Essential Guide to Neurodegenerative Disorders

Mechanistic, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances

1st Edition - November 24, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editor: Wael Mohamed
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 7 0 2 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 7 0 3 - 5

Handbook of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanism, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances provides a comprehensive review on the current biomedical studies aimed at identi… Read more

Essential Guide to Neurodegenerative Disorders

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Handbook of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanism, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances provides a comprehensive review on the current biomedical studies aimed at identifying the underlying causes of neurodegeneration. This book reviews the most recent developments in molecular and cellular processes altered during neurodegeneration. Divided into four parts, the first covers the mechanism of cell death in neurodegeneration. The second section reviews the recent progress in gene and gene products in neurodegeneration, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Friedreich' s ataxia, and spinal muscular atrophy. The final sections cover the current and future diagnostic techniques of neurodegenerative disorders along with therapeutic approaches.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I. Mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders
Chapter 1. The biochemical pathways of Alzheimer's disease
1 Introduction
2 The classifications of AD
3 Symptoms
4 Risk factors
5 Markers
6 Pathways of Alzheimer's disease
6.1 The hypothesis of AD
6.1.1 The amyloid hypothesis
6.1.2 Hyperphosphorylated tau protein
6.1.3 The cholinergic hypothesis
6.1.4 Oxidative stress and mitochondrial disfunction
6.1.5 The activation of both astroglia and oligodendrocytes
6.1.6 Metal hypothesis
6.1.7 Genetics
6.1.8 The role of BBB in the development of AD
7 Conclusion
Chapter 2. The blood–brain barrier: Gatekeeper and obstacle in neurodegenerative disorders
1 Introduction
2 Components of blood–brain barrier
2.1 Structure of the blood–brain barrier
2.2 Endothelial cells
2.3 Tight junctions
2.4 Astrocytes
2.5 Pericytes
2.6 Basement membrane matrix
2.7 Glymphatic system
2.8 Relation between the glymphatic system and Alzheimer's disease
3 The relation between blood–brain barrier dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorder
4 Blood–brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease
5 Blood–brain barrier in Parkinson's disease
5.1 The blood-brain barrier disruption in PD
5.2 The role of blood–brain barrier in PD treatment
5.3 Mechanisms of drug delivery
6 Blood–brain barrier in multiple sclerosis disease
7 Treatment in blood–brain barrier disruption
7.1 Physiological approach
7.2 Pharmacological approach
7.3 Nanoparticles for drug delivery
7.4 Receptor-mediated drug delivery
8 Conclusion and recommendations
Chapter 3. The aging brain, mitochondria, and neurodegenerative disorders
1 Introduction
2 Brain energetics
3 Brain mitochondria: Characteristics, structure, and distribution
3.1 Mitochondria at synaptic junction
4 Mitochondrial dynamics: Changes in shape and distribution
5 Brain mitochondrial functions in health and disease
5.1 Adenosine triphosphate synthesis
5.2 Regulation of cytoplasmic calcium
5.3 Regulation of innate immunity
5.4 Programmed cell death
5.5 Free radical scavenging process
6 Brain mitochondria homeostasis: Autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis
6.1 Mitochondrial biogenesis
6.2 Mitochondrial fusion
6.3 Mitochondrial fission
6.4 Autophagy
6.5 Mitophagy
7 Mitochondrial homeostasis in brain disorders
8 Effect of physiological aging on brain mitochondria
8.1 mitochondrial free radical theory of aging
8.2 Mitochondrial DNA mutations
8.3 Bioenergetic decline
9 Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial AXIS in the brain
10 Mitochondrial functions in major neurodegenerative diseases
10.1 Alzheimers disease
10.2 Parkinson disease
10.3 Huntington disease
10.4 Phenylketonuria disease
10.5 Maple syrup urine disease
10.6 Metabolic syndrome
