Essential Oil-Bearing Plants

Agro-techniques, Phytochemicals, and Healthcare Applications

1st Edition - March 22, 2025
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: M. Naeem, M. Masroor A. Khan
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 8 6 0 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 8 6 2 - 7

Essential Oil Bearing Plants: Agro-techniques, Phytochemicals, and Healthcare Applications provides a unique, comprehensive view of the plants which produce these valuable produc… Read more

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Essential Oil Bearing Plants: Agro-techniques, Phytochemicals, and Healthcare Applications provides a unique, comprehensive view of the plants which produce these valuable products, exploring optimal plant production. Environmental factors such as genetic factors, geographical origins, cultivation locations, environmental conditions, and nutritional status influence their secondary components. Moreover, water variability, temperature, salt, and metal stresses significantly impact the growth, yield, and EO production of these plants by adjustment of anatomical, morphological, and biochemical development.

This compilation increases the awareness of the essential oil plant species, their conservation, cultivation, and sustainable utilization. This deeper understanding of current science will aid in the efficient commercialization of products based on these plants, and will help identify knowledge gaps for future research.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Section I. Overview of the essential oil-bearing plants
Chapter 1. Current status and future applications of plant-derived essential oils
1 Introduction
2 Essential oils and their extraction process
3 Medicinal plants known for producing essential oils
4 Biological applications of essential oil
4.1 Used as antioxidants
4.2 Used as antibacterial
4.3 Used as antifungal
4.4 Use in food industry
5 Essential oil applications in nanotechnology
6 Future application of essential oil
6.1 Advanced delivery systems
6.2 Novel combinations
6.3 Emerging fields
7 Conclusions
Chapter summary
Chapter 2. Sources, bioactivities, and industrial importance of plant-based aroma compounds
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Aroma compounds
1.1.2 Volatile oils
1.1.3 Bioactivities
2 Sources of aroma compounds
3 Bioactivities of aroma compounds
4 Industrial importance of aroma compounds
4.1 Flavoring industry
4.2 Perfumery
4.3 Aromatherapy
5 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 3. A bird's eye view on the impact of abiotic stress factors on essential oil–yielding plants: Adaptation and strategies to overcome unpredictable situations
1 Introduction
2 Definitions
2.1 Essential oils
2.2 Abiotic stress
2.3 Secondary metabolites
3 Biosynthesis of essential oil
4 Impact of abiotic stress on essential oil yield
4.1 Salinity stress
4.2 Drought stress
4.3 Flooding stress
4.4 Water stress
4.5 Heavy metal stress
5 Strategies to overcome unpredictable situations and improve oil yielding
5.1 Genomics
5.2 Proteomics
6 Conclusion
7 Chapter summary
Section II. Agricultural practices for the cultivation and production of essential oil-bearing plants
Chapter 4. Appropriate techniques can improve essential oil production in medicinal plants
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Medicinal plants
1.1.2 Essential oil
1.1.3 Biochar
2 Hormonal regulation
2.1 Salicylic acid
2.2 Abscisic acid
2.3 Gibberellins
2.4 Brassinosteroids
3 Environmental regulation
3.1 Drought
3.2 Salinity
3.3 Temperature
4 Nutrients
4.1 Macronutrients
4.2 Micronutrients
5 Organic amendments
5.1 Solid biochar
5.2 Enriched biochars
5.3 Chemically modified biochars
6 Biostimulants
6.1 Rhizobacteria
6.2 Mycorrhizal fungi
7 Conclusion and prospects
8 Chapter summary
Chapter 5. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.): A menthol-producing crop
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Biosynthesis of active constituents of PEO
3 Composition of PEO and its compound properties
4 PEO engineering in diverse climates
5 Application of PEO
6 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter summary
Chapter 6. Agrotechniques of potential aromatic grasses in India
1 Introduction
2 Definitions
3 Lemongrass
3.1 Morphological characteristics
3.2 Floral characteristics
3.3 Plant distribution
3.4 Area and production
3.5 Improved varieties
3.6 Soil and climate
3.7 Propagation material
3.8 Nursery technique
3.9 Cultivation technique
4 Citronella grass
4.1 Morphological characteristics
4.2 Floral characteristics
