European Glacial Landscapes

The Last Deglaciation

1st Edition - September 16, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: David Palacios, Philip D. Hughes, Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz, Nuria de Andrés
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 8 9 9 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 5 1 1 - 6

European Glacial Landscapes: Last Deglaciation brings together relevant experts on the history of glaciers and their impact on the landscape of the main European regions. Soon afte… Read more

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European Glacial Landscapes: Last Deglaciation brings together relevant experts on the history of glaciers and their impact on the landscape of the main European regions. Soon after the Last Glacial Maximum, a rapid process of the glacial retreat began throughout Europe. This was interrupted several times by abrupt climate cooling, which caused rapid, although moderate, re-advance of the glaciers, until the beginning of the Holocene when the climate became relatively stable and warm. These successive glacial advances and retreats during the Last Deglaciation have shaped much of the European landscape, reflecting abrupt climatic fluctuations.

As our knowledge of abrupt climate changes since the Last Glacial Maximum progresses, new uncertainties arise. These are critical for understanding how climate changes disseminate through Europe, such as the lag between climate changes and the expansion or contraction of glaciers as well as the role of the large continental ice sheets on the European climate. All these contributions are included in the book, which is an invaluable resource for geographers, geologists, environmental scientists, paleoclimatologists, as well as researchers in physics and earth sciences.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Chapter outline
1.1 The importance of the Last Deglaciation in the European landscape
1.2 The intensity of climatic changes during the Last Deglaciation and the delineation of the main subperiods
1.3 Objectives of the book
1.4 The glaciated European regions
1.5 The European landscapes shaped during the different periods of the Last Deglaciation
1.6 Standardised ages cited in the book
References
Chapter 2. The terminations of the glacial cycles
Abstract
Chapter outline
2.1 The origin of glacial terminations
2.2 The trigger and pattern of the glacial terminations
2.3 The onset of the Last Deglaciation (Termination I)
2.4 The dynamics of glacial terminations
2.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Previous synthesis of the Last Deglaciation in Europe
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Part II: Climate changes during the Last Deglaciation in the Eastern North Atlantic region
Chapter 4. Introduction to the Last Deglaciation climate
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 5. Heinrich Stadial 1
Abstract
Chapter outline
5.1 Definition and timing of the HS 1
5.2 The pre-HS 1 and the two phases of HS 1 in the eastern North Atlantic and Europe
References
Chapter 6. The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
6.1 Definition, timing and causes of the Bølling–Allerød episode
6.2 The impact of B-A in the eastern North Atlantic and Europe
References
Chapter 7. The Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
7.1 Definition, timing and causes of the Younger Dryas Stadial
7.2 The impact of YD in the eastern North Atlantic and Europe
References
Part III: The European glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka)
Chapter 8. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Section 1: The European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
Chapter 9. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during main deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
9.1 European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the main deglaciation
9.2 Main deglaciation landscapes and landforms of the EISC
9.3 Ice streams of the EISC
9.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 10. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms during initial deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
10.1 Denmark and Skåne
10.2 Baltic Sea
10.3 Fennoscandian Shield
10.4 Scandinavian mountains
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 12. European Russia: glacial landforms during deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Vepsa Stade landforms (17–15 cal ka BP)
12.3 Krestsy Stade landforms (16.7–16.0 cal ka BP)
12.4 Luga Stade landforms (15.7–14.6 ka BP)
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. The Eurasian Arctic: glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Barents Sea
References
Chapter 14. The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian continental margin: glacial landforms during deglaciation, the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial and the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 15. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms during deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Climatic context
15.3 Rapid retreat, thinning and break-up of the British–Irish Ice Sheet
15.4 Readvance and stabilisation – the evidence from onshore
15.5 Conclusions
References
Section 2: European regions that were not covered by the EISC
Chapter 16. The Polar Ural Mountains: deglaciation history
Abstract
Chapter outline
16.1 Introduction and background
16.2 The lake basins of Bol. Shchuchye and Mal. Shchuchye
16.3 Deglaciation chronology
References
Chapter 17. Iceland: glacial landforms during deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
17.1 The onset of deglaciation of the Iceland ice sheet
17.2 Deglaciation of the Iceland shelf
17.3 Ice sheet collapse and the formation of marine limit shorelines
References
Chapter 18. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
18.1 The Tatra Mountains and their palaeoenvironmental condition before and during the deglaciation
18.2 History of research on the deglaciation
18.3 Landscape evolution of the High Tatras during the deglaciation
18.4 Landscape evolution of the Western Tatras during the deglaciation
18.5 Moraine and rock glacier interaction during the deglaciation
18.6 Final remarks
References
Chapter 19. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
19.1 Eastern Carpathians
19.2 Southern Carpathians
19.3 Apuseni Mountains
References
Chapter 20. The Alps: glacial landforms during the deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 21. The Pyrenees: environments and landforms in the aftermath of the LGM (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The early LGIT in the eastern Pyrenees