11 Mitochondrial targeted therapy for brain disorders in aging and neurodegenerative diseases
12 Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 4. Neuropathology insights: Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and their nexus
1 Introduction
2 Parkinson's disease
2.1 Pathology
2.2 Clinical feature
2.3 Risk factor
2.3.1 Age factor
2.3.2 Genetic factor
2.3.3 Environmental factors
2.3.4 Other factors
3 Alzheimer's disease
3.1 Pathology
3.2 Clinical features
3.3 Risk factors
3.3.1 AD and mitochondrial impairment
4 Parkinson in Alzheimer's disease
4.1 Molecular biomarkers, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease
4.1.1 LRRK2 and PD/AD
4.1.2 PARK and PD/AZ
4.2 Factor in the development of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
4.3 T2DM and PD/AD
4.4 Sleep and PD/AD
4.5 COV and PD/AD
5 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Neuroinflammation-microglia and neurodegeneration
1 Introduction
2 Activation of microglia
2.1 Cytokines secreted by activated microglia
2.2 Circumstances for microglial activation
2.2.1 Aging
2.2.2 Stress
2.2.3 Systemic inflammation resulting in neuroinflammation
2.2.4 Diets
2.3 Microglial signaling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases
2.3.1 PI3K-AKT signaling pathway
2.3.2 Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor pathway
2.3.3 TLR/MYD88 signaling pathway
2.3.4 MAPK signaling pathway
2.3.5 IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway
2.3.6 TREM2 signaling pathway
2.3.7 CX3CR1 signaling pathway
2.4 Mutations in gene expression resulting in neurodegeneration
3 Different phenotypes of microglia induce different neurodegenerative diseases
3.1 Alzheimer's disease
3.2 Parkinson's disease
3.3 Multiple sclerosis
3.4 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3.5 Huntington's disease
4 Microglial biomarkers as a diagnostic marker of neurodegeneration
5 Therapeutics and prophylactic agents against neurodegeneration
5.1 Therapeutics
5.1.1 Suppression of microglia activation
5.1.2 Modulation of microglia phenotypes
5.1.3 Natural products as therapeutics against neurodegenerative disorders
5.2 Prophylactic agents
5.2.1 Statins
5.2.2 Antioxidants
6 Summary
7 Future insights
Chapter 6. The gut-microbiota and neurodegenerative disorders: What is the interplay?
1 Introduction
2 Neurodegenerative diseases
3 The gut microbiome and/or microbiota
3.1 Gut microbiome and SCFA
3.2 Gut microbiota and prebiotics
3.3 Gut microbiota and probiotics
3.4 Gut microbiota and symbiotic
4 Gut microbiota in human health and diseases
5 Gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases interplay
5.1 GM and Parkinson disease interplay
5.2 GM and Alzheimer disease interplay
6 Gut microbiota and dietary effects
7 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Crosstalk between nutritions and brain neurotransmitters
1 Introduction
2 Effect of nutrition on neurotransmitters
2.1 Impact of nutrition on Serotonin
2.2 Impact of nutrition on Acetylcholine
2.3 Impact of nutrition on GABA
2.4 Impact of nutrition on Glutamate
3 Strategies for examining the effect of diet on the brain
4 Effect of protein malnutrition on brain monoamines
5 Effect of carbohydrates on brain neurotransmitters
6 Effect of fats on brain neurotransmitters
7 Future perspectives
8 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Frontotemporal dementia
1 Introduction to frontotemporal dementia
2 Incidence and prevalence of FTD
3 Pathophysiology and neuropathology of FTD
3.1 Gross and microscopic examination
3.2 Genetics and inheritance
3.3 Neuroinflammation
3.4 Synaptic dysfunction
4 FTD subtypes and clinical features
4.1 The behavioral variant of FTD
4.2 Progressive nonfluent aphasia
4.3 Semantic dementia
4.4 Motor neuron dysfunction in FTD
4.5 Memory in frontotemporal dementia
4.6 Neurovascular coupling in FTD
5 Artistic and coping skills in FTD
6 Classification and use of biomarkers in FTD
6.1 Differentiating FTD from other dementias and nondegenerative disorders
6.2 Markers of neuroinflammation
6.3 Markers of synaptic and neurotransmitter function
6.4 Markers of lysosomal function
7 Recent advances in the management of FTD
7.1 Diet and lifestyle
7.2 Physical, occupational, and speech/swallow therapy
7.3 Pharmacologic treatment of cognitive symptoms
7.3.1 Cholinesterase inhibitors
