Essays on Developmental Biology Part B

1st Edition, Volume 117 - March 23, 2016
Author: Paul Wassarman
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 3 8 2 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 6 1 6 - 9

In 2016 Current Topics in Developmental Biology (CTDB) will celebrate its 50th or “golden” anniversary. To commemorate the founding of CTDB by Aron Moscona (1921-2009) and Albert… Read more

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In 2016 Current Topics in Developmental Biology (CTDB) will celebrate its 50th or “golden” anniversary. To commemorate the founding of CTDB by Aron Moscona (1921-2009) and Alberto Monroy (1913-1986) in 1966, a two-volume set of CTDB (volumes 116 and 117), entitled Essays on Development, will be published by Academic Press/Elsevier in early 2016. The volumes are edited by Paul M. Wassarman, series editor of CTDB, and include contributions from dozens of outstanding developmental biologists from around the world. Overall, the essays provide critical reviews and discussion of developmental processes for a variety of model organisms. Many essays relate the history of a particular area of research, others personal experiences in research, and some are quite philosophical. Essays on Development provides a window onto the rich landscape of contemporary research in developmental biology and should be useful to both students and investigators for years to come.

Preface
- Essays On Developmental Biology-2016
Chapter One: Epigenetic Regulation by ATP-Dependent Chromatin-Remodeling Enzymes: SNF-ing Out Crosstalk
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Remodeler Localization Genome-Wide
- 3 Accessory Subunits in Remodeler Activities
- 4 Conclusion
Chapter Two: Sea Urchin Morphogenesis
- Abstract
- 1 Skeletal Patterning
- 2 Ectodermal Patterning Inputs
Chapter Three: Development of the Mammalian Kidney
- Abstract
- 1 Structure–Function: An Overview of the Anatomy and Function of the Kidney
- 2 From Progenitors to Products: Assembling the Kidney
- 3 Man Versus Mouse
- 4 Translating Development Biology: Regenerative Approaches to Kidney Disease
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Four: Applied Developmental Biology: Making Human Pancreatic Beta Cells for Diabetics
- Abstract
Chapter Five: The Dishevelled Protein Family: Still Rather a Mystery After Over 20 Years of Molecular Studies
- Abstract
- 1 The Many Functions of Dishevelled’s
- 2 Molecular Features and Interactions of Dishevelled
- 3 Kinases Associated with Dsh
- 4 Cellular Levels of Dsh and Redundancy in the Mouse Model
- 5 A Ciliary Function of Dsh
- 6 Other Functions of Dsh Family Members?
- 7 Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Six: When Family History Matters: The Importance of Lineage Analyses and Fate Maps for Explaining Animal Development
- Abstract
- 1 The Advent of Analyzing Cell Fates
- 2 Creating Fate Maps
- 3 Lineage Mapping of Identified Founder Cells
- 4 Clonal Fate Maps
- 5 What Have We Learned?
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Seven: Frizzled Receptors in Development and Disease
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Frizzled1, Frizzled2, and Frizzled7
- 3 Frizzled5 and Frizzled8
- 4 Frizzled9 and Frizzled10
- 5 Frizzled4
- 6 Frizzled3 and Frizzled6
- 7 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Eight: The Developmental Genetics of Vertebrate Color Pattern Formation: Lessons from Zebrafish
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Striped Color Pattern of Zebrafish
- 3 Stripe Formation, a Self-organizing Process Involving the Interaction of All Three Cell Types
- 4 Developmental Origin of the Three Pigment Cell Types
- 5 Formation of a Series of Light and Dark Stripes by Patterned Aggregation of Iridophores
- 6 Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Color Pattern Formation
- 7 The Role of Tissue Environment in Regulating Color Pattern Formation
- 8 Evolution of Color Patterns
Chapter Nine: Defining “Development”
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Should We Try to Define “Development”? No, We Should Not
- 3 Should We Try to Define “Development”? Yes, We Should
- 4 Analysis of a Few Possible Definitions of “Development”
- 5 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Ten: Concepts of Cell Lineage in Mammalian Embryos
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 How to Trace Cell Lineage
- 3 The Classic Experimental Embryology Approach
- 4 The Rise of “Applied” Genetic Markers
- 5 Further Refinements for Gene Expression Lineage Tracing
- 6 Clonal Analysis Within Cell Lineages
- 7 Mutant Effects on Cell Lineage
- 8 Final Thoughts
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Eleven: Small Peptides as Newcomers in the Control of Drosophila Development
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 smORF Peptides: From Early Discovery to Genome-Wide Profiling
- 3 The Pgc smORF Peptide Protects the Germline from Embryonic Transcriptional Activation
- 4 Control of Calcium Intracellular Trafficking by Regulatory Small Peptides
- 5 Multiple Functions of Mlpt/Tal/Pri smORF Peptides in the Control of Insect Development
- 6 Insights into the Molecular Function of Pri Peptides
