Essentials of Pain Medicine

4th Edition - October 1, 2017
Imprint: Elsevier
Authors: Honorio Benzon, Srinivasa N. Raja, Scott M Fishman, Spencer S Liu, Steven P Cohen
Editor: Robert W Hurley
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 4 0 1 9 6 - 8

Accessible, concise, and clinically focused, Essentials of Pain Medicine, 4th Edition, by Drs. Honorio T. Benzon, Srinivasa N. Raja, Scott M. Fishman, Spencer S. Liu, and Steven P.… Read more

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Accessible, concise, and clinically focused, Essentials of Pain Medicine, 4th Edition, by Drs. Honorio T. Benzon, Srinivasa N. Raja, Scott M. Fishman, Spencer S. Liu, and Steven P. Cohen, presents a complete, full-color overview of today’s theory and practice of pain medicine and regional anesthesia. It provides practical guidance on the full range of today’s pharmacologic, interventional, neuromodulative, physiotherapeutic, and psychological management options for the evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation of persons in pain.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
List of Contributors
Section I. Basic Considerations
Chapter 1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Pain Signaling Process
Somatosensation, Nociception, and Pain
Peripheral Mechanisms
Spinal Mechanisms
Spinal Modulation
Supraspinal Mechanisms
Supraspinal Modulation of Nociception
Key Points
Chapter 2. Neurochemistry of Somatosensory and Pain Processing
Neurochemistry of Pain Transduction
Neurochemistry of Pain Transmission
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 3. Taxonomy: Definition of Pain Terms and Chronic Pain Syndromes
Fibromyalgia
Pain of Psychological Origin
Section II. Clinical Evaluation and Diagnostic Examinations
Chapter 4. Physical Examination of the Patient With Pain
General Observations
Mental Status Examination
Inspection
Palpation
Range of Motion
Strength
Sensation
Reflexes and Coordination
Special Tests and Provocative Testing
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 5. Pain Assessment
Introduction
Challenges of Pain Measurement
Types of Self-Report Pain Scales
Behavioral Observation
Experimental Pain Assessment
Functional Neuroimaging
Special Populations
Cognitively Impaired
Using Technology for Pain Assessment
Assessing Pain Cross-Culturally
Summary and Recommendations
Key Points
Chapter 6. Psychological Evaluation and Testing
Clinical Interview
Standardized Testing
Special Topics
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 7. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and Pain Management
Introduction
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
Factitious Disorder
Malingering
Acknowledgments
Key Points
Chapter 8. Neurophysiologic Testing for Pain
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
Quantitative Sensory Testing
Short Latency Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Laser Evoked Potentials and Contact Heat Evoked Potentials
Sympathetic Skin Response
Quantitative Sweat Test
Nociceptive Reflexes
Ultrasonography as a Complementary Technique
Key Points
Chapter 9. Anatomy, Imaging, and Common Pain-Generating Degenerative Pathologies of the Spine
Anatomy
Imaging Overview
Degenerative Disc Disease
Disc Herniation
Facet Joint
Intraspinal Facet Cysts
Spinal Stenosis
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Osteoporotic Compression Fractures
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 10. Determination of Disability
Disability Programs
Disability Evaluations
Managing Disability in Pain Practices
Key Points
Section III. Perioperative Pain Management
Chapter 11. Preventive Analgesia
Terminology
Pathophysiology of Preventive Analgesia
Preventive Analgesia in Clinical Investigations
Conceptual Challenges of Preventive Analgesia
Future Considerations
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 12. Perioperative Nonopioid Infusions for Postoperative Pain Management
Intravenous Ketamine Infusion
Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion
Intravenous Naloxone Infusion
Magnesium Infusion
Esmolol Infusion
Alpha-2 Agonists
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 13. Patient-Controlled Analgesia
Safety and Efficacy of Patient-Controlled Analgesia
Types of Patient-Controlled Analgesia
Special Conditions
Key Points
Chapter 14. Intrathecal Opioids for Postoperative Pain
Mechanism of Action of Intrathecal Opioids
Advantages of Intrathecal Opioids
Side Effects of Intrathecal Opioids
Clinical Uses of Intrathecal Opioids for Postoperative Analgesia
Adjuvants to Intrathecal Opioids
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 15. Epidural Opioids for Postoperative Pain
Pharmacology of Epidural Opioids
Injection of Single-Dose Epidural Opioids
Continuous Infusion of Epidural Opioids
Side Effects of Epidural Opioids
Patient Outcomes and Epidural Morphine
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 16. Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Introduction
Indications For Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Equipment and Techniques
Infusion Management
Potential Risks/Complications
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 17. Pediatric Postoperative Pain
Anatomic and Physiologic Differences
Pain Assessment
Nonopioid Analgesics
Opioid Analgesia
Regional Analgesia
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 18. Chronic Pain After Surgery