7.3.2 N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor antagonists
7.3.3 Pharmacologic treatment of behavioral symptoms
7.3.4 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
7.3.5 Antipsychotic drugs
7.3.6 Dopaminergic drugs
7.3.7 Antiepileptic agents
7.3.8 Oxytocin
7.4 Emerging therapies for FTD
7.4.1 Tau aggregation inhibitors
7.4.2 Tau acetylation inhibitors
7.4.3 Reduction of tau aggregates (active immunotherapeutics)
7.4.4 Reduction of tau aggregates (passive immunotherapeutics)
7.4.5 Drugs targeting tau loss of function
8 Conclusions
Chapter 9. Diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders
1 Introduction and background
1.1 Back to physiology
1.2 Neuroendocrine control of glucose homeostasis in the brain
1.2.1 Brain–endocrine–pancreas axis
1.2.2 Glucose sensing mechanisms independent from metabolism
2 DM and NDG disorder cross talks
2.1 Neurotransmission in diabetic mellitus and NDG diseases
2.1.1 5-Hydroxytryptamine—serotonin
2.1.2 Glutamate
2.1.3 Gamma-aminobutyric acid
2.1.4 Catecholamines
2.2 Neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus
2.2.1 The diabetic brain
2.2.2 Sensory nervous system
2.2.3 Motor nervous system
2.2.4 Autonomic nervous system
2.2.5 Retina
2.3 Interactions and correlations between diabetes mellitus and common neurodegenerative disorders
2.3.1 Type 3 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease
2.3.2 Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease
2.3.3 Diabetes mellitus and vascular dementia
3 Drugs used for diabetic-related neurodegenerative disorders
3.1 Metformin
3.2 Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
3.3 Insulin
3.4 Glitazones
3.5 Drugs that target glutamate receptors
4 Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 10. Dairy consumption and the risk of Parkinson's disease
1 Introduction
2 Fatty acids
2.1 Short-chain fatty acids
3 Proteins
4 Carotenoids
5 Vitamins
5.1 Tocopherols (vitamin E)
5.2 Vitamin C
5.3 Vitamin D
6 Minerals
6.1 Calcium
6.2 Iron
7 Conclusion
Chapter 11. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases: The back effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants system
1 Introduction
2 Oxidative stress and antioxidants system
2.1 Overview of reactive species
2.2 Biomarkers of oxidative stress: The specific role of mitochondrial dynamics
2.3 Antioxidant system and oxidative stress: Enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecules
3 The effect of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration
3.1 Emerging roles of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease
3.2 Parkinson's disease and oxidative stress
3.3 Oxidative stress in Huntington's disease
3.4 Antioxidant system dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4 Therapeutic strategies based on antioxidant for neurodegenerative diseases
5 Conclusions
Chapter 12. The interplay between tauopathies and neurodegeneration
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition and epidemiological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease
1.2 Possible risk factors of AD
1.2.1 Provisional diagnosis
1.3 Historical background, histopathology, and current status
2 Tau protein genetics, physiology, and normal functions
2.1 Genetics and encoding
2.2 Posttranslational modification
2.2.1 Phosphorylation
2.2.2 Acetylation
2.2.3 Methylation
2.2.4 Ubiquitination
2.3 Physiological functions within neurons
2.3.1 Big Tau
3 Pathology and aggregation
3.1 Tauopathies and aggregation
3.1.1 Familial tauopathies
3.1.2 Sporadic tauopathies
3.2 Tau pathways of degradation
3.2.1 Tauopathies
3.2.2 Prion-like propagation and seeding
3.2.3 Neurotoxicity of tau pathological species
3.2.4 NFTs toxicity
4 Anesthesia and induction of tau phosphorylation: Between mice and human clinical applications
5 Nutrition as a plausible component in the tau aggregation model
6 Conclusion
Chapter 13. Mechanistic insights into the molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer's disease
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Alzheimer's diseases
3 Molecular and cellular mechanism of Alzheimer's diseases
3.1 Role of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein and plaques in Alzheimer's pathology
3.2 The roles of neurofibrillary tangles and tau in Alzheimer's disease
