Essentials of Orthodontics

4th Edition - June 2, 2020
Imprint: Elsevier India
Author: Sridhar Premkumar
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 5 4 3 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 5 4 4 - 5

Essentials of Orthodontics is a compendium of significant and pertinent information related to Orthodontics, a subject that seems to have evolved over the past 100 years. This bo… Read more

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Essentials of Orthodontics is a compendium of significant and pertinent information related to Orthodontics, a subject that seems to have evolved over the past 100 years. This book provides a comprehensive overview of all areas of Orthodontics, from Growth and Development to retention and relapse. The book also acts as a refresher to the reader’s memory on fundamentals necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning. This book has been accepted well as an indispensable book among dental UGs and dentists who need smooth transition into the field of orthodontics. The significant information presented in highly organized framework had successfully suited various educational settings, be it exam preparation or understanding theoretical models or practical implications for clinical practice.

This fourth edition is upgraded and offers more succinct content based on the enormous current knowledge available in the theory and research sector of orthodontics.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface to the fourth edition
Preface to the first edition
Acknowledgements
SECTION I. Development of a Concept
1. Introduction to orthodontics
Definition and divisions of orthodontics
Edward hartley angle
Aims, objectives and/or goals of orthodontics
History of orthodontics
Need for orthodontic treatment and unfavourable sequelae of malocclusion
2. Epidemiology of malocclusion
Brief epidemiology of malocclusion
Ideal requirements of malocclusion indices
Various indices used in orthodontics
Index of orthodontic treatment need
Treatment priority index by grainger
Peer assessment rating index
SECTION II. Growth and Development
3. Concepts of growth and development
Growth and development: Definition and differentiation
Nature of skeletal growth/hyperplasia, hypertrophy and extracellular matrix secretion
Osteogenesis/methods of bone formation
Remodelling
Growth site versus growth centre
Growth movements: Drift versus displacement
Expanding V principle
Pattern of growth
Variability of growth
Differences between primary and secondary cartilages
Controlling factors in craniofacial growth
Role of synchondroses in cranial base growth
Various methods of measuring growth
Craniometry and anthropometry
Vital staining
Implant radiography
Growth rotations of mandible
Clinical implications of growth and development
Puberty/adolescence
Nasal septum
Meckel’s cartilage
4. Theories of growth
Various theories of growth
Genetic theory
Sicher’s sutural dominance theory or hypothesis
Nasal septal cartilaginous theory or scott’s hypothesis
Moss’ functional matrix theory or hypothesis
Neurotrophism
Servo system or cybernetic theory
Growth equivalents concept or enlow’s counterpart principle
5. Growth of facial structures
Prenatal growth of maxilla
Prenatal growth of palate
Prenatal growth of mandible
Postnatal growth of maxilla
Postnatal growth of palate
Postnatal growth of mandible
Condylar growth
Development of tongue
Growth of maxilla with regard to various theories of growth
Growth of mandible with regard to various theories of growth
Role of genetic and epigenetic factors in the growth of maxilla and mandible
Effect of continuous growth on occlusion and stability of treatment/late mandibular growth/late incisor crowding
6. Child psychology
Need to study child psychology
Theories of developmental psychology
Correlation of various theories of psychology
Behaviour learning theories
Types of child behaviour
Motivation of a child
Child behaviour management techniques used in orthodontics
7. Development of occlusion and normal occlusion
Eruption of teeth
Stages of tooth development
Chronology of human dentition
Development of occlusion from birth till 12 years and adolescence
Terminal plane relationship and transition of molar–occlusal relationship from mixed dentition to permanent dentition
Self-correcting malocclusions/transitional or transient malocclusions
Forces of occlusion
Keys of occlusion
Key of occlusion and angle’s concept of normal occlusion
8. Stomatognathics in orthodontics
Stomatognathics: Definition and its various components
Muscles of mastication and their role in malocclusion
Trajectorial theory of bone formation/julius wolff’s law
Trajectories of force/benninghoff’s lines
Buccinator mechanism
Movements and positions of mandible
Various functions of stomatognathic system
Mastication
Infantile swallow/retained infantile swallow
Deglutition/adult or mature swallow
Speech and malocclusion
SECTION III. Development of Problems
9. Classification of malocclusion
Malocclusion definition
Definition of classification in orthodontics
Methods of recording and measuring malocclusion/various methods of classification of malocclusion
Angle’s classification of malocclusion
Merits and demerits of angle’s classification/validity of angle’s classification
Modifications of angle’s classification
Simon’s classification
Skeletal classification
Incisor classification/british standard classification of incisor relationship
Ackerman–proffit classification
Additions to the ackerman–proffit classification
WHO/FDI classification
Aetiologic classification of malocclusion
Quantitative methods of classification of malocclusion
10. Aetiology of malocclusion
Classification of aetiologic factors