21.3 The early LGIT in the central and western Pyrenees
21.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during the deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
22.1 The Iberian Mountains and their palaeoenvironment during the deglaciation
22.2 The deglaciation in the Cantabrian Mountains
22.3 The deglaciation in the NW Ranges
22.4 The deglaciation in the Iberian Range
22.5 The deglaciation in the Central Range
22.6 The deglaciation in the Sierra Nevada
22.7 Synthesis of the deglaciation in the Iberian Mountains
References
Chapter 23. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The role of stratigraphic markers in the glacial chronology
23.3 Northern Apennines
23.4 Central Apennines
23.5 Southern Apennines
23.6 Final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter 24. The Balkans: glacial landforms during deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
24.1 The evidence of glaciation and deglaciation over the period 18.9–14.6 ka
24.2 Greece
24.3 North Macedonia
24.4 Kosovo
24.5 Montenegro
24.6 Bosnia
24.7 Croatia
24.8 Bulgaria
24.9 Summary: glacier advance, stabilisation, and retreat in the deglaciation interval 18.9–14.6 ka
References
Chapter 25. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Eastern Black Sea Mountains
25.3 Western Taurus Mountains
25.4 Central Taurus Mountains
25.5 Northwestern Anatolia
25.6 Central Anatolia
25.7 The Anatolian Mountains during deglaciation: a synthesis
References
Section 3: Synthesis of Part III
Chapter 26. The European glacial landscapes from the main deglaciation
Abstract
Chapter outline
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Glacial evolution and landforms of the European Ice Sheet Complex
26.3 Glacial evolution and landforms in mountain areas
26.4 Similarities and differences between regions and their causes
26.5 Pending research
26.6 The 18.9–14.6 ka period: The beginning of the end
References
Part IV: The European glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Chapter 27. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
27.1 The concept of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
27.2 Bølling–Allerød Interstadial versus Antarctic Cold Reversal
27.3 The meaning of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial in the evolution of glacial landscapes
27.4 Conclusions
References
Section 1: European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
Chapter 28. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
28.1 EISC evolution during the Bølling–Allerød
28.2 Bølling–Allerød landscapes and landforms of the EISC
28.3 The role of meltwater in ice sheet and glacial landscape development
28.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 29. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
29.1 Fennoscandian Shield
29.2 Baltic Sea
29.3 Scandinavian Mountains
29.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 30. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 31. European Russia: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The Fennoscandian ice sheet and main proglacial lakes in the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
31.3 Bølling–Allerød glacial landforms: the Neva end moraine belt
31.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 32. The Eurasian Arctic: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Ice stream collapse
32.3 Unzipping of the Barents Sea ice sheet
32.4 Isostatic recovery
References
Chapter 33. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
33.1 The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial in Britain and Ireland
33.2 Evidence of glaciers in the Bølling–Allerød (Windermere) Interstadial in Scotland
33.3 Evidence of glaciers in the Bølling–Allerød (Windermere) Interstadial in England and Wales
33.4 Evidence of glaciers in the Bølling–Allerød (Woodgrange) Interstadial in Ireland
33.5 Problems and prospects for understanding glacier dynamics through the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial in Britain and Ireland
References
Section 2: European regions that were not covered by the EISC
Chapter 34. Iceland: glacial landforms and raised shorelines from the Bølling–Allerød interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
34.1 Introduction (paleo-environment)
34.2 West and south-west Iceland
34.3 North-east Iceland
34.4 North-west Iceland
34.5 Synthesis and ice sheet reconstruction
References
Chapter 35. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
35.1 The Tatra Mountains palaeoenvironment during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
35.2 Landscape evolution in the High Tatra Mountains during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
35.3 Landscape evolution in the Western Tatra Mountains during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
35.4 Final remarks
References
Chapter 36. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms during Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Conclusions
References
Chapter 37. The Alps: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 38. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
38.1 Evidence of intense and rapid warming
38.2 Almost full glacier extinction in the eastern Pyrenees
38.3 Extensive glacier recession in the western and central Pyrenees
38.4 Local evidence of glacial oscillations in the higher central part of the mountain range
38.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 39. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
39.1 The Iberian palaeoenvironment during the Bølling–Allerød (B-A) Interstadial
39.2 The glaciers in the Cantabrian Mountains during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
39.3 The glaciers in the NW Ranges during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
39.4 The glaciers in the Iberian Range during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
39.5 The glaciers in the Central Range during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
39.6 The glaciers in the Sierra Nevada during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
39.7 Synthesis of the glacial evolution in the Iberian Mountains during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
References
Chapter 40. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
40.1 The environment of the Italian Peninsula during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
40.2 Low-altitude and marine proxies
40.3 High-altitude proxies
40.4 The Venacquaro Interstadial and the glaciers of the Italian mountains
40.5 Final remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 41. The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Glacier behaviour during the Bølling–Allerød
