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Essentials of Orthodontics
- 4th Edition - June 2, 2020
- Author: Sridhar Premkumar
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 5 4 3 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 5 4 4 - 5
Essentials of Orthodontics is a compendium of significant and pertinent information related to Orthodontics, a subject that seems to have evolved over the past 100 years. This bo… Read more
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Request a sales quoteEssentials of Orthodontics is a compendium of significant and pertinent information related to Orthodontics, a subject that seems to have evolved over the past 100 years. This book provides a comprehensive overview of all areas of Orthodontics, from Growth and Development to retention and relapse. The book also acts as a refresher to the reader’s memory on fundamentals necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning. This book has been accepted well as an indispensable book among dental UGs and dentists who need smooth transition into the field of orthodontics. The significant information presented in highly organized framework had successfully suited various educational settings, be it exam preparation or understanding theoretical models or practical implications for clinical practice.
This fourth edition is upgraded and offers more succinct content based on the enormous current knowledge available in the theory and research sector of orthodontics.
Satisfies amended syllabus norms of Dental Council of India (DCI) and various international universities
• The single colour format is replaced with vivid colours to convey textbook structure effortlessly
• The entire book had been grouped into 11 sections with every chapter containing optimized outline to provide a gist of what to explore
• Numerous subsections and a thorough index that favors quick access to the readers
• Illustrations that can be readily associated with the learned concepts for correlation, interpretation and recollection by the students
• Tables, flowcharts and figures that are revisited, revised and refurbished
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface to the fourth edition
- Preface to the first edition
- Acknowledgements
- SECTION I. Development of a Concept
- 1. Introduction to orthodontics
- Definition and divisions of orthodontics
- Edward hartley angle
- Aims, objectives and/or goals of orthodontics
- History of orthodontics
- Need for orthodontic treatment and unfavourable sequelae of malocclusion
- 2. Epidemiology of malocclusion
- Brief epidemiology of malocclusion
- Ideal requirements of malocclusion indices
- Various indices used in orthodontics
- Index of orthodontic treatment need
- Treatment priority index by grainger
- Peer assessment rating index
- SECTION II. Growth and Development
- 3. Concepts of growth and development
- Growth and development: Definition and differentiation
- Nature of skeletal growth/hyperplasia, hypertrophy and extracellular matrix secretion
- Osteogenesis/methods of bone formation
- Remodelling
- Growth site versus growth centre
- Growth movements: Drift versus displacement
- Expanding V principle
- Pattern of growth
- Variability of growth
- Differences between primary and secondary cartilages
- Controlling factors in craniofacial growth
- Role of synchondroses in cranial base growth
- Various methods of measuring growth
- Craniometry and anthropometry
- Vital staining
- Implant radiography
- Growth rotations of mandible
- Clinical implications of growth and development
- Puberty/adolescence
- Nasal septum
- Meckel’s cartilage
- 4. Theories of growth
- Various theories of growth
- Genetic theory
- Sicher’s sutural dominance theory or hypothesis
- Nasal septal cartilaginous theory or scott’s hypothesis
- Moss’ functional matrix theory or hypothesis
- Neurotrophism
- Servo system or cybernetic theory
- Growth equivalents concept or enlow’s counterpart principle
- 5. Growth of facial structures
- Prenatal growth of maxilla
- Prenatal growth of palate
- Prenatal growth of mandible
- Postnatal growth of maxilla
- Postnatal growth of palate
- Postnatal growth of mandible
- Condylar growth
- Development of tongue
- Growth of maxilla with regard to various theories of growth
- Growth of mandible with regard to various theories of growth
- Role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the growth of maxilla and mandible
- Effect of continuous growth on occlusion and stability of treatment/late mandibular growth/late incisor crowding
- 6. Child psychology
- Need to study child psychology
- Theories of developmental psychology
- Correlation of various theories of psychology