3.3 The roles of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases
3.4 The roles of synaptic dysfunction and excitotoxicity process in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases
3.5 The roles of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases
4 Therapeutic approaches and future directions
5 Conclusions
Section II. Diagnostic approaches of neurodegenerative disorders
Chapter 14. Epidemiology and risk factors of Parkinson's disease
1 Introduction
2 Prevalence and incidence of PD
3 Risk factors for PD
3.1 Age
3.2 Genetic risk factors
3.3 Biological sex
3.4 Environmental exposures
3.5 Geography
4 Protective factors against PD
4.1 Regular physical activity
4.2 Dietary factors
5 Challenges in PD epidemiological studies
5.1 Case ascertainment
5.2 Disease modification requires long time
5.3 The complex interactions of many risk factors
6 Conclusions
Chapter 15. Decoding Parkinson's disease: A multifaceted approach to diagnosis and biomarker discovery
1 Parkinson's disease: An age-related disorder
1.1 Remarkable spots in the history of Parkinson's disease research
1.1.1 History before James Parkinson
1.1.2 History after James Parkinson
1.2 The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
1.3 Risk factors for PD
1.4 Neuropathological hallmarks of PD
1.5 The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
2 Evaluation of Parkinson's disease biomarkers
2.1 Analytical validation
2.2 Qualifications
2.3 Utilization
3 Biomarker of PD
3.1 Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease
3.2 Genetic biomarker
3.3 Noncoding RNAs and Parkinson's disease
3.3.1 The classifications of noncoding RNAs
3.3.2 Small noncoding RNA and miRNA
3.3.3 PD and miRNAs
3.3.4 miRNA's role in Parkinson's disease
3.3.5 miRNAs from the brain in PD
3.3.6 PD exosomal miRNAs
3.3.7 Exosomal lncRNAs in PD
3.4 Metabolomics regarding Parkinson's disease biomarker
3.4.1 Blood-based metabolomics
3.4.2 Plasma metabolomics
3.4.3 Serum metabolomics
3.4.4 Cerebrospinal fluid-based metabolomics
3.4.5 Urine-based metabolomics
3.5 Neurotrophins-related biomarkers for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
3.6 Machine learning and deep learning as diagnostic tools in Parkinson's disease
3.6.1 Methods of machine learning
3.6.2 Machine learning in Parkinson's disease diagnosis
3.6.3 Handwriting analysis
3.6.4 Voice analysis
3.6.5 Cognitive assessment tools analysis
3.6.6 Gait analysis
3.6.7 Olfactory system
Chapter 16. Psychological assessment of patients with Parkinson's disease
1 Introduction
2 Nonmotor symptoms of PD
2.1 Anxiety
2.2 Depression
2.3 Apathy
2.4 Cognitive decline and dementia
2.5 Psychosis
3 Scales used to evaluate neuropsychiatric performance in PD
3.1 Mattis dementia rating scale
3.2 Mini-mental state examination
3.3 Montreal cognitive assessment
3.4 Mini-mental Parkinson
3.5 Assessment of Parkinson's neuropsychiatric dementia
3.6 Scales for outcomes in Parkinson's disease-cognition
4 Nonmotor symptoms impact on the quality of life for patients with PD
5 Psychotherapy as a treatment of patients with PD
6 Artificial intelligence applications in Parkinson's disease
7 Conclusion
Chapter 17. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease
1 Introduction
2 Neuropsychiatric abnormalities
2. 1 Anxiety
2. 2 Apathy
2. 3 Depression
2. 4 Anhedonia
2. 5 Psychosis
3 Cognitive dysfunction and dementia
4 Sensory features
4. 1 Olfactory deficits
4. 2 Visual disturbances
4. 3 Ageusia
4. 4 Pain and somatosensory disturbances
5 Autonomic dysfunction in PD
5. 1 Cardiovascular symptoms
5. 2 Gastrointestinal dysfunction
5. 3 Sexual dysfunction
6 Sleep disorders
6. 1 Insomnia
6. 2 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
6. 3 Excessive daytime sleepiness
6. 4 Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements
6. 5 Sleep-disordered breathing
7 Other symptoms
7. 1 Fatigue
7. 2 Swallowing dysfunction
7. 3 Sialorrhea
8 Conclusion
Chapter 18. Blood markers of oxidative stress in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1 Introduction
2 The role of oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3 Oxidative stress biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4 Treatment interventions targeting oxidative stress
5 Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 19. Dementia in AfrAbia: A bibliometric analysis
