Essentials of Modern Physics Applied to the Study of the Infrared
International Series of Monographs in Infrared Science and Technology
- 1st Edition - January 1, 1967
- Imprint: Pergamon
- Author: Armand Hadni
- Editors: G. A. Boutry, P. Goerlich, T. S. Moss
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 1 4 7 8 - 1
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 4 7 2 0 - 8
Essentials of Modern Physics Applied to the Study of the Infrared covers topics about the essentials of modern physics. The book starts with the situation of research into the… Read more
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Request a sales quoteEssentials of Modern Physics Applied to the Study of the Infrared covers topics about the essentials of modern physics. The book starts with the situation of research into the infrared and the problems to which it gives rise, and then discusses instrumentation in the infrared: optics, sources, receivers and electronics. The book describes the interaction between the infrared and matter within the framework of Lorentz's general theory and in the particular case of solids using Born's theory and introducing the notion of phonons. The region of the electromagnetic spectrum and the developments in science and industry, including X-ray analysis, molecular beam experiments, radio, and television are considered. The book tackles the sources of infrared as well as infrared detectors. The text will be useful to physicists, engineers, and laboratory technicians.
Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction. The Rise and Increasing Complexity of Infrared Research I. The Discovery of the Infrared II. The Fundamental Research III. Rapid Progress after the War III.1. Industrial Production of Spectrometers III.2. Spectra Atlases III.3. A New Optics III.4. The Semiconductors IV. The Immediate Future IV.1. Lasers and Electronic Transitions in the Infrared IV.2. Interaction between Infrared and Waves of Thermal Motion in Solids IV.3. Application to Modern Chemistry, Television and Cybernetics Chapter 1. Elements of Instrumental Optics in the Infrared I. Energy Quantities Relative to Radiations I.1. Energy Flux radiated from a Source I.2. Intensity of a Point Source towards One Direction I.3. Luminance I.4. The Spread of a Beam I.5. Emittance of a Source I.6. Illumination of a Screen I.7. Flux transported per Unit of Wavelength, Specific Luminance, Emittance, Intensity and Illumination II. Radiation Dispersion II.1. General Points II.2. True Monochromators (prism monochromators) II.3. Pseudo Monochromators: Perot-Fabry Etalons and Gratings III. The Problem of Eliminating Stray Light III.1. Filters by Reflection III.2. Filters by Transmission III.3. Filters based on Selective Modulation IV. Multiplex Spectrometry IV.1. Spectrometer and Spectrograph, Multiplex Spectrometry IV.2. Interferometric Amplitude Modulator IV.3. Michelson's Interferometer, Modulation of Amplitude and Fourier's Analysis IV.4. Spectrometers with Grids or Multiple Slits V. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2. Sources of Infrared I. Introduction II. Thermal Emission II.1. Classical Theory of the Black Body, Continuous Emission II.2. Quantum Theory of the Black Body II.3. Thermal Emission: Continuous or Selective Emission II.4. Discharges in Gases, Black Body Emission of Plasma III. Mechanism of the Emission: Atomic or Molecular, Spontaneous or Stimulated III.1. Einstein's Coefficients, Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission, Absorption III.2. Spontaneous Emission of Cold Sources in the Infrared III.3. Stimulated Emission of Cold Sources in the Infrared: Lasers IV. Emission of Waves by Electric Circuits IV.1. Hertz's Experiments (1877) IV.2. Field radiated by an Oscillating Dipole IV.3. High Frequency Sinusoidal Oscillations of a Triode IV.4. Velocity Modulation Tubes IV.5. Harmonics Generation IV.6. The Cerenkov and the Smith-Purcell Effects IV.7. Cyclotronic Generator and Tunnel Diodes V. Conclusion BibliographyChapter 3. Infrared Detectors I. Introduction II. Thermal Detectors II.1 General Description, Temperature Rise of the Target II.2. Specific Volume II.3. Electric Resistance II.4. Thermoelectricity II.5. Pyroelectricity II.6. Photoemissivity of Electrons II.7. Absorption of a Semiconductor in the Zone where it becomes Transparent II.8. Thermosensitive Fluorescence II.9. Thermochroism II.10. Evaporography III. Quantum Detectors III.1. Quantum Detectors using the Electronic Levels of a Semiconductor III.2. Electronic Levels of an Ion, or of a Pair of Ions IV. Crystal Detectors V. Amplifiers, Noise Spectrum VI. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 4. Propagation of Infrared in Empty Space and in Matter— Maxwell's Equations, Lorentz's Theory I. Introduction II. The Equation of Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave, the Search for a Plane Solution II.1. General Relationships between E, B, H, D II.2. Equations of Propagation for E and H II.3. Finding a Solution when the Medium propagates a Plane Wave II.4. Interpretation of the Complex Index III. Applications III.1. Transversality of the Plane Wave III.2. Characteristic Impedance of the Medium IV. Calculation of the Dielectric Constant from the Atomic Structure, Dispersion of the Index of Refraction and the Absorption Coefficient, Lorentz's Theory IV.1. Electronic and Ionic Polarizability at a First Approximation IV.2. Contribution of Free Carriers: Plasma IV.3. Contribution of Polar Molecules in Free Rotation, Dispersion of Polar Gases in the Infrared IV.4. Polarizability of Orientation IV.5. Local Field of Lorentz V. Conclusion V.1. Variation of the Polarizability in Terms of the Frequency V.2. Variation of n and k in Terms of the Frequency for a Medium containing only Electronic, Ionic, or Vibrational Oscillators Bibliography Chapter 5. Waves of Thermal Agitation in a Solid, Interactions with the Infrared I. Introduction II. Einstein's Theory and Debye's Theory on the Vibrations of a Solid II.1. Quantification of the Elastic Vibrations of a Solid (Einstein 1907) II.2. Einstein's Theory II.3. Debye's Theory III. Exact Solution for the Problem of the Natural Vibrations of a Solid III.1. Linear Chain of Diatomic Molecules III.2. Three-dimensional Lattice IV. Interactions between Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Waves of Agitation in a Perfect Crystal IV.1. Electromagnetic Character of Certain Waves of Thermal Agitation in a Polar Crystal IV.2. First Order Effects in the Interaction of the Electromagnetic Infrared Waves with the Thermal Agitation Waves of a Crystal IV.3. Second Order Effects in the Interaction of Electromagnetic Infrared Waves with the Thermal Agitation Waves of a Crystal IV.4. Interactions with the Visible Electromagnetic Waves: the Scattering of Photons by Phonons V. Crystal Defects, Localized Vibrations and One-phonon Transitions V.1. General Theory for Homopolar Compounds V.2. Case of Silicon V.3. Case of Diamond V.4. Case of Germanium V.5. Case of Ionic Crystals V.6. Case of Glasses V.7. A-centres and U-centres V.8. Mixed Crystals V.9. Conclusion VI. Monograph of the Principal Crystals concerning their Transmission and Reflection in the Infrared VI.1. Historical Interest of the Problem VI.2. Calculation of the Apparent Transmission and Reflection of a Plate with Plane Parallel Faces VI.3. Cubic Homopolar Compounds: Ge, Si, C VI.4. Alkali Halides VI.5. Other Cubic Crystals with the NaCl Structure VI.6. Other Cubic Crystals with the CsCl Structure VI.7. Alkaline Earth Halides (Fluorite Structure) VI.8. Other Crystals with the Fluorite Structure VI.9. Antifluorite Structure VI.10. Blende Structure VI.11. Wurtzite Structure VI.12. Cuprite Structure VI.13. Corundum Structure VI.14. Silica Structure VI.15. Rutile Structure VI.16. Other Structures VII. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 6. A New Field of Research—The Far Infrared I. Introduction II. Instrumentation in the Far Infrared II.1. Spectrometry and Fourier Transpose Spectroscopy II.2. Far Infrared Monochromators II.3. Special Devices for the Far Infrared II.4. Far Infrared Instruments Commercially Available III. Internal Molecular Vibrations of Low Frequency III.1. Valence Vibrations of Heavy Atoms III.2. Angular Vibrations III.3. Distortion Vibrations of Certain Rings III.4. Internal Librations IV. Pure Rotations IV.1. Light Molecules IV.2. Heavy Molecules IV.3. Interactions between Pure Rotations and Librations IV.4. Case of Liquids V. External Vibrations of Molecules V.1. Molecular Crystals V.2. Water of Crystallization V.3. Adsorbed Water V.4. Clathrates and Other Interstitial Crystals V.5. Molecular Association, Hydrogen Bonds VI. Electronic Transitions in the Far Infrared VI.1. Rare Earth Ions VI.2. Transition Elements VI.3. Magnetic Resonances VII. Superconductivity in the Far Infrared VII.1. Transmission of Thin Films VII.2. Reflection on Bulk Surfaces VII.3. Conclusion VIII. Free Carriers Absorption IX. Ferroelectricity X. Other Types of Transitions in the Far Infrared X.1. Emission of Gas Plasmas X.2. Fundamental One-phonon Transitions in Crystals X.3. One-phonon Transitions induced by Impurities, the Case of Glasses X.4. Two-phonon Transitions: Addition and Difference Bands X.5. Transitions involving more than Two Phonons X.6. Spin Resonance X.7. Cyclotron Resonance XI. Conclusion XI.1. Progress in Instrumentation XI.2. Scientific Developments Bibliography Appendix Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: January 1, 1967
- No. of pages (eBook): 744
- Imprint: Pergamon
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9781483114781
- eBook ISBN: 9781483147208
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