What is Chronic Pain After Surgery?
Prevention of Chronic Pain After Surgery
Conclusion
Key Points
Section IV. Chronic Pain Syndromes
Chapter 19. Migraine Headache and the Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Migraine Headache
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TAC)
Key Points
Chapter 20. Tension-Type Headache, Chronic Tension-Type Headache, and Other Chronic Headache Types
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Pathophysiology of Tension-Type Headache
Other Chronic Headache Types
Key Points
Chapter 21. Postmeningeal Puncture Headache and Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Postmeningeal Puncture Headache
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Key Points
Chapter 22. Cervicogenic Headache
Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria
Etiology
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
Common Sources of Cervicogenic Headache
Cervical Myofascial Pain
Cervical Discogenic Pain
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 23. Orofacial Pain
Introduction
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Headache Attributed to Disorder of Cranial Bone
Headache Attributed to Disorder of Neck
Headache Attributed to Rhinosinusitis
Headache Attributed to Disorder of Teeth, Jaws, or Related Structures
Headache or Facial Pain Attributed to Temporomandibular Disorder
Cranial Neuralgias and Central Causes of Facial Pain and Other Headaches
Other Terminal Branch Neuralgias
Head or Facial Pain Attributed to Herpes Zoster
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (Atypical Face Pain)
Central Neuropathic Facial Pain
Anesthesia Dolorosa
Facial Pain Attributed to Multiple Sclerosis
Central Poststroke Pain
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 24. Overview of Low Back Pain Disorders
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Spinal Mechanics
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Testing
Management
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 25. Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 26. Fibromyalgia and Centralized Pain States
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia
General Treatment Approach
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 27. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Chapter 28. Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia
Herpes Zoster
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Key Points
Chapter 29. Postamputation Pain
Definitions and Epidemiology
Special Populations
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Postamputation Pain
Evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 30. Central Pain States
Epidemiology of Central Pain
Taxonomy
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms
Clinical Presentations
Experimental Models of Central Pain Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury
Therapeutic Options
Other Interventional Therapies
Future Directions
Key Points
Chapter 31. Pelvic Pain
Epidemiology
Pelvic Pain Differential and Etiology
Etiology
Theory
History and Physical Exam
Medical Treatment
Procedural Pain Medicine
Surgical Techniques
Alternative/Complementary Pain Medicine
Conclusion: why multidisciplinary?
Key Points
Chapter 32. Painful Peripheral Neuropathies
Terminology and Classification
Epidemiology
Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain
Evaluation of the Patient with Neuropathic Pain
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Key Points
Chapter 33. Entrapment Neuropathies
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Meralgia Paresthetica
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Morton’s Neuroma
Summary
Key Points
Section V. Cancer Pain and Pain in Special Situations
Chapter 34. Approach to the Management of Cancer Pain
Assessment of Cancer Pain
Treatment of Cancer Pain
Common Analgesics
Adjuvant Pain Medicines
Additional Considerations
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 35. Management of Pain at End of Life
Palliative Care and Hospice
Painful Syndromes in Cancer and Other Life-Threatening Illnesses
Assessment of Pain at the End of Life
Medication Administration at End of Life
Complex Pain Syndromes at End of Life
Other Symptoms Common at End of Life
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 36. Pain Management in the Emergency Department
Chronic Pain
Acute Pain
Specific Problems
Pain Management in Pediatrics
Analgesia During Procedures
Specific Agents
Key Points
Chapter 37. Chronic Pain Management in Children and Adolescents
Assessment of Chronic Pain in Children
Interdisciplinary Approach to Pediatric Chronic Pain Management
Functional Imaging of Pediatric Chronic Pain States
Pediatric Chronic Pain Syndromes
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Evaluation
Treatment
Headaches in Children
Evaluation and Management of Headache
Abdominal Pain in Children
Pediatric Cancer Pain
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 38. Sickle Cell Disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis And Evaluation
Management Of Acute Sickle Cell Pain
Keys To Successful Management Of Acute Sickle Cell Disease Pain In The Emergency Department
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 39. Pain Management During Pregnancy and Lactation
Drugs During Pregnancy
Drugs During Lactation
Imaging During Pregnancy
Pain Syndromes During Pregnancy and Lactation