- 7 Conclusions and Future Challenges
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twelve: Toward a Systems Understanding of Signaling Pathway Function
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Pathways as Complex Networks
- 3 Temporal Properties of Signal Transduction
- 4 Spatial Regulation of Signal Transduction
- 5 The Importance of Context
- 6 Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirteen: Implications of Developmental Gene Regulatory Networks Inside and Outside Developmental Biology
- Abstract
- 1 Implications for Causality in Developmental Biology
- 2 Why Should a Developmental Biologist Care about Gene Regulatory Networks?
- 3 Implications for Cross-Species Comparative Analysis of Apparently Homologous Developmental Processes
- 4 Implications for How Body Plans Evolve
- 5 Implications for Regulatory Genomics
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Fourteen: Evo-Devo: Discovery of Diverse Mechanisms Regulating Development
- Abstract
- 1 Discovery of Hox Genes Changed the Field of Developmental Biology
- 2 Conservation of Hox Genes Led to Identification of Other Families of Conserved Regulatory Genes
- 3 A Conserved “Genetic Toolkit” Controls the Development of Diverse Species
- 4 Understanding the Enormous Biodiversity on Our Planet Requires New Approaches
- 5 Lineage-Specific Genes Remain Understudied
- 6 Even for Model Systems, Much Remains to Be Learned
- 7 Life Beyond the Model System
- 8 More Variation Than Expected: Conserved Traits Controlled by Different Genes and Old Genes Take on New Functions
- 9 Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Fifteen: Making the Mouse Blastocyst: Past, Present, and Future
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 What Is the Later Fate of the Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm?
- 3 What Is the Later Fate of the Epiblast and Primitive Endoderm?
- 4 What Is the Mechanism that Drives the Formation of the ICM and the TE?
- 5 What Are the Mechanisms Driving Segregation of EPI and PE Within the ICM?
- 6 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Sixteen: Two Decades of Ascidian Developmental Biology: A Personal Research Story
- Abstract
- 1 Muscle Determinant
- 2 Timing Mechanisms
- 3 Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole
- 4 From Halocynthia to Ciona
- 5 Ciona Genome Project
- 6 The Ciona System with a Mass of Gene Expression Data
- 7 On the Origin of Chordates
- Acknowledgment
Chapter Seventeen: Lineage Segregation in the Totipotent Embryo
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Establishment of Totipotency and Pluripotency
- 3 The First Lineage Segregation
Chapter Eighteen: The Complexities and Unexpected Insights of Developmental Genetic Analysis
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Nineteen: Homeodomains, Hedgehogs, and Happiness
- Abstract
Chapter Twenty: Turning One Cell Type into Another
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Changing Cell Type in Early Embryos
- 3 Changing and Not Changing Cell Types in Regeneration
- 4 Naturally Occurring Changes of Cell Type
- 5 Changing Cell Type by Brute Force
- 6 Conclusions
Chapter Twenty-One: Mechanotransduction During Vertebrate Neurulation
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Forces Operating During Vertebrate Neural Tube Closure
- 3 Morphogenetic Forces are Generated by Coordinated Cell Polarization
- 4 Mechanical Stresses can Shape Cells and Create Tissue Polarity
- 5 Regulation of Transcription by Mechanotransduction During Neurulation
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twenty-Two: Preformation Versus Epigenesis in Early Mammalian Development
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Egg Asymmetry and How It Affects the First Cleavage Division
- 3 Is There Evidence for Prepatterning in Development from the 2-Cell Stage to Blastocyst?
- 4 CODA
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twenty-Three: A Thousand and One Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Wherein the Specificity?
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Starting at the Receptor: Multifunctional Phosphotyrosines
- 3 Intracellular Signaling Dynamics: All Roads Lead to ERK
- 4 One Context, Two Receptors, Two Responses: PDGF and FGF in the Midface
- 5 Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twenty-Four: The Carnegie Department of Embryology at 100: Looking Forward
- Abstract
Chapter Twenty-Five: Organ Function as a Modulator of Organ Formation: Lessons from Zebrafish
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Overview of Heart Formation in Zebrafish
- 3 Intracardiac Forces That Are Required to Shape the Heart
- 4 Extracardiac Forces and Their Function During Heart Development
- 5 How Does Force Affect Formation?
- 6 Implications for Human Heart Development and Disease
- 7 Summary
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twenty-Six: Organizers in Development
- Abstract
- 1 The “Spemann Organizer”
- 2 The Notochord and Floor Plate
- 3 Organizers and Brain Patterning
- 4 Patterning the Limb
- 5 Spemann's Experiments on the Lens
- 6 Common Features Between Organizers?
- 7 Conclusions
- Acknowledgment
Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Soft Touch: Low-Affinity Transcription Factor Binding Sites in Development and Evolution
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Theory for the Role of Low-Affinity Binding Sites
- 3 Early Evidence for the Role of Low-Affinity Binding Sites
- 4 Functional Evidence for the Importance of Low-Affinity Binding Sites from Development
- 5 Genomic Evidence for the Importance of Low-Affinity Binding Sites
- 6 Potential Reasons for Abundance of Low-Affinity Transcription Factor Binding Sites
- 7 Clusters of Low-Affinity Binding Sites Can Lead to Rapid Evolution of Enhancers
- 8 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twenty-Eight: Developmental Competence for Primordial Germ Cell Fate
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Acquisition of Developmental Competence
- 3 Interplay of Signaling Pathways
- 4 Combinatorial Action of Transcription Factors
- 5 Transcriptional Enhancer Elements
- 6 Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Twenty-Nine: Formation of the Embryonic Head in the Mouse: Attributes of a Gene Regulatory Network
- Abstract
- 1 Assembling the Progenitor Tissues of the Embryonic Head
- 2 Signaling Activity and Tissue Patterning
- 3 Lhx1: A Transcriptional Regulator of Head Morphogenesis
- 4 The Otx2–Lhx1–WNT Cascade
- 5 The Head Gene Regulatory Network
- 6 Future Perspectives
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty: Developmental Biology: We Are All Walking Mutants
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty-One: A Bespoke Coat for Eggs: Getting Ready for Fertilization
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 ZP and VE Proteins
- 3 Evolution of ZP Genes
- 4 ZP Domain
- 5 Synthesis and Polymerization of ZP Proteins
- 6 Structure of the ZP
- 7 ZP Proteins and Fertilization
- 8 Final Comments
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty-Two: Germ Line Mechanics—And Unfinished Business
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 In Context
- 3 Is Nuage, or Germinal Granules, Essential for Animals Using Acquired Factors for Germ Line Determination?
- 4 The Broad Utility of Germ Line Factors in Somatic Cells and Cancer
- 5 Consequences of Early Germ Line Determination
- 6 Diversity in Mechanisms of Germ Line Formation
- 7 Final Comments
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty-Three: Positional Information and Cell Fate Determination in the Early Drosophila Embryo
- Abstract
- 1 Origin and Formation of the Bicoid Gradient
- 2 The Information Content of the Bicoid Gradient
- 3 A Direct Relationship Between Bcd Concentration and Final Pattern?
- 4 How Much Positional Information Is Relevant?
- 5 Conclusions
Chapter Thirty-Four: Segment Identity and Cell Segregation in the Vertebrate Hindbrain
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Vertebrate Hindbrain Segmentation
- 3 Segment Identity
- 4 Cell Segregation
- 5 Summary and Future Perspectives
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty-Five: Positional Information and Pattern Formation
- Abstract
Chapter Thirty-Six: The Birth of Animal Development: Multicellularity and the Germline
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Origins of Animals
- 3 Sex and the Origins of Multicellularity
- 4 What Is the Germline?
- 5 The Germline–Soma in Simple Animals
- 6 Why Did Animals Lose Their Ubiquitous Neoblast-Like Cells?
- 7 How Do Germlines Achieve Immortality?
- 8 Previous Explanations of Multicellularity
- 9 Protecting the Germline
- 10 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty-Seven: Pli Selon Pli: Mechanochemical Feedback and the Morphogenetic Role of Contractility at Cadherin Cell–Cell Junctions
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Cadherins and the Contractile Cytoskeleton
- 3 The Elements of the System
- 4 Mechanochemical Feedback Among the Elements of the Cadherin–Actomyosin System
- 5 Emergent Properties of Mechanochemical Networks
- 6 Concluding Comments
- Acknowledgments
Chapter Thirty-Eight: From Endoderm to Liver Bud: Paradigms of Cell Type Specification and Tissue Morphogenesis
- Abstract
- 1 Distinct Embryonic and Adult Functions for the Same Tissue
- 2 Pioneer Factors as a Basis for Developmental Competence
- 3 Independent Progenitor Cell Sources for One Cell Type
- 4 Combinatorial Inductive Signaling and Alternative Fate Control
- 5 Connecting Inductive Signaling to Competent States of Chromatin and Cell Fate Control
- 6 Onset of Morphogenesis
- 7 The Future of Programming from Embryonic Stem Cells and Other Cell Types
Chapter Thirty-Nine: The Acquisition of Cell Fate in Mouse Development: How Do Cells First Become Heterogeneous?
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Formation of the TE and Inner Cell Mass
- 3 What Controls the First Cell Fate Decision?
- 4 Formation of the EPI and PE
- 5 What Controls the Second Cell Fate Decision?
- 6 Early Heterogeneities that Bias Cell Fate
- 7 How Does Heterogeneity First Arise?
- Acknowledgments
Index

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Essays on Developmental Biology Part B

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Paul Wassarman

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