4.3 Plant distribution
4.4 Area and production
4.5 Improved varieties
4.6 Soil and climate
4.7 Propagation material
4.8 Nursery technique
4.9 Cultivation technique
4.10 Harvesting management
5 Palmarosa
5.1 Morphological characteristics
5.1.1 Floral characteristics
5.2 Plant distribution
5.3 Area and production
5.4 Improved varieties
5.5 Soil and climate
5.6 Propagation material
5.7 Nursery technique
5.8 Cultivation technique
5.9 Disease and pest control
6 Vetiver grass
6.1 Morphological characteristics
6.1.1 Floral characteristics
6.2 Plant distribution
6.3 Area and production
6.4 Improved varieties
6.5 Soil and climate
6.6 Propagation material
6.7 Nursery technique
6.8 Cultivation technique
6.9 Disease and pest control
6.10 Harvesting management
7 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 7. Overexploitation and conservation strategies for medicinal and aromatic plants
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Worldwide distribution of MAPs
3 Substantial uses of medicinal plants
4 Overexploitation of medicinal plants and reasons behind it
4.1 Habitat loss/degradation and fragmentation
4.2 Overharvesting and unsustainable practice
5 Impact of climate change
6 Genetic erosion
7 Conservation and its strategies
7.1 In-situ conservation
7.1.1 Protected areas
7.1.2 Research and monitoring
7.1.3 Legislation and policy
7.2 Ex-situ conservation
7.2.1 Botanical gardens
7.2.2 Seed bank and gene bank
7.3 Cultivation practices
7.4 Education and awareness
8 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 8. Destructive effect of heavy metals on the oxidative defense mechanism of some aromatic plants
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Aromatic plants
3 Heavy metals
4 Types of ROS
5 Oxidative defense mechanism
6 ROS induced cellular component destruction
7 Heavy metals and aromatic plants
7.1 Cadmium interaction
7.2 Lead interaction
7.3 Arsenic interaction
7.4 Aluminum (Al) interaction
7.5 Copper, zinc, and nickel interaction
8 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter summary
Section III. Chemical composition and extraction of phytochemicals
Chapter 9. Composition and characterization of phytochemicals in aromatic species
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Metabolites of plants
3 Production of secondary metabolites
4 Components obtained from aromatic plants and their bioactivities
4.1 Phenolic acid compounds
4.1.1 Phenolic acid compounds and their bioactivities
4.2 Flavonoid compounds
5 Extraction of phytochemicals from plants
6 Characterization of phytochemicals
7 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 10. Plants-bearing essential oils and their phytochemical contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Methods
2.1 Distillation methods
2.1.1 Hydrodistillation
2.1.2 Steam distillation
2.1.3 Vacuum distillation
2.2 Extraction methods
2.3 Solvent extraction
2.3.1 Supercritical fluid extraction
2.3.2 Microwave-assisted extraction
2.3.3 Pressurized solvent extraction
2.3.4 Solid-phase microextraction
2.4 Versatile extraction methods (simultaneous distillation-extraction [SDE])
2.5 Mechanical method (pressing)
3 Therapeutic properties of phytochemicals
3.1 Anticancer activity
3.2 Antioxidant activity
3.3 Antimicrobial activity
3.4 Antiinflammatory activity
3.5 Antidiabetic activity
3.6 Anticholesterolemic activity
3.7 Antihypertensive activity
3.8 Antiviral activity
3.9 The main phytochemicals, their sources, active sites, and health benefits
3.9.1 Carotenoids
3.9.2 Polyphenols
3.9.3 Isoprenoids
3.9.4 Phytosterols
3.9.5 Saponins
3.9.6 Dietary fiber
3.9.7 Polysaccharides
4 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 11. Natural plant compounds with diverse and multiple aromas, odors, and colors
1 Background
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Invasive plant species
1.1.2 Native plant species
1.1.3 Essential oils
1.1.4 Allopathic properties
1.1.5 Herbicidal potential
2 Structure and classification
2.1 Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids
2.2 Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids
2.3 Diterpenes and diterpenoids
2.4 Triterpenes and triterpenoids
2.5 Tetraterpenes, tetraterpenoids, and polyterpenes
3 The mechanism of action of terpenes
4 Chemical compounds that give aroma, color, and taste to plants
4.1 Polyene chemical compounds
4.2 Quinones chemical compounds
4.3 Benzoquinone chemical compounds
4.4 Naphthoquinone chemical compounds
4.5 Anthraquinone chemical compounds
4.6 Phenanthroquinone chemical compounds
4.7 Anthocyanin and flavonic chemical compounds
4.8 Indigo chemical compounds
