Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine

Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicines brings together current thinking and practice in the areas of characterization and validation of natural products. This book reviews all aspects of evaluation and development of medicines from plant sources, including their cultivation, collection, phytochemical and phyto-pharmacological evaluation, and therapeutic potential. Emphasis is placed on describing the full range of evidence-based analytical and bio-analytical techniques used to characterize natural products, including –omic technologies, phyto-chemical analysis, hyphenated techniques, and many more.

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Quality Related Safety Issue-Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine Farm to Pharma
- 1.1. Health Care through Herbal Medicine
- 1.2. Integrated Approaches for Development of Herbal Medicine
- 1.3. Use of Herbs in TM
- 1.4. Globalization of TM
- 1.5. TM Inspired Drug Discovery and Drug Development
- 1.6. Issues for Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Herbal Medicine
- 1.7. Marker Analysis and Standardization of Botanicals
- 1.8. Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Medicine
- 1.9. Safety Issues on Herbal Medicine-Cytochrome P450 Study
- 1.10. Herb-Drug Interactions
- 1.11. System Biology and Metabolomics
- 1.12. International Harmonization
- 1.13. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Value Chains of Herbal Medicines—Ethnopharmacological and Analytical Challenges in a Globalizing World
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. The Concept of Value Chains
- 2.3. The Medicinal Plant Value Chains—Research Needs
- 2.4. Medicinal Plant Value Chains in Asia
- 2.5. Medicinal Plant Production in China and India
- 2.6. Supply, Demand, and Sustainability
- 2.7. The Tea Value Chain
- 2.8. The Ginseng Value Chain
- 2.9. Plant Metabolomics and Analytical Challenges
- 2.10. Discussion
Chapter 3. Traditional Herbal Medicine, Pharmacognosy, and Pharmacopoeial Standards: A Discussion at the Crossroads
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Historical Perspectives on Traditional Herbal Medicine
- 3.3. Modern Medicine—An American Case History
- 3.4. Traditional Herbal Medicines: Centuries of Empiricism
- 3.5. Traditional Medicine: Therapeutics, Definitions, and Orientations
- 3.6. Standard of Herbal Drugs in Early Pharmacopoeias
- 3.7. Other Qualitative Factors Not Considered in Pharmacopoeias
- 3.8. Preventive Care and Self-Responsibility
- 3.9. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Taxonomy—An Irreplaceable Tool for Validation of Herbal Medicine
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Voucher Specimens
- 4.3. Plant Identification
- 4.4. Label Requirements for Botanical Supplements and Other Materials in Trade
- 4.5. The Problem of Lacking Vouchers and Incorrect Identification
- 4.6. Problems with the Lack of Taxonomic Attention
- 4.7. Conclusions
Chapter 5. Validation of Medicinal Herbs for Skin Aging
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Consequences of Herbal Cosmetic
- 5.3. Skin Aging
- 5.4. Factors Associated with Skin Aging
- 5.5. Photoprotective Mechanism of Bioactive Molecules
- 5.6. Natural Bioactive Molecules against Skin Aging
- 5.7. Few Medicinal Plants Useful in Skin Aging
- 5.8. Management of Skin Aging
- 5.9. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Proangiogenic Potential of Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Phases of Wound Healing
- 6.3. Angiogenesis and Its Role in Wound Healing
- 6.4. Plants with Proangiogenic Potential
- 6.5. Conclusion
Chapter 7. Pharmacovigilance: Tools in Establishing the Safety and Acceptability of the Natural Health Products—Clinical Evaluation
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Brief Historical Review
- 7.3. Adverse Reactions
- 7.4. Pharmacovigilance
- 7.5. Adverse Effects and Herbal Adverse Effects
- 7.6. Pharmacovigilance and Herbal Pharmacovigilance
- 7.7. Toxicologicologist's Toolkits
- 7.8. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Validation of Antiviral Potential of Herbal Ethnomedicine
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Rationale for Antiviral Drug Development
- 8.3. Development of Effective AntiViral Drugs
- 8.4. Medicinal Plants as a Source of Antiviral Drugs: an Overview
- 8.5. Methods for the Validation of Antiviral Activity of Plants
- 8.6. Future Prospects and Directions
Chapter 9. Harmonization of Regulatory Requirements in Europe to Ensure Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicinal Products
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. HMPC: Establishment and Working Structure
- 9.3. Basic Legal Definitions and Access to the Market
- 9.4. Monographs and List Entries: Well-Established Use and Traditional Use
- 9.5. Procedure to Establish Monographs
- 9.6. Usage and Acceptance of Monographs
- 9.7. Guidance on Quality, Efficacy, and Safety: Coordination
- 9.8. Outlook
- Conflict of Interest
Chapter 10. Bioavailability of Herbal Products: Approach Toward Improved Pharmacokinetics
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Factors Affecting Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Herbal Products
- 10.3. The Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Some Herbs and Phytoconstituents
- 10.4. Challenges in Developing a Herbal Formulation
- 10.5. Novel Drug Delivery Technology for Herbal Formulation
- 10.6. Phospholipid Complex of Herbs—Modification of Bioavailability and Efficacy
- 10.7. Conclusion
Chapter 11. Good Quality and Clinical Practices for the Future Development of Herbal Medicines
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Quality Issues: Lack of GMP or Failure to Comply with CGMP Guidelines
- 11.3. Safety of HMs in the United States, Europe, and Asia