1 Introduction and background
2 AfrAbia dementia
3 Telemedicine and dementia in AfrAbia: What is the interplay?
4 Materials and methods
4.1 Database selection and literature search
4.2 Data analysis and visualization
4.3 Ethical elements
5 Results
5.1 Output of general information and annual publication
5.2 Publication trend forecast
5.3 Analysis of source and cocitation
5.4 Analysis of theme overlapping strategy and evolution
5.5 Analysis of coauthorship and collaboration
6 Discussion and insights
7 Challenges and perspectives
8 Conclusions and limitations
Chapter 20. Molecular genetics of prions
1 Introduction
2 Associated diseases
2.1 Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome
3 Fatal familial insomnia
4 Kuru
5 Epidemiology
5.1 The epidemiology of Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
5.2 The epidemiology of GSS
5.3 The epidemiology of FFI
5.4 The epidemiology of kuru
5.5 Human major prion protein function
5.5.1 Cellular
6 Physiological
6.1 Degradation resistance and sterilization
7 PRNP gene
8 Transcription regulations
9 Human major prion protein
9.1 Structure
9.2 Isoform
10 Replication
11 Potential treatments
Chapter 21. Genomics and Parkinson's disease: What is the interplay?
1 Genomics and PD
1.1 Introduction
2 Clinical features
3 Epidemiology
3.1 Incidence/age
4 Ethnicity/race
5 Etiology
6 PD genetics and pathogenic mechanisms
6.1 Autosomal dominant PD (Fig. 21.3)
6.1.1 SNCA
6.1.2 Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
6.1.3 VPS35
6.1.4 CHCHD2
6.2 Autosomal recessive PD (Figs. 21.4 and 21.5)
6.2.1 Parkin
6.2.2 PINK1
6.2.3 DJ-1
7 Epigenetic changes in PD
8 DNA methylation
9 Chromatin remodeling
10 Neurotoxins and drugs
11 Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers
12 Molecular pathways in PD
12.1 Mitochondrial dysfunction
12.2 Oxidative stress
12.3 Neuroinflammation
12.4 Apoptosis
12.5 Protein degradation pathways
12.5.1 Impaired lysosomal autophagy
12.5.2 Ubiquitin-proteasome system
12.6 Imbalance of intracellular calcium homeostasis
12.7 Predicting risk, progression, and defining etiological subtypes of diseases
13 Single feature classifiers
13.1 Age
13.2 Motor phenotypes
13.3 Dementia at onset
13.4 Multidomain phenotyping
13.4.1 Data-driven clustering
13.4.2 Nonmotor endophenotypes
13.5 Biomarker-based subtypes
13.6 Genetic subtypes
13.7 Monogenic PD
13.8 Polygenic PD
13.9 Inferring causal relationships across phenotypic traits and exploring shared polygenic risk
14 Pharmacogenomics
15 Challenges against the translation of antiparkinsonians pharmacogenetics in clinical practice
16 Future outlooks
Chapter 22. Recent aspects in the molecular genetics of Huntington's disease
1 Clinical presentation of HD
2 Diagnosis
3 The magnitude of the problem
4 Pathophysiology of HD
5 Structure of huntington protein
5.1 The role of huntingtin protein
6 Pathogenesis of mutant htt
7 Excitotoxic processes by mutant htt
8 Inclusion bodies
9 Proteasome in Huntingtin's disease
10 Brain in HD
11 Treatment
11.1 Challenges of finding a curative drug for HD
11.1.1 Tetrabenazine
12 Recent strategies for the potential treatment
12.1 Treatment based on DNA-RNA
12.1.1 Antisense oligonucleotide
12.1.2 siRNA, shRNA
12.1.3 Allele-specific silencing
12.2 Small molecules for degradation of mutant htt
12.2.1 Chemical molecules
12.2.2 Nanoparticles
12.3 Stem cells for treating Huntington's disease
12.3.1 Reprogramming cells technology
13 Conclusion
Chapter 23. Current trends of computational tools and artificial intelligence in geriatric medicine
1 Introduction
2 Overview of neurodegenerative disorders
3 Scope of geriatric medicine
4 Current limitations in the management of neurodegenerative disorders in geriatric medicine
5 Role of artificial intelligence in image interpretation and neurodegeneration disorders diagnosis
5.1 Alzheimer's disease
5.2 Parkinson's disease
5.3 Huntington's disease
5.4 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
6 Public concerns related to computational tools and artificial intelligence implementation in healthcare
7 Recommendations
7.1 Data collection and prediction accuracy
7.2 Legislation on data privacy
7.3 Explainability and interpretability
8 Conclusion
Section III. Present and future therapeutics of neurodegenerative disorders
Chapter 24. Emerging nanotechnologies in drug delivery: Insights and regulatory challenges
