Essentials of Pharmatoxicology in Drug Research, Volume 1

Toxicity and Toxicodynamics, Volume One in the Essentials of Pharmatoxicology in Drug Research series provides an overview on the essentials of toxicology, risk assessment and the mechanisms. Topics discussed include the types of cellular responses to chemical toxicants, mechanisms of drug toxicity, and their relevance to pharmaceutical product development. The book examines omics and computer-aided technologies for mechanistic and predictive toxicology and covers state-of-art testing in the evaluation of detrimental pathways, dose selection in toxicity studies, as well as the role of regulatory agencies in toxicity studies.

In addition, there is also discussion on clinical interventions such as pharmacotherapy and managed care strategies for acute poisoning. This volume is a valuable resource to those learning more about the drug development process related to toxicology and those who want to get an update on newer concepts on the toxicology aspect of drug research.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Chapter 1. Understanding pharmacotoxicology
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The principle applied to pharmacotoxicology
1.3. Risk assessment
1.4. Biomarkers
1.5. Organ specificity for toxicity
1.6. Site-specific interaction and toxicity
1.7. Nonspecific interaction and toxicity
1.8. Mechanisms of toxicity pharmaceutical drugs
1.9. Types of toxic effects
1.10. Types of toxicants
1.11. Types of toxicity tests
1.12. Pharmacotoxicology studies
1.13. Pharmacotoxicity examples
1.14. Conclusion
1.15. List of abbreviations
Chapter 2. Toxicology in drug research
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Understanding of therapeutic targets
2.3. Different factors affecting the safety of drugs
2.4. Toxicology assessment of drugs
2.5. Computational toxicity in drug development
2.6. Use of zebrafish in drug discovery toxicology
2.7. Use of drosophila in drug discovery toxicology
2.8. Organs-on-a-chip for toxicological assessment in drug development
2.9. Toxicogenomics in predictive toxicology in drug development
2.10. The role of animal models in predicting human toxicology and drug safety
2.11. Toxicology in preclinical drug development
2.12. Conclusions
2.13. List of abbreviations
Chapter 3. Role of microRNAs in toxicology
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Understanding miRNA
3.3. Tools for miRNA expression profiling
3.4. Role of miRNA in preclinical and clinical drug safety evaluation
3.5. MiRNA and drug toxicology
3.6. MiRNAs and environmental contaminants
3.7. MiRNA interactions with environmental factors
3.8. Upcoming avenues of miRNA in toxicology
3.9. Conclusion
3.10. List of abbreviations
Chapter 4. Exosomes as mediators of chemical-induced toxicity
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Generation and composition of exosomes
4.3. Exosome's role in cancer and neurodegenerative disease progress
4.4. The importance of exosome in toxicology: a biomarker perspective
4.5. Future directions of the exosome research
4.6. Conclusion
4.7. List of abbreviations
Chapter 5. Drug-induced oxidative stress as a mechanism of toxicity
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Oxidative stress
5.3. Activation of ROS via signaling pathways in drug-induced OS
5.4. Drug-induced organ-increased cellular OS
5.5. Various techniques to study OS-induced drug toxicity
5.6. Approaches to investigate antioxidant status
5.7. Animal models suitable to study OS
5.8. Antioxidative therapy in clinical trials
5.9. Opportunities for the future: personalized healthcare
5.10. Conclusion
5.11. List of abbreviations
Chapter 6. Role of “toxicant-induced loss of tolerance” in the emergence of disease
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance
6.3. Stages of TILT
6.4. Characteristics affecting TILT
6.5. Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance-induced conditions
6.6. Evaluation of exposures causing toxicant-induced loss of tolerance
6.7. Consequences of toxicant-induced loss of tolerance
6.8. Conclusion
6.9 List of abbreviations
Chapter 7. Types of cellular responses to chemical toxicants
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Chemical factors causing cellular dysfunction
7.3. Types of cellular responses to toxicants
7.4. Forms of cell death
7.5. Repair mechanisms
7.6. Conclusion
7.7. List of abbreviations
Chapter 8. Toxicant-induced injury and tissue repair
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Toxicant-induced injuries and complications
8.3. Mechanisms of toxicant-induced injury
8.4. Factors influencing tissue repair
8.5. Role of metabolic and excretory systems in toxicant-induced injury and tissue repair
8.6. Cytokine release and recruitment of phagocytic cells for tissue repair
8.7. Re-epithelialization and tissue repair
8.8. Proteins and extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissue regeneration
8.9. Summary and future perspectives
8.10. List of abbreviation
Chapter 9. Computer-aided technologies in drug discovery and toxicity prediction
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Toxicity evaluation by in silico methods at an early phase
9.3. Risk mitigation in the early drug discovery phase and guiding compound design and selection
9.4. Techniques to avoid and minimize reactive metabolites
9.5. Different in silico toxicological approaches and case studies of toxicity prediction
9.6. Conclusion
9.7. List of abbreviations
Chapter 10. Predicting toxicity from chemical structure of a drug compound
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Toxicity prediction based on chemical structure
10.3. Methods for detecting structural alerts
10.4. Assessment of toxicity
10.5. Chemical structure-based toxicity prediction by machine learning
10.6. Conclusion
10.7. List of abbreviations
Chapter 11. Toxicokinetics and organ-specific toxicity
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Relationship between PK and toxicodynamics
11.3. Organ-specific toxicity
11.4. Mechanism of toxicity
11.5. Conclusion
11.6. List of abbreviations
Chapter 12. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity and its biomarkers
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Mechanisms of drug-induced nephrotoxicity
12.3. Case studies of drug-induced nephrotoxicity
12.4. Biomarkers for nephrotoxicity