Prenatal causes of malocclusion
Role of genetics in malocclusion
Butler’s field theory
Postnatal causes of malocclusion
Equilibrium theory
General causes of malocclusion
SECTION IV. Diagnosis
11. Case history and clinical examination in orthodontics
Classification of diagnostic aids and various diagnostic methods employed in orthodontics
Importance of case history in orthodontic diagnosis
Clinical evaluation of orthodontic patient
Systematic examination of facial and dental appearance/macro-, mini- and micro-aesthetics
Smile analysis
12. Radiographs and related diagnostic aids
Radiographs used in orthodontics
Role of intraoral radiographs in orthodontics
Panoramic radiography
Photographs as a diagnostic tool
Occlusogram
Electromyography
Digital radiography
Technological advances in diagnosis/advanced diagnostic aids
Age assessment: Chronological, dental and skeletal age
13. Model analysis
Study models/study casts
Classification of model analyses/various methods of model analyses used in orthodontics
Bolton’s analysis/bolton’s ratio
Peck and peck ratio
Ashley howe’s analysis
Pont’s index/pont’s analysis
Linder harth analysis
Kesling’s diagnostic set-up
Korkhaus analysis
Moyer’s mixed dentition analysis
Tanaka–johnston analysis
Radiographic method of mixed dentition model analysis
Carey’s analysis
Occlusogram
14. Cephalometrics
Definition of cephalometrics
Cephalometric radiography
Cephalometric landmarks
Reference planes used in cephalometry
Classification of cephalometric analyses
Steiner’s analysis
Y-axis/growth axis
Tweed’s analysis/tweed’s diagnostic triangle
Wits appraisal/analysis
Holdaway’s lip analysis
Holdaway ratio
Down’s analysis
Ricketts’ analysis
McNamara’s analysis
Utility of cephalometrics in growth
Role of cephalometry in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
Computerized cephalometric system
Visualized treatment objective
SECTION V. Biology, Mechanics and Orthodontic Materials
15. Biology of tooth movement
Physiologic tooth movement
Structure of periodontal ligament and its response to physiological force
Theories of tooth movement
Biological tissue reaction to the application of orthodontic force
Stages of tooth movement
Different types of orthodontic force
Orthopaedic force
Deleterious effects of orthodontic force
Influence of drugs during orthodontic tooth movement
16. Biomechanics of orthodontic tooth movement
Newton’s laws of motion and its relevance to tooth movement
Terminologies in biomechanics of tooth movement
Types of tooth movement
Definition and classification of anchorage
Factors affecting anchorage
Anchorage loss
Planning of anchorage
Various types of anchorage with suitable examples
Implant as anchorage units/absolute anchorage/temporary anchorage devices
17. Materials used in orthodontics
Classification of materials used in orthodontics
Wrought alloys/orthodontic metallic materials
Annealing/heat treatment of orthodontic alloys
Archwires used in orthodontics
Desirable properties of orthodontic wires/ideal requirements of orthodontic wire
18–8 stainless steel
Braided or twisted or coaxial wires
Newer orthodontic wires/nonmetallic wires
Elgiloy wire/cobalt–chromium–nickel wire
Nitinol wires/superelastic wires/space-age wires/shape memory alloys/niti alloy
TMA wires/titanium–molybdenum alloy wires/ β-ti wires
Composition and properties of orthodontic wires
Soldering/brazing
Welding in orthodontics
Ceramic brackets in orthodontics
Cements used in orthodontics
Irreversible hydrocolloids/alginate
Orthodontic bonding adhesives
Recent advances in orthodontic adhesives
Various light sources used for curing composite
Magnets in orthodontics
Sterilization and disinfection in orthodontics
Conclusion
Lasers in orthodontics
SECTION VI. Orthodontic Appliances
18. Removable appliances
Definition and classification of orthodontic appliances
Ideal requirements of orthodontic appliances
Advantages and limitations of removable orthodontic appliances
Mechanical principles involved in designing of orthodontic appliances
Components/various parts of removable appliances
Designing of clasps used in orthodontics
Classification of clasps used in orthodontic practice
Free-ended clasps
Continuous clasps
Various active components of removable appliance
Springs used in removable appliance
Canine retractors
Labial bows
Base plate
Fabrication of removable appliance
Insertion of removable orthodontic appliance
Failures of removable appliance/unsuccessful removable appliance therapy
Hawley appliance and retainer
Treatment of various malocclusions by removable mechanical appliances
Orthodontic pliers
Screws
Elastics
Designing of removable orthodontic appliances
19. Functional appliances
Definition and classification of functional appliances
History of maxillofacial orthopaedics
Principles of functional appliance therapy
Mechanism of action of functional appliances
Craniofacial response or effects produced by functional appliances
Ideal requirements of functional appliances
Clinical visualized treatment objective
Guidelines for case selection for functional appliances
Advantages and limitations of functional appliances
Bite planes used in orthodontics
Vestibular screens/oral screens
Lip bumper
Activator
Modifications of activator
Bionator
Trimming of the bionator
Functional regulators and their types
Differences between activator and functional regulator
Twin block
Fixed functional appliances
Action of functional appliances through theories of growth
20. Orthopaedic appliances
Headgears strap/anchorage source
Reverse-pull headgears or facemask
Chin cup
21. Expansion appliances
Types of expansion
Classification of expansion appliances
Rapid maxillary expansion (RME)/rapid palatal expansion (RPE)