1 Introduction
2 Nanoparticles and nanocarriers: Potential anti-cancer therapy
3 Polysaccharides based nano-systems
4 Plant extracts-based nanocarriers
5 Types of nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems in reference to plant virus nanoparticles
6 Biomedical applications of plant virus nanoparticles
7 Targeting neurodegenerative disorders with nanoparticles
8 Treating Alzheimer's disease with nanoparticles
9 Treating Parkinson's disease with nanoparticles
10 Treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with nanoparticles
11 Ethics and regulations using nanoparticles in medicine
12 Challenges and future directions
Chapter 25. Interplay between food-associated oxidative stress and NDG disorders
1 Introduction
2 Free radical
3 Production of free radicals in the human body
4 Detrimental effect of oxidative stress on human disease
5 Nutrition and oxidative stress-mediated disorders
5.1 Carbohydrates
5.1.1 Sources
5.1.2 Carbohydrates-associated disorders
5.2 Proteins
5.2.1 Sources
5.2.2 Protein-associated disorders
5.2.3 Toxicity and malfunctioning
5.2.4 Proteins-associated neurodegenerative disorders
5.3 Fat
5.3.1 Sources
5.3.2 Fat-associated disorders
5.3.3 Toxicity and malfunctioning
5.3.4 Fat-associated neurodegenerative disorders
5.4 Vitamins
5.4.1 Sources
5.4.2 Vitamin-associated disorders
5.4.3 Toxicity and malfunction
5.5 Vitamins-associated neurodegenerative disorders
5.6 Minerals
5.6.1 Sources
5.6.2 Mineral-associated disorder
5.6.3 Toxicity and malfunction
5.6.4 Minerals-associated neurodegenerative disorders
6 Role of bioactive peptide on oxidative stress
7 Probiotics as a food
8 Conclusion
Chapter 26. Nutrition in aging
1 Introduction
2 Biology of aging
3 Mechanism of aging
3.1 Primary hallmarks of aging
3.1.1 Genomic instability and DNA damage
3.1.2 Telomere attrition
3.1.3 Epigenetic regulation
3.1.4 Loss of proteostasis
3.2 Antagonistic hallmarks of aging
3.2.1 Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy
3.2.2 Cellular senescence
3.2.3 Deregulated nutrient sensing and altered metabolism
3.3 Integrative hallmark of aging
3.3.1 Stem cell exhaustion
4 Nutritional needs changes with aging
5 Nutritional modulation of the aging process
5.1 Is aging preventable?
5.1.1 Non-pharmacological interventions
5.2 How dietary need changes with aging
6 Health perspective of nutrition and impact on QoL
7 Role of micronutrient insufficiency on the health impact
7.1 Vitamin B12
7.2 Vitamin D
7.3 Magnesium
7.4 Zinc
7.5 Iron
8 Health problem of over and undernutrition in elderly
9 Nutrition in the prognosis of age-related disease
9.1 Sarcopenia
9.2 Cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD)
9.3 Infectious disease
10 Future direction
11 Conclusion
Chapter 27. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease: A thorny road to success
1 Introduction
2 Pathophysiology of AD
2.1 Amyloid plaques
2.2 Neurofibrillary tangles
3 Current therapeutic agents used in AD
3.1 Disease-modifying drugs: Definition, implications, and molecular targets
3.2 Neuroinflammation
3.3 Natural compounds
4 Limitations of current therapies
5 Approaches to enhance dementia in AD
6 Conclusions and summary
Chapter 28. Atypical antipsychotic lumateperone beyond schizophrenia: Seeking clarity in a time of uncertainty
1 Introduction and background
2 Dynamic and kinetic of lumateperone
3 Lumateperone and schizophrenia
4 Lumateperone and PD
4.1 Lumateperone and dopamine receptor