Key Points
Chapter 40. Pain Control in the Critically Ill Patient
Assessment
Therapeutic Agents
Delirium
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 41. Geriatric Pain
Presentation of Disease/Comorbidity
Aging-Associated Physiology and Pathology
Drug Metabolism17
Comprehensive Pain Assessment
Conclusion
Key Points
Section VI. Pharmacology and Pharmacologic Modalities
Chapter 42. Major Opioids in Pain Management
Rationale
Guidelines
Initiation of Chronic Opioid Therapy
Administration
Treatment Endpoints and Opioid Selection
Selected Opioids
Key Points
Chapter 43. Opioids Used for Mild to Moderate Pain
Specific Short-Acting Opioids
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 44. The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic and Emerging Prescribing Guidelines
Emerging Prescribing Guidelines
Patient Evaluation and Risk Stratification
Development Of a Treatment Plan and Goals
Informed Consent and Treatment Agreement
Initiating An Opioid Trial
Ongoing Monitoring and Adapting the Treatment Plan
Periodic Drug Testing
Mental Health Consultation and Referral
Discontinuing Opioid Therapy
Documentation In Medical Records
Compliance With Controlled Substance Laws and Regulations
Additional Practices For Safer Prescribing
Key Points
Chapter 45. Legal and Regulatory Issues in Pain Management
Laws and Policies Affecting Pain Management
Litigation Involving Pain Management
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 46. Urine Drug Testing in Pain Medicine
History of Urine Drug Testing
Bodily Specimens That Can Be Tested
Urine Drug Testing
Threshold Of Detectability
Why Perform An Immunoassay Screen and Urine Drug Test
Who Should Get an Immunoassay Screen and Urine Drug Test
When To Get an Immunoassay Screen and Urine Drug Test
How Often To Get an Immunoassay Screen and Urine Drug Test
What is the Evidence for Getting An Immunoassay Screen and Urine Drug Test?
How to Interpret an Immunoassay Screen and Urine Drug Test
Adulteration
Conclusion
Chapter 47. Substance Use Disorders and Detoxification
Substance Use and Chronic Pain
Risks of Pharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain
Diagnosis of Substance use Disorders
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in Patients With Chronic Pain
Long-Term Opioid Therapy
Why is detoxification necessary?
Opioid Detoxification
Benzodiazepine Detoxification
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 48. Psychopharmacology for Pain Medicine
Epidemiology
Psychiatric Nosology
Major Depression and Subthreshold Depression
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Stabilizers
Other Antiepileptic Drugs
Neuroleptic Drugs
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 49. Membrane Stabilizers
Introduction
Sodium Channel Blockers
Anticonvulsants
Local Anesthetics
Calcium Channel Blockers
Key Points
Chapter 50. Recommendations for Pharmacologic Therapy of Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic Pain—Epidemiology and Assessment
Constructing the Evidence Base for Recommendations for Neuropathic Pain Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacologic Therapy of Neuropathic Pain—Summary of Evidence
Pharmacology of Drugs Implied in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Future Directions
Key Points
Chapter 51. Nonopioid Analgesics: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors, and Acetaminophen
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Specific Medications
Safety, Toxicity, and Adverse Effects
Medication Selection
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 52. Intravenous Infusions for Refractory Cancer and Chronic Pain States
Local Anesthetic (Lidocaine)
Ketamine
Bisphosphonates
Immunoglobulin
Magnesium
Phentolamine
Key Points
Chapter 53. Pharmacologic Management of Myofascial Pain
Mechanisms of Muscle Pain
Painful Conditions with Myofascial Involvement
Treatment
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 54. Pharmacologic Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Intravenous Ketamine
Bisphosphonates
Calcitonin
Magnesium
Gabapentin and Pregabalin
Tadalafil
Free Radical Scavengers
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Cream
N-Acetylcysteine Tablets
Mannitol
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 55. Pharmacology for the Interventional Pain Physician
Corticosteroids
Botulinum Toxin Therapy
Skin Antiseptic Agents
Key Points
Chapter 56. Role of Cannabinoids in Pain Management
History of Cannabinoids in Medicine
Classification of Cannabinoids
Pharmacology of Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids as Analgesics
Risks and Side Effects Of Cannabinoids
Regulatory, Professional, and Legal Considerations
Cannabinoids in the Pain Clinic
Conclusion
Key Points
Section VII. Therapeutic Interventions
Chapter 57. Ablative Neurosurgical Procedures for Treatment of Chronic Pain
General Comments
Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions/Caudalis Dorsal Root Entry Zone
Peripheral Neurectomy/Ganglionectomy
Sympathectomy
Cordotomy
Commissural Myelotomy
Intracerebral Lesions
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 58. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Approaches to Pain Management
Overview of Modalities
Heat and Cold
Electricity
Overview of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program
Therapeutic Exercise
Treatment Interventions Specific to Spine-Related Conditions