4.9 Betalain chemical compounds
4.10 Pterin chemical compounds
4.11 Phycobilin chemical compounds
4.12 Porphyrinic chemical compounds
5 Applications of the compounds involved in the color, smell, and taste of plants
6 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter summary
Chapter 12. Natural polyphenols and its biological applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification and chemistry of polyphenols
1.1.1 Occurrence and content
1.2 Definitions
2 Polyphenols bioavailability
3 Estimate bioavailability
4 Polyphenols or phenolic compounds and their biological properties
4.1 Antimicrobial activity
4.2 Antiinflammatory activity
4.3 Anticancer activity
4.4 Antidiabetic effect
4.5 Cardioprotective effects
4.6 Antiaging activity
4.7 Neuroprotective activity
4.8 Other health benefits
5 Safety profile of PP compounds
6 Current trends in research of phenolic bioavailability
7 Conclusion and remarks
8 Chapter summary in bullet points
Chapter 13. Implementation of a novel distillation technology for effective commercial extraction and recovery of essential oils
1 Introduction
1.1 Essential oil
1.1.1 Essential oil crops for essential oils, methods of extraction, and optimization
1.1.2 Economic potential
1.1.3 Properties and uses
1.1.4 History
1.1.5 Recent past, present status, and future trends
2 Objective or purpose
3 Research methodology
3.1 Potential crops for raw materials, their cultivation, and harvesting methods
3.1.1 Good agricultural practices and key role players
3.1.2 Cultivation, harvesting, and postharvest management
3.1.3 Salient features of propagation
3.1.4 Some 31 basic chemical constituents of oils and their structure
3.2 Type of fuels and calorific value of fuels
3.3 Distillation of essential oil crops
3.3.1 Mechanism (methods) of essential oil crop distillation
3.3.2 Lagging or insulation for prevention of radiation: A must measure for future IEOI
3.3.3 Breakthrough experiments (foundation of this chapter)
4 Results and analysis
5 Discussions
6 Conclusions
Chapter summary
Section IV. Physiological, biotechnological, and molecular approaches
Chapter 14. In silico molecular docking and in (vivo/vitro) biological studies of various bioactive compounds of essential oil-bearing plants: A review
1 Introduction
1.1 Volatile oil
1.2 Extraction
1.3 Biological activities
1.3.1 Definitions
2 Aromatherapy
3 In silico study of various constituents of volatile oil
4 In vivo and in vitro studies of essential oil
5 Volatile oil in management of diabetes
5.1 Diabetes
5.2 Essential oil types used in diabetes mellitus
6 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 15. Biotechnological approaches for valuable medicinal and aromatic plants
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Gap for implicating biotechnological interventions in MAPs
3 Techniques and tools for the enrichment of MAPs
3.1 Plant tissue culture
3.2 Meristem culture
3.3 Nodal and shoot culture
3.4 Callus culture
3.5 Somatic embryogenesis
3.6 Protoplast culture
3.7 Suspension culture
3.8 Rooting
4 Use of elicitation in MAPs
5 Genetic engineering in MAPs
5.1 Hairy root culture
6 Omics approaches in MAPs
6.1 Transcriptomics
6.2 Proteomics
6.3 Metabolomics
7 Comparative genomics and evolutionary studies
8 Conclusion and perspectives
9 Chapter summary
Section V. Applications in healthcare and food industry
Chapter 16. Applications of essential oil-bearing plants in healthcare
1 Introduction
1.1 Native plant species
1.2 Ginger essential oil
1.3 Thyme essential oil
1.4 Peppermint essential oil
1.5 Bergamot essential oil
1.6 Definitions
1.6.1 Sleeping and insomnia
1.6.2 Invasive species
2 Allopathic properties of essential oils
3 Sleeping and insomnia
3.1 The effect of Aloysia citriodora essential oils on sleep quality and the severity of insomnia from the clinical studies
3.2 The clinical studies concluded that Lavandula angustifolia essential oils exhibited significant results on sleep quality and the severity of insomnia
4 Potential of essential oils
4.1 Essential oils with their herbicidal potential
4.2 Herbicidal potential of essential oils from the alien invasive species
4.3 Essential oils with their phytotoxic potential
5 Mechanisms underlying the effects of essential oils on seedling growth
6 Essential oils and weeds management
7 Conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 17. Secondary metabolites, pharmacological activities, and commercialization of basil products: Major concerns regarding their legislation and approvals
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Primary or secondary metabolites: Which are the main sources or make the difference in potential health or industrial uses?