4.2 Lumateperone and dementia
4.3 Lumateperone and psychosis
5 Conclusions and clinical perspectives
Chapter 29. The promise of Tele-Dementia: Today's science and tomorrow's trial
1 Impact and implications
2 Introduction and background
3 Telepsychiatry
4 Dementia management challenges
5 AfrAbia teledementia: Challenges and hopes
6 Mobile apps for dementia: Where we are?
7 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 30. Potential role of probiotics for neurological disease treatment
1 Introductions
1.1 Probiotics
1.2 Prebiotics
1.3 Synbiotic
1.4 Postbiotics
2 Dietary supplements for neurological diseases
2.1 Influence of gut microbiota and nutraceutical products in neurological disease
2.2 Probiotics: New hopes for neurological disease treatments
2.3 Gut–brain axis
3 Role of probiotics in different neurological disorders
3.1 Alzheimer's disease
3.2 Multiple sclerosis
3.3 Parkinson’s disease
3.4 Epilepsy
4 Future prospective
5 Conclusions
Chapter 31. A new era of nanotechnology applied in neurological disease treatments
1 Introduction
1.1 Strategies for drug delivery into the CNS
2 Various nanocarriers for neurological disease targeting
2.1 Organic polymeric nanoparticles
2.2 Liposomes
2.3 Dendrimers
2.4 Inorganic nanoparticles
2.4.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
2.4.2 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2)
2.4.3 Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)
2.4.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
2.4.5 Manganese nanoparticles (MnNPs)
2.4.6 Carbon-based nanoparticles
2.4.7 Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs)
2.4.8 Quantum dots (QDs)
3 Role of nanocarriers for treatment of neurological disorders
3.1 Alzheimer's disease (AD)
3.2 Multiple sclerosis (MS)
3.3 Stroke
3.4 Parkinson's disease (PD)
4 Conclusions
Chapter 32. Stem cell therapy in neurodegenerative disorders
1 Introduction
2 Stem cells biology, function, and clinical applications
3 Stem cell classification
3.1 Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
3.2 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
3.3 Mesenchymal stem cells
3.4 Neural stem cells (NSCs)
3.5 Adult stem cells
3.6 Induced pluripotency
4 Applications of iPSCs in neurodegenerative diseases
4.1 Nuclear reprogramming
4.2 Stem cell plasticity
5 Stem cell division and differentiation
6 Evolving concepts of neurogenesis
7 Stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases
7.1 Stem cells in Alzheimer's disease
7.2 Stem cells in Parkinson's disease
7.3 Stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
7.4 Stem cells in multiple sclerosis
7.5 Stem cells in spinal muscular atrophy
7.6 Stem cells in Huntington's disease
7.7 Stem cells in Lewy body dementias
7.8 Stem cells in retinal degenerative diseases
8 The currents preclinical trials in stem cell therapy
8.1 Alzheimer's disease
8.2 Parkinson's disease
8.3 Huntington's disease
8.4 Spinal muscular atrophy
8.5 Multiple sclerosis
8.6 Retinal degenerative diseases
9 Ethical issues in stem cells research
9.1 The ISSCR guidelines
9.2 Clinical translation
9.3 Ethical issues in fetal stem cells
9.4 Ethical issues in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
9.5 Ethical issues regarding human embryonic stem cell-based therapy
10 Possible challenges, limitations, side effects and future directions of stem cell use
Chapter 33. Why do we need new therapies for neurodegenerative disorders?