Interdisciplinary Comprehensive Pain Management
Key Points
Chapter 59. Psychologic Interventions for Chronic Pain
Behavioral Interventions
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies
Self-Management and Peer Support
Multidisciplinary Treatment
Inpatient Versus Outpatient Care
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 60. Acupuncture
History and Theories
Meridians, Acupoints, and Myofascial Trigger Points
Technique
Mechanism of Acupuncture Analgesia
Indications
Adverse Effects, Complications, and Medical Consent of Acupuncture
Precautions and Relative Contraindications
Clinical Research Data on Acupuncture Treatment
Updates Since the Nih Consensus Statement
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 61. Tai Chi and Chronic Pain
Introduction
Philosophy, History, and Development of Tai Chi
Tai Chi Health Benefits
Tai Chi Benefits in Chronic Pain Conditions
Limitations of Evidence
Future Research
Conclusion
Key Points
Section VIII. Interventional Techniques for Pain Management
Chapter 62. Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections
Introduction
Technique
Injectate Composition
Mechanism(S) of Action
Efficacy
Ilesi vs. Tfesi
Complications
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 63. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections and Selective Nerve Root Blocks
Introduction
Technique
Anatomy
Injectate Composition and Delivery
Efficacy
Complications
Neurologic Injury
Other Complications
Key Points
Chapter 64. Antitumor Necrosis Factor-α Drugs and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for Low Back Pain
Introduction
Role of Inflammation in Low Back Pain
A Brief Introduction to Antiinflammatory Drugs
Antitumor Necrosis Factor-α Drugs and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for Low Back Pain
Epidural Dmard Administration for Low Back Pain
Systemic Dmard Use for Low Back Pain
Adverse Effects of Dmard Use for Low Back Pain
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 65. Facet Syndrome
Anatomy and Function
Pathophysiology
Prevalence
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Blocks
Treatment
Conclusion
Chapter 66. Sacroiliac Joint Pain
Anatomy, Function, and Innervation
Epidemiology
Etiology
Diagnosis and Presentation
Treatment
Key Points
Appendix 66.1. Tests for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
Chapter 67. Piriformis Syndrome
Anatomy of the Piriformis Muscle and the Sciatic Nerve
Pathophysiology, Signs and Symptoms, and Treatment
Techniques of Piriformis Muscle and Perisciatic Nerve Injections
Key Points
Chapter 68. Pulsed Radiofrequency, Water-Cooled Radiofrequency, and Cryoneurolysis
Background and Technique
Clinical Uses
Clinical Efficacy
Clinical Efficacy
Side Effects and Complications
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 69. Discography
Overview of Spinal Pain
Mechanisms of Discogenic Pain
Prevalence
The Controversy Surrounding Discography
Correlation Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging And Discography
Effect of Surgical Outcomes
Alternatives to Provocation Discography
Interpretation
Complications And Disc Injury
Summary
Key Points
Chapter 70. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
Introduction
Indications
Osteoporosis
Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation
Prevention
Contraindications
Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Technique
Complications
Clinical Evidence For Kyphoplasty And Vertebroplasty For The Treatment Of Vertebral Compression Fractures
Controversies
Implications
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 71. Neurolytic Sympathetic Blocks
Celiac Plexus Block
Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block
Ganglion Impar Block
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 72. Central and Peripheral Neurolysis
Introduction
Patient Selection
Patient Preparation
Neurolytic Agents
Neuroaxial Neurolysis
Peripheral Neurolysis
Additional Techniques Of Neurolysis
Key Points
Chapter 73. Spinal Cord Stimulation
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Patient Selection and Preoperative Considerations
Equipment
Procedure
Complications
Programming and Technical Overview
Scs Types: Traditional, High-Frequency, and Burst Scs
Outcomes: Clinical Studies of Traditional Scs
Clinical Studies of Burst Scs
Clinical Studies of High-Frequency Scs
Cost Effectiveness
Peripheral, Cortical, and Deep Brain Stimulation
Recommendations
Key Points
Chapter 74. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
History and Pathophysiology
Evidence
Technical Considerations
Radial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Median Nerve
Popliteal Area
Selected Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Adverse Events
Future Applications of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 75. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
Introduction
Dorsal Root Ganglion “Gatekeeper” in Pain Transmission
Anatomy of the Dorsal Root Ganglion
Role of the Dorsal Root Ganglion in Impulse Propagation
Somatotopy of the Dorsal Root Ganglion
Dorsal Root Ganglion as Target for the Treatment of Chronic Pain
Dorsal Root Ganglionectomy
Radiofrequency Techniques Adjacent to the Dorsal Root Ganglion
Neurostimulation of the Dorsal Root Ganglion
In Vitro Studies
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation in Humans
Clinical Results