41.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 42. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Section 3: Synthesis of the Part IV
Chapter 43. European glacial landscapes from the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Glacial evolution and landforms of the European ice sheet complex and Iceland ice sheet
43.3 Glacial evolution and landforms on mountain areas
43.4 Similarities and differences between regions and their causes
43.5 Pending research
43.6 The 14.6–12.9 ka period: A “false-start” to the current interglacial
References
Part V: The European glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9–11.7 ka)
Chapter 44. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Section 1: European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
Chapter 45. The glacial legacy of the EISC during the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
45.1 EISC evolution during the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9–11.7 ka)
45.2 Younger Dryas Stadial landforms of the EISC domain
45.3 The significance of proglacial lakes for (reconstructing) deglaciation
45.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 46. The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
46.1 The overall pattern of the YD ice sheet
46.2 The Bergen district, western Norway
46.3 Western Norway north of Sognefjorden and northern Norway
46.4 The Oslofjorden area
46.5 Sweden
46.6 Southern Finland and NW Russia
46.7 Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 47. Younger Dryas Stadial (YD) local moraines in western and northern Norway
Abstract
Chapter outline
47.1 The Nordfjord-Møre area in south-western Norway
47.2 The Troms area in Northern Norway
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 48. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 49. European Russia: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 50. The Eurasian Arctic: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Postglacial emergence of the High Arctic archipelagos
50.3 Evidence for YD glacial extents on Svalbard and in surrounding waters
References
Chapter 51. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms during the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Younger Dryas climate in Britain and Ireland
51.3 The geomorphological record of Younger Dryas glaciation
51.4 Scotland
51.5 England
51.6 Wales
51.7 Ireland
References
Section 2: European regions that were not covered by the EISC
Chapter 52. Iceland: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
52.1 Introduction
52.2 South-west and central West Iceland
52.3 West Fjords
52.4 North Iceland
52.5 North-east and central East Iceland and the East Fjords
52.6 Southern lowlands
52.7 Synthesis
References
Chapter 53. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas
Abstract
Chapter outline
53.1 The Tatra Mountains palaeoenvironment during the Younger Dryas stadial
53.2 Landscape evolution in the High Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas stadial
53.3 Landscape evolution in the Western Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas stadial
References
Chapter 54. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas
Abstract
Chapter outline
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Eastern Carpathians
54.3 Southern Carpathians
54.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 55. The Alps: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
References
Chapter 56. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
56.1 Climatic and environmental conditions during the Younger Dryas
56.2 Record of glacier responses to colder and drier conditions
56.3 Synthesis and conclusions
References
Chapter 57. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
57.1 The Iberian palaeoenvironment during the Younger Dryas Stadial
57.2 The glaciers in the Cantabrian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial
57.3 The glaciers in the NW Ranges during the Younger Dryas Stadial
57.4 The glaciers in the Iberian Range during the Younger Dryas Stadial
57.5 The glaciers in the Central Range during the Younger Dryas Stadial
57.6 The glaciers in the Sierra Nevada during the Younger Dryas Stadial
57.7 Synthesis of the glacial evolution in the Iberian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial
References
Chapter 58. The Italian Mountains: Glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9–11.7 ka)
Abstract
Chapter outline
58.1 The environment of the Italian Peninsula during the Younger Dryas stadial
58.2 The Aquila stadial and the glaciers/rock glaciers of the Italian Mountains
58.3 Final remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Further reading
Chapter 59. The Balkans: glacial landforms during the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
59.1 Introduction
59.2 Greece
59.3 Albania/North Macedonia
59.4 Kosovo
59.5 Montenegro
59.6 Bosnia
59.7 Bulgaria
59.8 Discussion and conclusions
References
Chapter 60. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
60.1 Introduction
60.2 Eastern Black Sea Mountains
60.3 Western Taurus Mountains
60.4 Central Taurus Mountains
60.5 Northwestern Anatolia
60.6 The Anatolian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial: A Synthesis
References
Section 3: Synthesis of Part V
Chapter 61. European glacial landscapes from the Younger Dryas Stadial
Abstract
Chapter outline
61.1 Introduction
61.2 Glacial evolution and landforms of the European ice sheet complex and the Iceland ice sheet
61.3 Glacial evolution and landforms in mountain areas
61.4 Similarities and differences between regions and their causes
61.5 Pending research
61.6 The Younger Dryas Stadial: processes and landforms at the end of Termination 1
References
Part VI: The Synthesis of the European Landscapes from Last Deglaciation
Chapter 62. The importance of European glacial landscapes in a context of great climatic variability
Abstract
Chapter outline
62.1 The Main Deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka) impact in the European glacial landscapes
62.2 The impact in European glacial landscapes facing a drastic increase in temperatures and a sharp rise in sea level during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (14.6–12.9 ka)
62.3 The impact in European glacial landscapes facing a drastic decrease in temperatures during the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9–11.7 ka)
62.4 European glacial landscapes from Last Deglaciation – pending scientific challenges
62.5 European glacial landscapes from Last Deglaciation as geoheritage and geodiversity values
62.6 The Holocene European glacial landscapes and the challenge of understanding the sensitivity of present glaciers to climate change
References
Index