- Behaviour learning theories
- Types of child behaviour
- Motivation of a child
- Child behaviour management techniques used in orthodontics
- 7. Development of occlusion and normal occlusion
- Eruption of teeth
- Stages of tooth development
- Chronology of human dentition
- Development of occlusion from birth till 12 years and adolescence
- Terminal plane relationship and transition of molar–occlusal relationship from mixed dentition to permanent dentition
- Self-correcting malocclusions/transitional or transient malocclusions
- Forces of occlusion
- Keys of occlusion
- Key of occlusion and angle’s concept of normal occlusion
- 8. Stomatognathics in orthodontics
- Stomatognathics: Definition and its various components
- Muscles of mastication and their role in malocclusion
- Trajectorial theory of bone formation/julius wolff’s law
- Trajectories of force/benninghoff’s lines
- Buccinator mechanism
- Movements and positions of mandible
- Various functions of stomatognathic system
- Mastication
- Infantile swallow/retained infantile swallow
- Deglutition/adult or mature swallow
- Speech and malocclusion
- SECTION III. Development of Problems
- 9. Classification of malocclusion
- Malocclusion definition
- Definition of classification in orthodontics
- Methods of recording and measuring malocclusion/various methods of classification of malocclusion
- Angle’s classification of malocclusion
- Merits and demerits of angle’s classification/validity of angle’s classification
- Modifications of angle’s classification
- Simon’s classification
- Skeletal classification
- Incisor classification/british standard classification of incisor relationship
- Ackerman–proffit classification
- Additions to the ackerman–proffit classification
- WHO/FDI classification
- Aetiologic classification of malocclusion
- Quantitative methods of classification of malocclusion
- 10. Aetiology of malocclusion
- Classification of aetiologic factors
- Prenatal causes of malocclusion
- Role of genetics in malocclusion
- Butler’s field theory
- Postnatal causes of malocclusion
- Equilibrium theory
- General causes of malocclusion
- SECTION IV. Diagnosis
- 11. Case history and clinical examination in orthodontics
- Classification of diagnostic aids and various diagnostic methods employed in orthodontics
- Importance of case history in orthodontic diagnosis
- Clinical evaluation of orthodontic patient
- Systematic examination of facial and dental appearance/macro-, mini- and micro-aesthetics
- Smile analysis
- 12. Radiographs and related diagnostic aids
- Radiographs used in orthodontics
- Role of intraoral radiographs in orthodontics
- Panoramic radiography
- Photographs as a diagnostic tool
- Occlusogram
- Electromyography
- Digital radiography
- Technological advances in diagnosis/advanced diagnostic aids
- Age assessment: Chronological, dental and skeletal age
- 13. Model analysis
- Study models/study casts
- Classification of model analyses/various methods of model analyses used in orthodontics
- Bolton’s analysis/bolton’s ratio
- Peck and peck ratio
- Ashley howe’s analysis
- Pont’s index/pont’s analysis
- Linder harth analysis
- Kesling’s diagnostic set-up
- Korkhaus analysis
- Moyer’s mixed dentition analysis
- Tanaka–johnston analysis
- Radiographic method of mixed dentition model analysis
- Carey’s analysis
- Occlusogram
- 14. Cephalometrics
- Definition of cephalometrics
- Cephalometric radiography
- Cephalometric landmarks
- Reference planes used in cephalometry
- Classification of cephalometric analyses
- Steiner’s analysis
- Y-axis/growth axis
- Tweed’s analysis/tweed’s diagnostic triangle
- Wits appraisal/analysis
- Holdaway’s lip analysis
- Holdaway ratio
- Down’s analysis
- Ricketts’ analysis
- McNamara’s analysis
- Utility of cephalometrics in growth
- Role of cephalometry in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
- Computerized cephalometric system
- Visualized treatment objective
- SECTION V. Biology, Mechanics and Orthodontic Materials
- 15. Biology of tooth movement
- Physiologic tooth movement
- Structure of periodontal ligament and its response to physiological force
- Theories of tooth movement
- Biological tissue reaction to the application of orthodontic force
- Stages of tooth movement
- Different types of orthodontic force
- Orthopaedic force
- Deleterious effects of orthodontic force
- Influence of drugs during orthodontic tooth movement
- 16. Biomechanics of orthodontic tooth movement
- Newton’s laws of motion and its relevance to tooth movement
- Terminologies in biomechanics of tooth movement
- Types of tooth movement
- Definition and classification of anchorage
- Factors affecting anchorage