- 11.4. Efficacy: The Importance of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
- 11.5. Future Outlook for HMs
Chapter 12. Traditional Medicine-Inspired Evidence-Based Approaches to Drug Discovery
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Ayurveda Inspiration
- 12.3. Reverse Pharmacology
- 12.4. Semecarpus anacardium Case
- 12.5. Formulation Discovery
- 12.6. Phytopharmaceuticals as Drugs
- 12.7. Clinical Research
- 12.8. The Artrex Story
- 12.9. Formulations for Arthritis
- 12.10. Rasayana and Immunoadjuvants
- 12.11. Discovery Approaches
- 12.12. Herb–Drug Interactions
- 12.13. Quality Control and Standardization
- 12.14. Evidence-Based Ayurvedic Medicine
- 12.15. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Medicinal Plants
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Cholinergic Pathway
- 13.3. Cholinestarase Inhibitors for Learning and Memory
- 13.4. Medicinal Plants for the Management of Cognitive Disorder
- 13.5. Phytoconstituents for the Management of Cognitive Disorder
- 13.6. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Drugs and Drug Leads Based on Natural Products for Treatment and Prophylaxis of Malaria
- 14.1. Malaria
- 14.2. Drug for Treatment of Malaria
- 14.3. Malaria Prevention through Vector Control
- 14.4. Evidence-based Use of Phytomedicines
- 14.5. Conclusion
Chapter 15. Evaluation of Natural Products against Biofilm-Mediated Bacterial Resistance
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. Biofilm Formation
- 15.3. Mechanism for Resistance due to Biofilm
- 15.4. Biofilm and Quorum Sensing
- 15.5. Quorum Sensing as a Target for Antimicrobial Therapy
- 15.6. Natural Products as a QS Inhibitor
- 15.7. Synergy with the Natural Products and Conventional Antibiotics
- 15.8. Conclusions
Chapter 16. Clinical Effects of Caraway, a Traditional Medicine for Weight Loss
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Materials and Methods
- 16.3. Results
- 16.4. Discussion
- 16.5. Conclusions
- 16.6. Summary
Chapter 17. Challenges in Identification of Potential Phytotherapies from Contemporary Biomedical Literature
- 17.1. Description of Medicinal Uses of Plants
- 17.2. Biomedical Literature
- 17.3. Concept Recognition
- 17.4. Identifying Potential Plant–Therapy Relationships
- 17.5. Conclusion
Chapter 18. Botanicals as Medicinal Food and Their Effects against Obesity
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Pathogenesis of Obesity and Management Strategies
- 18.3. Phytochemicals Useful against Metabolic Disorder
- 18.4. Herb as Food Useful in Obesity Management
- 18.5. Medicinal Plant for Treatment of Obesity
- 18.6. Prospect of Phytochemicals, Foods and Botanicals in Obesity Management
- 18.7. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Analysis of Herbal Products
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- 19.3. Herbal Products
- 19.4. Types of Analysis of Herbal Products
- 19.5. Analysis of Herbal Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- 19.6. Conclusions
Chapter 20. Ayurveda – Opportunities for Developing Safe and Effective Treatment Choices for the Future
- 20.1. Ayurveda the Science of Life
- 20.2. Knowledge Base of Ancient India
- 20.3. Dravyaguna: Pharmacodynamic Classification of Herbs in Ayurveda
- 20.4. Nidana Samprapti: Disease Pathogenesis in Ayurveda
- 20.5. Panchakarma Therapy: Personalized Detoxification and Rejuvenation Therapy
- 20.6. Ayurveda: Rediscovering Novel Therapies
- 20.7. Rasashastra: The Mystery of Ancient Chemistry
- 20.8. Ayur-Pharmacoepidemiology
- 20.9. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Discovery and Development of Lead Compounds from Natural Sources Using Computational Approaches
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.2. NPs in Drug Discovery
- 21.3. Chemoinformatic Analysis of Natural Products
- 21.4. Molecular Databases Focused ON NPs and NP Derivatives
- 21.5. Virtual Screening and Target Fishing
- 21.6. NPs as Leads for Challenging and Emerging Targets
- 21.7. Uncovering Bioactivities OF NPs of Dietary Origin
- 21.8. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 22. Infrared Spectroscopic Technologies for the Quality Control of Herbal Medicines
- 22.1. Introduction
- 22.2. Technical Principles
- 22.3. IR Imaging Spectroscopy
- 22.4. Chemometrics Including Data Preprocessing
- 22.5. Ad- and Disadvantages of NIR and Imaging Spectroscopy
- 22.6. Quantitative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites
- 22.7. Qualitative Analysis: Classification, Discrimination and/or Authentication
- 22.8. IR Imaging Spectroscopy Studies
- 22.9. Regulatory Issues
Chapter 23. Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites—Extraction, Isolation, Identification, and Bioassay
- 23.1. Introduction
- 23.2. Extraction and Isolation of Metabolites for Antimicrobial Potentials
- 23.3. Identification of Compounds
- 23.4. Bioassay: Methods Commonly Used for the Screening of Antimicrobial Activity
- 23.5. Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites
- 23.6. Conclusion
Chapter 24. Uses of Herbals in Cardiac Diseases: Priority of Evidence Over Belief
- 24.1. Introduction
- 24.2. Epidemiology of CVD
- 24.3. Herbal Drug versus Modern Medicine
- 24.4. Validation of Indian Medicinal Plants for Cardioprotection
- 24.5. Experimental Data Obtained from Indian Medicinal Plants for Cardiovascular Activity
- 24.6. Medicinal Plants Used for Cardiovascular Diseases Other than Indian Medicinal Plants
- 24.7. Data Obtained from Human Studies with Medicinal Plants for Cardiovascular Effects
- 24.8. Indian Initiatives
- 24.9. Conclusion
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

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Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine

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Pulok K. Mukherjee