Classification of slow expansion appliances
Removable slow expansion appliances
Fixed slow expansion appliances
Differences between RME and slow expansion
22. Fixed appliances
Various components of fixed appliances
Evolution of various fixed appliance techniques
Bonding techniques in orthodontics
Latex elastics
Management of dental problems during orthodontic treatment
Advantages and limitations of fixed appliances
SECTION VII. Treatment Planning in Orthodontics
23. General considerations in treatment planning
Treatment planning in orthodontics
Analyses and treatment approach of arch length discrepancy
Principles of growth modification
Total space analysis
Procedure based on Graber and Vanersdall
24. Methods of gaining space
Classification of various methods of gaining space in orthodontics
Proximal slicing
Expansion
Advancement or labial proclination of anterior teeth
Distalization of molars
Contraindications and complications of molar distalization
Various appliances used for molar distalization
Derotation of posterior teeth
Uprighting of tipped tooth
Extractions in orthodontics
SECTION VIII. Early Orthodontic Treatment
25. Preventive orthodontics
Preventive orthodontics: Definition and various preventive orthodontic procedures
Rationale and principles of preventive orthodontics
Nonappliance preventive orthodontic procedures
Classification of space maintainers
Planning for space maintenance and factors for consideration
Ideal requirements, indications and contraindications of space maintainers
Removable space maintainers
Fixed space maintainers
Various space maintainers according to different conditions or areas in the arch
Mouth protectors or guards
26. Interceptive orthodontics
Various interceptive orthodontic procedures
Occlusal grinding/occlusal equilibration
Management of developing anterior crossbite/tongue blade therapy
Incipient malocclusions
Classification of deleterious dentofacial habits
Thumb sucking
Tongue thrusting
Management of lip biting and lip sucking
Bruxism
Mouth breathing and its management
Muscle exercises
Space regainers/active space maintainers
Serial extraction/guidance of eruption
Interception of malocclusion
Invisalign
SECTION IX. Surgical Considerations in Orthodontics
27. Surgical orthodontics
Various surgical orthodontic procedures
Minor oral surgical procedures in relation to orthodontics
Diagnosis and treatment planning in surgical orthodontics
Presurgical orthodontics
Postsurgical orthodontics
Model surgery
Surgical procedures for mandibular prognathism and maxillary retrusion/skeletal class III correction
Surgical correction of receding chin/deficient chin
Surgical correction of class II malocclusion
Surgical procedures for vertical malocclusion
Timing of orthognathic surgery
Therapeutic AIDS in surgical care
Distraction osteogenesis
Implants in orthodontics
28. Cleft lip and palate
Classification of cleft lip and palate
Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and dental management of cleft lip and palate
Bernard von langenbeck’s palatal closure by elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps
V-Y pushback palatoplasty
Surgical goals of alveolar bone grafting
Timing of alveolar cleft bone grafting
Graft materials
Orthodontic management of cleft palate
Nasoalveolar moulding/presurgical nasoalveolar moulding
Prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip and palate
SECTION X. Corrective Orthodontics
29. Management of intra-arch problems
Aetiology, clinical features and management of class I malocclusion with crowding
Aetiology and management of class I malocclusion with spacing
Median diastema
Transposition
Rotation
30. Management of transverse malocclusions
Definition and types of crossbites
Aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of anterior crossbite
Aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of posterior crossbite
Facial asymmetry
31. Management of vertical malocclusions
Aetiology, clinical features and management of deep bite
Aetiology, clinical features and management of open bite
Short face/low-angle case/hypodivergent face
Long face/high-angle case/hyperdivergent face
32. Management of sagittal malocclusions
Aetiology, clinical features and diagnostic features of class II division 1 malocclusion
Management of class II division 1 in a growing child (mixed dentition period)
Management of class II division 1 malocclusion in an adult
Incisor edge–centroid relationship/edge–centroid relationship
Class II division 2 malocclusion
Class III malocclusion
Differences between true class III and pseudo-class III
Bimaxillary protrusion
33. Management of problems in adult patients
Adult orthodontics
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
Management of medically compromised patients in orthodontic practice
Trauma and orthodontics
SECTION XI. Miscellaneous
34. Retention, relapse and complications
Definition of retention and relapse
Causes for relapse in orthodontics/need for retention after orthodontic treatment
Various schools of thought pertaining to retention in orthodontics
Theorems on retention
Classification and planning of retention in orthodontics
Mechanical AIDS to retention/retention appliances/retainers
Adjunctive procedures to aid retention and to prevent relapse
Retention with regard to different types of malocclusion
Active retention
Raleigh william’s keys to eliminate lower incisor retention
Tweed’s retention plan
Complications/Deleterious/Iatrogenic effects of orthodontic treatment
35. Digital orthodontics
Digital orthodontics
Paperless orthodontic practice
Digital panoramic images
Digital cephalometrics
Digital study models
Digital photography
Index

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