- Anchorage loss
- Planning of anchorage
- Various types of anchorage with suitable examples
- Implant as anchorage units/absolute anchorage/temporary anchorage devices
- 17. Materials used in orthodontics
- Classification of materials used in orthodontics
- Wrought alloys/orthodontic metallic materials
- Annealing/heat treatment of orthodontic alloys
- Archwires used in orthodontics
- Desirable properties of orthodontic wires/ideal requirements of orthodontic wire
- 18–8 stainless steel
- Braided or twisted or coaxial wires
- Newer orthodontic wires/nonmetallic wires
- Elgiloy wire/cobalt–chromium–nickel wire
- Nitinol wires/superelastic wires/space-age wires/shape memory alloys/niti alloy
- TMA wires/titanium–molybdenum alloy wires/ β-ti wires
- Composition and properties of orthodontic wires
- Soldering/brazing
- Welding in orthodontics
- Ceramic brackets in orthodontics
- Cements used in orthodontics
- Irreversible hydrocolloids/alginate
- Orthodontic bonding adhesives
- Recent advances in orthodontic adhesives
- Various light sources used for curing composite
- Magnets in orthodontics
- Sterilization and disinfection in orthodontics
- Conclusion
- Lasers in orthodontics
- SECTION VI. Orthodontic Appliances
- 18. Removable appliances
- Definition and classification of orthodontic appliances
- Ideal requirements of orthodontic appliances
- Advantages and limitations of removable orthodontic appliances
- Mechanical principles involved in designing of orthodontic appliances
- Components/various parts of removable appliances
- Designing of clasps used in orthodontics
- Classification of clasps used in orthodontic practice
- Free-ended clasps
- Continuous clasps
- Various active components of removable appliance
- Springs used in removable appliance
- Canine retractors
- Labial bows
- Base plate
- Fabrication of removable appliance
- Insertion of removable orthodontic appliance
- Failures of removable appliance/unsuccessful removable appliance therapy
- Hawley appliance and retainer
- Treatment of various malocclusions by removable mechanical appliances
- Orthodontic pliers
- Screws
- Elastics
- Designing of removable orthodontic appliances
- 19. Functional appliances
- Definition and classification of functional appliances
- History of maxillofacial orthopaedics
- Principles of functional appliance therapy
- Mechanism of action of functional appliances
- Craniofacial response or effects produced by functional appliances
- Ideal requirements of functional appliances
- Clinical visualized treatment objective
- Guidelines for case selection for functional appliances
- Advantages and limitations of functional appliances
- Bite planes used in orthodontics
- Vestibular screens/oral screens
- Lip bumper
- Activator
- Modifications of activator
- Bionator
- Trimming of the bionator
- Functional regulators and their types
- Differences between activator and functional regulator
- Twin block
- Fixed functional appliances
- Action of functional appliances through theories of growth
- 20. Orthopaedic appliances
- Headgears strap/anchorage source
- Reverse-pull headgears or facemask
- Chin cup
- 21. Expansion appliances
- Types of expansion
- Classification of expansion appliances
- Rapid maxillary expansion (RME)/rapid palatal expansion (RPE)
- Classification of slow expansion appliances
- Removable slow expansion appliances
- Fixed slow expansion appliances
- Differences between RME and slow expansion
- 22. Fixed appliances
- Various components of fixed appliances
- Evolution of various fixed appliance techniques
- Bonding techniques in orthodontics
- Latex elastics
- Management of dental problems during orthodontic treatment
- Advantages and limitations of fixed appliances
- SECTION VII. Treatment Planning in Orthodontics
- 23. General considerations in treatment planning
- Treatment planning in orthodontics
- Analyses and treatment approach of arch length discrepancy
- Principles of growth modification
- Total space analysis
- Procedure based on Graber and Vanersdall
- 24. Methods of gaining space
- Classification of various methods of gaining space in orthodontics
- Proximal slicing
- Expansion
- Advancement or labial proclination of anterior teeth
- Distalization of molars
- Contraindications and complications of molar distalization
- Various appliances used for molar distalization
- Derotation of posterior teeth
- Uprighting of tipped tooth
- Extractions in orthodontics
- SECTION VIII. Early Orthodontic Treatment
- 25. Preventive orthodontics
- Preventive orthodontics: Definition and various preventive orthodontic procedures
- Rationale and principles of preventive orthodontics
- Nonappliance preventive orthodontic procedures