1.3 Plant sources are sessile: How do plants respond to the non-sessile and dynamic environments?
1.4 Industrial uses of medicinal and aromatic plants: From raw materials to functional materials or from fields to the shelves
1.5 An increased number of data regarding Ocimum species, as the vast majority of other reports: Reducing the number of dimensions
1.6 A powerful tool to follow-up on the developments in basil-related research: VOSviewer software
1.6.1 Search strategies
1.6.2 Term analysis
1.6.3 Keyword analysis: Core content of the research
1.7 Antidiabetic effect
1.8 Antioxidant effect
1.9 Antiinflammatory effect
2 Quality of ocimum spp.: Safety, efficacy, and potency: Comments and the way forward as a conclusion
Chapter summary
Chapter 18. Therapeutic potential of Eucalyptus species
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Botanical description
1.3 Species and their distribution
2 Traditional uses
3 Phytochemical landscape
4 Therapeutic properties of Eucalyptus species
4.1 Diabetes mellitus
4.2 Anxiety
4.3 Cancer
4.4 Antiviral activity
4.5 Antifungal activity
4.6 Oral health
4.7 Respiratory problems
4.7.1 Sinusitis
4.7.2 Bronchitis
4.7.3 Asthma
4.7.4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4.7.5 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
4.8 Pre- and postoperative management
4.9 Antioxidant activity
4.10 Antiinflammatory activity
4.11 Gastrointestinal disorders
4.12 Wound healing
4.13 Pain management
4.14 Immunomodulation
4.15 Miscellaneous activities
5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter summary
Chapter 19. Genus Mentha: Exploring volatile oil composition and healthcare applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Biogenesis of Mentha essential oil
3 Environmental and genetic influences on MEO production
4 Enhancing MEO production through research and innovation
5 Applications of MEO in healthcare
5.1 Insecticidal properties of MEO
5.2 Antioxidant properties of MEO
5.3 Anticarcinogenic properties of MEO
5.4 Antiinflammatory properties of MEO
5.5 Antimicrobial properties of MEO
6 Putative mechanism of MEO in human healthcare
7 Conclusion and future prospective
Chapter summary
Chapter 20. Myrtus communis L. from antiquity to today: Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemical content, and pharmacological effects
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Ethnopharmacological uses of M. communis
3 Phytochemical studies on M. communis
3.1 Phenolic compounds
4 Phytochemistry of essential oil of M. communis
4.1 Monoterpenes
4.2 Sesquiterpenes
4.3 Fatty acids and lipids
5 Bioactivity studies on M. communis
5.1 Antioxidant activity
5.2 Antimicrobial activity
5.3 Insecticide, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activity
5.4 Antiinflammatory activity
5.5 Antiulcer and wound-healing activity
5.6 Antidiabetic activity
5.7 Neuroprotective activity
6 Conclusion
Chapter summary in bullet points
List of abbreviations
Chapter 21. Herbicidal potential of essential oils from the alien invasive species against them: An eco-friendly approach
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Invasive plant species
1.1.2 Native plant species
1.1.3 Essential oils
1.1.4 Allopathic properties
1.1.5 Herbicidal potential
1.1.6 Phytotoxic potential
2 Potential of essential oils
2.1 Essential oils with their herbicidal potential
2.2 Herbicidal potential of essential oils from the alien invasive species
2.3 Essential oils with their phytotoxic potential
3 Mechanisms underlying the effects of essential oils on seedling growth
4 Essential oils and weeds management
5 Conclusions
6 Chapter summary
Chapter 22. Essential oils to treat insomnia: Clinical-based studies
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Sleeping and insomnia
3 Essential oils and its neuroprotective properties
4 Aromatherapy
5 Conventional treatment of insomnia
6 Clinical studies of EOs for insomnia
7 Conclusion
8 Chapter summary
Chapter 23. Conclusions and future prospects of plant-based essential oils
1 Introduction
2 Future prospects of essential oil
2.1 As a natural biopesticide and herbicide
2.2 Use in food industry
2.3 Use in clinical trials
2.4 Use in the formation of metal nanoparticles
Chapter summary
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Essential Oil-Bearing Plants

Agro-techniques, Phytochemicals, and Healthcare Applications

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M. Naeem

M. Masroor A. Khan

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