Heat pumps
Integration of distillation columns
Defining waste heat based on exergy
Batch processes
Thermoeconomics, exergoeconomics and environomics
Competing methods
Summary
References
Chapter 10 Exergy analysis of nuclear and renewable technologies
Abstract
Keywords
Exergy forms and processes
Nuclear energy
Open cycle for light water reactors
Renewable energy
Alternative exergy efficiency definition for solar and wind energy
Summary
References
Chapter 11 Conclusions
Abstract
Keywords
Nomenclature
Index

Daniel Favrat

Daniel Favrat is professor emeritus at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) and former director of EPFL Energy Center. Previously he was director of the Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory of EPFL for 25 years. His research includes systemic analyses in what is called environomics (a contraction of energy, environment and economics) for a more efficient design of integrated technologies based on both fossil and renewable energies. He also contributes to the design of advanced equipment for a more rational use of energy including heat pumps, fuel cells and District heating and cooling networks. He co-authored many journal papers on exergy and several books on thermodynamics and exergy. He is vice-chairman of the energy committee of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations and member of the editorial board of Energy. He is also a member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences and of the French National Academy of Technologies. He is also president of the international foundation for films on energy (fifel.ch), cofounder of ExerGo.ch and a fellow of Presans.com.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Emeritus, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland

Malick Kane

Prof. Malick Kane is the head of the Thermal and Energetic Laboratory (LTE) of the University of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Western of Switzerland (HES-SO//FR). He currently teaches thermodynamics and energy conversion systems in the mechanical engineering department. He first obtained the title of PhD from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2001 before joining the National Laboratory of research at Berkeley in California (LBNL) for a PostDoc until 2004. Before being appointed Professor in 2014 at the HES-SO //FR, he benefited from a double professional and academic career allowing him to be in charge of courses at EPFL while capitalizing on more than 10 years of experience in the industry. Malick Kane was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Eneftech Innovation SA (2004-2014). His research includes methodologies and optimization of cogeneration systems, heat pumps, intelligent thermal networks, sustainable buildings and solar air conditioning in tropical environments.

Affiliations and expertise

Head, Thermal and Energetic Laboratory (LTE), The University of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Western of Switzerland, Switzerland

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