12.5. Methods to evaluate biomarkers
12.6. Conclusions
12.6. List of abbreviations
Chapter 13. Mechanism of drug-induced neurotoxicity and its management
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Mechanisms involved in drug-induced neurotoxicity
13.3. Factors affecting drug-related neurotoxicity
13.4. Drug-induced neurological disorders
13.5. Preventive approaches against drug neurotoxicity
13.6. Nanoparticles-induced neurotoxicity
13.7. Conclusion
13.8. List of abbreviations
Chapter 14. Thermal processing and food-related toxicants
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Thermal processing technologies
14.3. Toxicant formation in food
14.4. Hazards associated with toxicants of thermal processing
14.5. Analysis of thermally processed toxicants
14.6. Techniques to minimize the toxicants
14.7. Conclusion
14.8. Abbreviations used
Chapter 15. Medication errors and approaches for its prevention
15.1. Introduction
15.2. History and scope
15.3. Consequences of MEs
15.4. Common types of MEs
15.5. Causes of ME
15.6. ME rate
15.7. Prevention of MEs
15.8. Use of computers and information technology in error prevention
15.9. Recognized medical and ME reporting systems
15.10. Conclusion
15.11. List of abbreviations
Chapter 16. Understanding the bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Mechanism for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
16.3. Bioaccumulation
16.4. Nanoparticles in the management of bioaccumulation
16.5. Conclusion and prospects
16.6. List of abbreviations
Chapter 17. Toxicity of dental materials and ways to screen their biosafety
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Toxicity associated with dental materials
17.3. Key mechanisms to detect the adverse reaction of compounds
17.4. Screening techniques of biosafety
17.5. Selection of biosafety screening method
17.6. Biocompatibility of various dental materials
17.7. Recent advances in toxicity aspects and biosafety related to dental materials
17.8. Conclusion
17.9. List of abbreviations
Chapter 18. Clinical detoxification of the body from chemical toxicants
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Hazards/problems associated with chemical toxicants
18.3. Organs involved in detoxification
18.4. Toxicity testing methods
18.5. Excretion of toxicants
18.6. Detoxification of drugs
18.7. Conclusion
18.8. List of abbreviations
Chapter 19. Molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive role of dietary phytochemicals
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Importance of plant-derived foods in chemoprevention
19.3. Mechanisms of chemoprevention
19.4. Dietary phytochemicals used for chemoprevention
19.5. Future directions
19.6. Conclusion
19.7. List of abbreviations
Chapter 20. Toxicity labels
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Levels of toxicity
20.3. Types of toxicity labels
20.4. Chemicals under different types of labels
20.5. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
20.6. MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
20.7. Conclusion
20.8. List of abbreviations
Chapter 21. Toxic potential indicator
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Toxicity biomarkers
21.3. Different biomarkers acting as biological indicators
21.4. Different techniques used as toxicity indicators
21.5. Conclusion
21.6. List of abbreviations
Chapter 22. Concept of pharmacotherapy and managed care in clinical interventions
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Traditional managed care
22.3. Knowing managed care pharmacy (MCP)
22.4. Managed care principles
22.5. Types of MCOs
22.6. Pharmacotherapy management
22.7. Disease management with pharmacotherapy as a primary focus
22.8. Role of pharmacist in MCP
22.9. Conclusion
22.10. List of abbreviations
Chapter 23. Understanding the connection between dietary supplementation and inadvertent doping
23.1. Doping: things to know!
23.2. A historical perspective of doping and anti-doping
23.3. Intended and un-intended doping practices
23.4. Nutritional supplements as a source of positive doping
23.5. Anti-doping organizations for nutritional supplement alert
23.6. Nutritional supplements contaminated with illegal and botanical substances under WADA prohibited list
23.7. Nutritional supplementation habits of elite athletes
23.8. Recent inadvertent doping cases from nutritional supplements
23.9. Sociomedical aspects of doping
23.10. Quality control and testing of nutritional supplements
23.11. Conclusion
23.12. Abbreviations
Chapter 24. Cells and tissue-based models as a rational substitute in toxicity testing
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Relevance of 3R principles in animal research
24.3. Cell-based toxicity testing methods
24.4. Plant-based toxicity testing methods
24.5. Yeast-based toxicity testing methods
24.6. In-silico-based toxicity testing methods
24.7. Chip technology in toxicity testing
24.8. Some important toxicity endpoints
24.9. Conclusions
24.10. List of abbreviations
Chapter 25. Regulatory agencies for toxicological studies
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Historical rules for drug safety testing
25.3. Guidelines issued by regulatory agencies for drug safety
25.4. In vitro analysis of toxicology
25.5. Regulatory perspectives of application of latest techniques in toxicology
25.6. Amendments in the test guidelines for reproduction and developmental toxicity studies
25.7. Amendments in the risk assessment and regulatory requirements
25.8. Regulatory needs for nanomedicines
25.9. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs)
25.10. Conclusion
25.11. List of abbreviations
Chapter 26. Key challenges for toxicologists in the 21st century
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Challenges and limitations of animal-based toxicity testing
26.3. Nonanimal-based toxicity testing methods
26.4. Nanoscience brings a new challenge for the toxicologist
26.5. Challenges associated with risk communications
26.6. Challenges posed by rare and newly emerging diseases
26.7. Challenges posed by limited access to information
26.8. Approaches to overcome these challenges
26.9. Conclusion
26.10. List of abbreviations
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Essentials of Pharmatoxicology in Drug Research, Volume 1

Toxicity and Toxicodynamics

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Rakesh Kumar Tekade

Related books