Evolution of the Primate Brain

 List of Contributors
Preface
From tetrapods to primates
Abbreviations
Introduction
Nonmammalian brains and the problem of homology
Neocortical development: The basics
Cortical patterning
Toward a unifying hypothesis of amniote brain evolution
The ecological context and the elaboration of cortical networks
Expansion of the neocortex in mammal evolution
New tracts in the mammalian neocortex
Primates arrive
Increase in brain size
Humans and language
Discussion
Genetic correlates of the evolving primate brain
Introduction
Canonical gene evolution studies in primate perception
Gene gain and loss
Detecting adaptive genetic change
Implications of genetic change
Phenotypic change in the primate brain
Implications of phenotypic change for genetic evolution
Surveys of genetic evolution
Candidate gene studies
Nontraditional substrates of evolution
The future of primate brain evolution genetics
Acknowledgment
Cerebral cortical development in rodents and primates
Introduction
Rodent and primate cortices demonstrate much heterogeneity in their radial and tangential dimensions and folding patterns
General developmental pattern of the mammalian cerebral cortex
Distinctions in the preplate stage between primate and rodent
Cortical germinal zones in rodents and primates
Intermediate progenitors amplify the output of the cortical germinal zone
Multiple progenitor subtypes in the cortical germinal zone in mouse and human
What is the cell lineage in rodents and primates?
Compartmentalization of the germinal zone is not primate specific
Is the generation of inhibitory neurons different in rodent and primate?
Thalamocortical development and the subplate in rodents and primates
Functional specification of the neocortex
Lateralization in cortical representation
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Embracing covariation in brain evolution
Introduction
The social brain hypothesis
Coordinated changes in time and size
Variation in size and time
Some intrinsic difficulties on the use of residuals and ratios in allometric studies
Variation in social structure within a species
Constancy in size and time within a species: An unusual example from human pygmies
Constancy in brain architecture fosters variation in brain function
Predictable relationships in brain architecture and brain size
Causal scenarios, which depend on covariation, give development a central role
Acknowledgments
The evolution of neocortex in primates
Introduction
Cortical organization in prosimian galagos: Comparisons with other primates
Visual cortex
Auditory cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Motor cortex
Posterior parietal sensorimotor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
The evolution of structural and cellular differences in cortical areas in primates
Epilogue
Lateralization of the human brain
Introduction
The gestural theory of language origins
Handedness and language lateralization
Language and praxis
Comparative perspectives
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
The insular cortex
Introduction
Neuroanatomical studies
Functional studies
Gross morphology of the human insula
Cytoarchitecture of the human insula
The comparative anatomy of the insula
Special neurons in the insular cortex
The architecture of the human insular cortex: synopsis and perspective
Acknowledgments
The missing link
Introduction: The cerebellum and cognition
Comparative cerebellar anatomy in primates
Summary
Acknowledgments
Human prefrontal cortex
Introduction
Development
Evolution
Pathology
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Minicolumn size and human cortex
Introduction
Encephalization and organization
The ontogenetic column
Minicolumns in primate evolution
Are minicolumns in the primate order smaller than expected for their size?
Minicolumn size and cortical organization
Increased minicolumn size in hominids
A time for downsizing?
Small minicolumns in modern humans
Concluding remarks
Human brain evolution writ large and small
Human brain evolution writ large
Scaling regularities and the human brain writ small: Cellular distributions and morphology
The neuroanatomy of cognitive specializations: Comparing cortical area size and neurotransmission between humans and apes
The emergence of neuronal specializations for social cognition: VENs
Energetics and microstructural changes in human neocortical evolution
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Hominin paleoneurology
Introduction
Brain size
Neocortical reorganization of sulcal patterns
Neocortical reorganization of endocast (brain) shape
Comparative neuroanatomical studies: Implications for hominin paleoneurology
Concluding remarks
Evolution of hominin cranial ontogeny
Introduction
Fossil hominin evo-devo: Concepts and terminology
Measuring cranial morphology in time and space
Human and chimpanzee cranial ontogeny
Reconstructing fossil hominin cranial ontogenies
Evolutionary modifications of cranial ontogeny in the earliest hominins
Cranial ontogeny in the australopiths: A theme with ontogenetic variations
Cranial ontogeny in Homo erectus
The Neanderthals and us
Evolved or diseased, or both?—Homo floresiensis
Hominin cranial ontogeny and birth
Outlook: Evolutionary developmental paleogenomics
Hominins and the emergence of the modern human brain
Abbreviations
Introduction
Pathology's contributions to brain evolution research
Fossil hominin brain size
Fossil hominin brain morphology
Archeological implications for fossil brain function
Fossil brain genetics
Fossil brain ontogeny
Bringing together evidence for fossil hominin brain structure and function
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Appendix
Neuronal scaling rules for primate brains
Introduction
The previous view: “All brains scale the same”
Different neuronal scaling rules for the brains of different mammalian orders
Shared scaling rules for the brain across mammalian orders: Coordinate scaling of numbers of cortical and cerebellar neurons
Shared scaling rules for the brain across mammalian orders: Nonneuronal cells
The primate advantage: More neurons in the same volume
Acknowledgments
Self-organization and interareal networks in the primate cortex
Introduction
Self-organization in ontogeny, phylogeny, and the role of postnatal experience
Self-organization and the OSVZ-SGL model
Neuron number specifies cortical networks
Neuron number specifies cortical hierarchy
How does the cortex generate precise numbers of neurons?
Gain-of-function experiment exploring self-organization
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Neural wiring optimization
Introduction
Neuron arbor optimization
Component placement optimization
Related optimization results
Mapping neural optimization
Design principles of the human brain
Introduction
Evolution and geometry of the cerebral cortex
Fractal geometry of the primate brain
Design principles of neural organization
Biological limits to information processing
Limits to human brain evolution
Concluding remarks
Primate encephalization
Introduction
Problems with the concept of encephalization
Brain size versus control mechanisms
Lifestyles associated with encephalization (Table 1)
Cognitive correlates of encephalization (Table 2)
Trade-offs (Table 3)
Are some encephalization measures better than others?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Evolution of the brain and intelligence in primates
Introduction
Definition and putative causes of animal intelligence
Supposed differences in intelligence among primate taxa
Neural correlates of intelligence in primates
Comparison of primate brains with those of other mammals
Comparison with other intelligent vertebrates
General conclusions
Evolution of human emotion
Introduction
A brief history of the emotional brain: The rise and fall of the limbic system theory
Contributions of the amygdala to avoidance conditioning: An early approach to linking emotional behavior to the limbic system
Contribution of the amygdala to fear: Studies of aversive Pavlovian conditioning
Pavlovian fear and avoidance conditioning circuits
Comparative observations
Amygdala contributions to other emotions
Emotional evolution in perspective
Conclusion
Evolution of brain and language
Introduction
Evolutionary changes in the brain relevant to language
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
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