David Palacios

David Palacios is Full Professor of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. He has been the coordinator for Spanish National Projects since 1998 to the present, and Spanish coordinator of two European Projects. He has served as founder and director of the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research group for 12 years, and has authored over 200 international research papers, 100 chapters, and has edited five books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

Philip D. Hughes

Philip Hughes is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. He obtained his first degree in geography at the University of Exeter graduating in 1999. This was followed by a Masters in Quaternary Science, then a PhD in Geography (2004), both at the University of Cambridge (Darwin College). His PhD was on the glacial history of the Pindus Mountains, Greece. This was then followed by a postdoctoral research project examining the glacial history of Montenegro at the University of Manchester (2004-2006). He has since worked on glaciation across the Mediterranean mountains in Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Spain and with recent research activities focusing on the Atlas Mountains, Morocco. His research has utilised U-series dating and cosmogenic nuclides to date moraines in a variety of different lithologies, from limestones to basalts. In addition to studies of Mediterranean mountain glaciations he has also published on global glaciations and stratigraphy in Quaternary science. In addition to several edited scientific volumes on glaciation, in 2016 he published the textbook The Ice Age with co-authors Jürgen Ehlers and Philip Gibbard. In 2011 Philip also edited with these co-authors the highly successful Elsevier volume Quaternary Glaciation: Extent and Chronology – A Closer Look. Philip Hughes is Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Physical Geography, University of Manchester, UK

Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz

José M. García-Ruiz is Ad Honorem Research Professor of the National Research Council of Spain (CSIC) at the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology. He was the Head of the University College of La Rioja (1982-1984), the head of the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (1988-1990) and President of the Spanish Society of Geomorphology (1994-1996). His main focuses of interest have been related with the interactions between land use changes and their consequences on soil erosion, connectivity between hillslopes and fluvial channels, and fluvial dynamics. The evolution of mountain landscapes since mid-Holocene has been also a main focus of research, in relation with deforestation caused by paleolithic shepherds and Middle Ages transhumant herds, including the recent afforestation caused by land abandonment and the decline of transhumance systems. In parallel, he has published a high number of studies on glacial evolution in northern Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the Pyrenees.

Affiliations and expertise

Ad Honorem Research Professor, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Spain

Nuria de Andrés

Nuria de Andrés is Professor of Physical Geography at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). Her PhD was on the application of GIS to the study of hazards in tropical high volcanoes (Mexico and Peru). She has participated in 22 research projects funded in public calls and she is currently leading a research project on the reconstruction of neoglacial oscillations in Iceland. She has published nearly a hundred research papers on the dynamics of deglaciation in mountains and its impact on geodiversity. Her research work focuses on the study of glacier and periglacial geomorphology in mountain areas through the application of different dating techniques and GIS. In addition to the Iberian mountains, she has conducted research in other mountain regions (northern Iceland, Western United States, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Peruvian Andes), which has given her a broad understanding of land surface processes in cold climate environments. She heads the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research group.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Geography Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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The Last Deglaciation

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