1 Introduction
2 Alzheimer's disease and its current treatment options
3 Parkinson's disease and current treatment options
4 Available treatments for other ND disorders
5 Challenges toward developing neuroprotective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases
6 Goals for new drug therapies for neurodegenerative diseases
7 New drugs development; Examples and attempts
8 Conclusion and future directions
Chapter 34. Smart foods and neurodegeneration: Exploring future therapeutic avenues
1 Introduction
2 Overview of factors associated with neurodegeneration
2.1 Oxidative stress
2.2 DNA damage
2.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction
2.4 Telomere shortening
3 Role of food in preventing neurodegeneration
3.1 Fruits and vegetables
3.2 Omega-3 fatty acids
3.3 Coffee/caffeine
3.4 Functional food and vitamin supplements
4 Can dietary eating patterns prevent or reverse neurodegeneration?
4.1 Mediterranean diet and neurodegeneration
4.2 Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and neurodegeneration
5 Conclusion
Chapter 35. Nutrigenomics and Parkinson's disease
1 Introduction
2 Nutriepigenomics and Parkinson's disease
2.1 DNA methylation
2.2 Histone modifications
2.3 Noncoding RNAs activity
3 Nutritional evaluation in Parkinson's disease
3.1 The role of macronutrients in Parkinson's disease
3.1.1 Total macronutrient consumption and specific diets
3.1.2 Specific food consumption
3.2 The role of micronutrients in Parkinson's disease
3.2.1 Vitamins
3.2.2 Minerals
4 Personalized nutrition strategy for Parkinson's disease management
5 Discussion and future perspectives
6 Conclusion
Authors' contributions
Funding
Chapter 36. Gene therapy in neurodegenerative disorders
1 Introduction
2 Gene therapy and neurodegenerative diseases
3 Gene therapy approaches
3.1 In vivo recombinant vector delivery
4 Ex vivo delivery
5 Vectors that are used for gene therapy in neurodegenerative diseases
6 Viral vectors
7 Nonviral vectors
8 Pathogenic targets for gene therapy in neurodegenerative disease
8.1 Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response
9 Mitochondrial function
10 Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling
11 Autophagy
12 Microglial and astrocyte function
13 Stem cell therapy
14 Epigenetic regulation
15 Delivery routes of gene therapy in neurodegenerative diseases
16 Surgical platform in gene therapy
17 Clinical progress of gene therapy in neurodegenerative diseases
18 Alzheimer's disease
19 Parkinson's disease (PD)
20 Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
21 Multiple sclerosis (MS)
22 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
23 Huntington's disease (HD)
24 Frontotemporal dementia
25 Spinocerebellar ataxia
26 Lysosomal storage diseases
27 Clinical challenges and drawbacks of gene therapy use in neurodegenerative diseases
28 The unknown pathogenesis of NDD
29 Dosages
30 Immunogenicity
31 Genotoxicity
32 Efficacy versus risks
33 High cost
34 Ethical considerations regarding gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases
35 Prospects
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Essential Guide to Neurodegenerative Disorders

Mechanistic, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances

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Wael Mohamed

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