- Classification of space maintainers
- Planning for space maintenance and factors for consideration
- Ideal requirements, indications and contraindications of space maintainers
- Removable space maintainers
- Fixed space maintainers
- Various space maintainers according to different conditions or areas in the arch
- Mouth protectors or guards
- 26. Interceptive orthodontics
- Various interceptive orthodontic procedures
- Occlusal grinding/occlusal equilibration
- Management of developing anterior crossbite/tongue blade therapy
- Incipient malocclusions
- Classification of deleterious dentofacial habits
- Thumb sucking
- Tongue thrusting
- Management of lip biting and lip sucking
- Bruxism
- Mouth breathing and its management
- Muscle exercises
- Space regainers/active space maintainers
- Serial extraction/guidance of eruption
- Interception of malocclusion
- Invisalign
- SECTION IX. Surgical Considerations in Orthodontics
- 27. Surgical orthodontics
- Various surgical orthodontic procedures
- Minor oral surgical procedures in relation to orthodontics
- Diagnosis and treatment planning in surgical orthodontics
- Presurgical orthodontics
- Postsurgical orthodontics
- Model surgery
- Surgical procedures for mandibular prognathism and maxillary retrusion/skeletal class III correction
- Surgical correction of receding chin/deficient chin
- Surgical correction of class II malocclusion
- Surgical procedures for vertical malocclusion
- Timing of orthognathic surgery
- Therapeutic AIDS in surgical care
- Distraction osteogenesis
- Implants in orthodontics
- 28. Cleft lip and palate
- Classification of cleft lip and palate
- Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and dental management of cleft lip and palate
- Bernard von langenbeck’s palatal closure by elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps
- V-Y pushback palatoplasty
- Surgical goals of alveolar bone grafting
- Timing of alveolar cleft bone grafting
- Graft materials
- Orthodontic management of cleft palate
- Nasoalveolar moulding/presurgical nasoalveolar moulding
- Prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip and palate
- SECTION X. Corrective Orthodontics
- 29. Management of intra-arch problems
- Aetiology, clinical features and management of class I malocclusion with crowding
- Aetiology and management of class I malocclusion with spacing
- Median diastema
- Transposition
- Rotation
- 30. Management of transverse malocclusions
- Definition and types of crossbites
- Aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of anterior crossbite
- Aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of posterior crossbite
- Facial asymmetry
- 31. Management of vertical malocclusions
- Aetiology, clinical features and management of deep bite
- Aetiology, clinical features and management of open bite
- Short face/low-angle case/hypodivergent face
- Long face/high-angle case/hyperdivergent face
- 32. Management of sagittal malocclusions
- Aetiology, clinical features and diagnostic features of class II division 1 malocclusion
- Management of class II division 1 in a growing child (mixed dentition period)
- Management of class II division 1 malocclusion in an adult
- Incisor edge–centroid relationship/edge–centroid relationship
- Class II division 2 malocclusion
- Class III malocclusion
- Differences between true class III and pseudo-class III
- Bimaxillary protrusion
- 33. Management of problems in adult patients
- Adult orthodontics
- Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
- Management of medically compromised patients in orthodontic practice
- Trauma and orthodontics
- SECTION XI. Miscellaneous
- 34. Retention, relapse and complications
- Definition of retention and relapse
- Causes for relapse in orthodontics/need for retention after orthodontic treatment
- Various schools of thought pertaining to retention in orthodontics
- Theorems on retention
- Classification and planning of retention in orthodontics
- Mechanical AIDS to retention/retention appliances/retainers
- Adjunctive procedures to aid retention and to prevent relapse
- Retention with regard to different types of malocclusion
- Active retention
- Raleigh william’s keys to eliminate lower incisor retention
- Tweed’s retention plan
- Complications/Deleterious/Iatrogenic effects of orthodontic treatment
- 35. Digital orthodontics
- Digital orthodontics
- Paperless orthodontic practice
- Digital panoramic images
- Digital cephalometrics
- Digital study models
- Digital photography
- Index
- No. of pages: 598
- Language: English
- Edition: 4
- Published: June 2, 2020
- Imprint: Elsevier India
- Paperback ISBN: 9788131255438
- eBook ISBN: 9788131255445