Side Effects and Complications
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation in Perspective
Key Points
Chapter 76. Implanted Drug Delivery Systems for Control of Chronic Pain
Introduction
Complications
Medication Classes
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 77. Fluoroscopy and Radiation Safety
Fluoroscopy Machine
Radiation Safety
Radiological Contrast Media
Key Points
Chapter 78. Efficacy of Interventional Procedures for Neuropathic Pain
Introduction
Neural Blockade Techniques
Neural Destructive Techniques, Pulse Radiofrequency
Section IX. Other Nerve Blocks in Pain Medicine
Chapter 79. Ultrasound-Guided Procedures for Pain Management: Spine Injections and Relevant Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Introduction
Basics of Ultrasound
Axial Procedures
Peripheral Procedures
Key Points
Chapter 80. Deep Muscle Injections: Piriformis, Scalene Muscle, Iliopsoas Injections
Introduction
Piriformis Syndrome
Diagnosis
Conservative Treatment
Injection Treatment
Injectate
Iliopsoas Pain
Diagnosis
Relevant Anatomy
Iliopsoas Injections
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Diagnosis
Relevant Anatomy
Scalene Muscle Injection
Results of Injection
Key Points
Chapter 81. Ultrasound-Guided Musculoskeletal Injections—Shoulder, Hip, and Knee
Shoulder
Hip
Knee Joint
Key Points
Chapter 82. Head and Neck Blocks
Indications and Contraindications
Trigeminal Nerve and Ganglion
Procedures
Sphenopalatine Ganglion
Procedure
Occipital Nerve Block
Ultrasound-Guided Occipital Nerve Block
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block
Cervical Plexus Block
Technique
Conclusion
Key Points
Chapter 83. Truncal Blocks: Paravertebral, Intercostal, Pectoral Nerve, Suprascapular, Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric Nerve, and Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks
Paravertebral Block
Intercostal Nerve Block
Pectoral Nerve Blocks
Suprascapular Nerve Blocks
Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerve Blocks
Transversus Abdominis Plane Block
Key Points
Chapter 84. Fluoroscopy and Ultrasound-Guided Sympathetic Blocks: Stellate Ganglion, Lumbar Sympathetic Blocks, and Visceral Sympathetic Blocks
Introduction
Stellate Ganglion and Cervical Sympathetic Chain Blockade
Lumbar Sympathetic Block
Abdominal Sympathetic Blockade
Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block
Ganglion Impar Block
Chapter 85. Interventional Pain Procedures in Patients on Anticoagulants
Introduction
Stratification of Risks
Aspirin Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
P2Y12 Inhibitors Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, and Ticagrelor
Older Anticoagulants: Warfarin, Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, Fibrinolytic Agents
Clotting Factor Inhibitors: Fondaparinux and the Novel Oral Anticoagulants
Laboratory Tests and Reversal of the Novel Oral Anticoagulants
Reversal of the Novel Oral Anticoagulants
Antidepressants
Herbal Medications
Summary and Concluding Statements
Chapter 86. Interventional Pain Procedures and the Risk of Infection
Introduction
Infection Rates
Preoperative Risk Reduction
Intraprocedural Risk Reduction
Postoperative Risk Reduction
Infection Management
Conclusion
Key Points
Index

Honorio Benzon

Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology

Associate Chair for Academic Affairs and Promotions

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Chicago, Illinois

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, Associate Chair for Academic Affairs and Promotions, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Srinivasa N. Raja

Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Neurology

Director of Pain Research

Division of Pain Medicine

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Neurology, Director of Pain Research, Division of Pain Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Scott M Fishman

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chief, Division of Pain Medicine, Vice Chair, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California

Spencer S Liu

Affiliations and expertise

Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Attending Anesthesiologist, Director of Acute Pain Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York

Steven P Cohen

Chief, Pain Medicine

Director, Pain Operations

Professor, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Psychiatry and Behavioral Services

Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

Director of Pain Research

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center

Bethesda, Maryland

Professor of Anesthesiology and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Bethesda, Maryland

Affiliations and expertise

Chief, Pain Medicine, Director, Pain Operations, Professor, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Director of Pain Research, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland; Professor of Anesthesiology and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

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Essentials of Pain Medicine

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BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

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Robert W Hurley

Honorio Benzon

Srinivasa N. Raja

Scott M Fishman

Spencer S Liu

Steven P Cohen

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