Ergün`s Anatomical Dissection Class

1st Edition - March 14, 2025
Imprint: Urban & Fischer
Author: Süleyman Ergün
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 3 - 4 3 7 - 0 5 4 5 3 - 2

This course...... shows the complete, real dissection of a human body in 137 videos,... teaches systematic dissection in individual practical steps,... supports and accom… Read more

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This course...
... shows the complete, real dissection of a human body in 137 videos,
... teaches systematic dissection in individual practical steps,
... supports and accompanies students, tutors, and lecturers in the dissection course.

The dissection demonstrated in the videos will help you...
... to identify all anatomical structures,
... to avoid inadvertently severing important neural pathways, fasciae, or muscles,
... to deepen your own anatomical knowledge,
... to recapitulate the dissection steps in the dissection course and thus better prepare for the oral and written tests and examinations.
Overall, the experiences gathered in this course will benefit you both in medical training and in your future medical practice.

Ergün‘s Anatomical Dissection Class
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Table of Contents
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Chapter 1: Dissection region 1: Bones and joints of the human body
1.1. Outline of the skeleton
1.2. Trunk
1.2.1. Vertebral column
1.2.2. The joints of the vertebral column
1.2.3. Thoracic region
1.2.4. Pelvis
1.3. Upper extremity
1.3.1. Shoulder girdle
1.3.2. Forearm
1.3.3. Hand
1.4. Lower extremity
1.4.1. Upper thigh
1.4.2. Lower leg
1.4.3. Foot
1.5. Head
1.5.1. Skull (Cranium)
1.5.2. Mandible, lower jaw
1.5.3. Temporomandibular joint, mandibular joint
1.5.4. Dentes and dentition
1.5.5. Force distribution in facial and skull region; three major categories from each region
1.5.6. Hyoid bone (lingual bone)
Chapter 2: Dissection region 2: throat (superficial), neck, trunk and extremities – skin: whole body dissection and dissection technique
2.1. Throat (superficial)
2.1.1. Skin and dissection of platysma, epifascial nerves/nerve point of neck (Erb’s point): transverse cervical nerve, supraclavicular nerves, great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve and vessels: external jugular vein, anterior jugular vein
2.1.2. Superficial cervical fascia (Lamina superficialis fascia cervicalis), sternocleidomastoideus, accessory nerve
2.2. Neck, trunk dorsal
2.2.1. Skin dissection, outline of the skin nerves, lesser occipital nerve, occipital artery/vein, sternocleidomastoideus (cranial section), nerve point of neck from dorsal with the four nerval roots on the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoideus
2.2.2. Superficial and intermediate posterior muscles: trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboidei (major and minor), serratus posterior sup., latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inf.
2.2.3. Thoracodorsal artery/vein, accessory nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, long thoracic nerve
2.2.4. Thoracolumbar fascia, osteofibrous canal for erector spinae muscle
2.2.5. Autochthonous back muscles (erector spinae) and vessels
2.2.6. Vertebral canal, spinal cord
2.3. Trunk, ventral
2.3.1. Skin dissection and presentation of epifascial structures: outline of veins and skin nerves of thoracic and abdominal wall
2.3.2. Lateral thoracic artery/vein, thoracoepigastric vein, paraumbilical veins, superficial epigastric vein
2.3.3. Clavipectoral triangle (Trigonum clavipectorale): clavipectoral fascia, pectoralis major, deltoideus (anterior fibers), cephalic vein, lateral and medial pectoral nerves, thoracoacromial artery
2.3.4. Serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi (anterior margin), long thoracic nerve
2.3.5. Abdominal wall muscles: obliquus externus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, rectus sheath, pyramidalis, white line (linea alba), arcuate line
2.3.6. Subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, superior and inferior epigastric arteries/ veins
2.4. Upper extremity: shoulder and axilla
2.4.1. Trapezius (insertion point), accessory nerve and branches of the cervical plexus, levator scapulae and dorsal scapular nerve, transversa colli (transverse cervical) artery (end portion), deltoideus
2.4.2. Supraspinatous fossa: supraspinatus, suprascapular artery/vein, suprascapular nerve
2.4.3. Infraspinatous fossa: infraspinatous fascia, infraspinatus muscle, scapular circumflex artery, suprascapular artery, suprascapular nerve
2.4.4. Deltoideus (posterior fibers, intermediate fibers and anterior fibers), axillary nerve
2.4.5. Axillary space: teres minor, teres major and long head of the triceps, humerus; quadrangular space: axillary nerve, posterior humeral circumflex artery; triangular space: scapular circumflex artery
2.4.6. Clavipectoral triangle (deep) and Fossa axillaris: axillary artery/vein, thoracoacromial artery/vein
2.4.7. Brachial plexus (infraclavicular section: posterior/lateral/medial cords)
2.4.8. Intercostobrachial nerves, thoracoepigastric vein, long thoracic nerve, serratus ant., thoracodorsal nerve and latissimus dorsi
2.4.9. Axillary nerve, radial nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve fork, ulnar nerve, subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve
2.4.10. Branches of the axillary artery: anterior humeral circumflex artery, posterior humeral circumflex artery, subscapular artery with thoracodorsal artery and scapular circumflex artery
2.5. Upper extremity: upper and forearm
2.5.1. Dissection of the skin along the skin incisions
2.5.2. Skin nerves and veins on the upper arm: cephalic and basilic veins, superior and inferior lateral cutaneous nerve, posterior brachial cutaneous nerve, posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerve, lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, median antebrachial cutaneous nerve
2.5.3. Upper arm muscles: deltoideus, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis, triceps
2.5.4. Cords of the brachial plexus and their branches; medial bicipital groove: brachial arteries/veins, superior/inferior ulnar collateral artery, deep brachial artery, median nerve and ulnar nerve
2.5.5. Skin nerves and veins of forearm: median cubital vein, cephalic and basilic veins, dorsal venous network, posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerves, lat. and med. superficial branch of the radial nerve
2.5.6. Antebrachial fascia and extensor retinaculum of the hand
2.5.7. Cubital fossa: brachial artery and its bifurcation into radial and ulnar artery, ulnar recurrent artery, common interosseous artery, median nerve, radial nerve (lateral) with its deep and superficial branches, radial recurrent and collateral arteries
2.5.8. Brachioradialis, pronator teres, supinator, bicipital aponeurosis
2.5.9. Vessels: radial artery, superficial branch of the radial nerve
2.5.10. Superficial extensors: extensores carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus
2.5.11. Deep extensors: abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and longus, extensor indicis
2.5.12. Posterior interosseous artery, recurrent interosseus artery, deep branch of the radial nerve
2.5.13. Superficial flexors: flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, Chiasma antebrachii, palmaris longus (variable), flexor carpi radialis
2.5.14. Vessels: ulnar artery, radial artery, ulnar nerve, median nerve
2.5.15. Deep flexors: flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus
2.5.16. Pronator quadratus, anterior interosseous nerve, anterior interosseous artery
2.6. Upper extremity: hand
2.6.1. Skin dissection, dorsal venous network, dorsal digital nerves of the superficial radial nerve and dorsal digital nerves of the dorsal ulnar nerve, palmar aponeurosis
2.6.2. Extensor retinaculum, dissection of the six muscle compartments of the hand; intertendinous connections
2.6.3. Radial artery in the tabatière, passage through the interosseus muscle I, dorsal metacarpal arteries
2.6.4. Interossei dorsalis muscles, dorsal aponeurosis, variable common palmar digital arteries/nerves
2.6.5. Palmar aponeurosis (with or without palmaris longus), palmaris brevis, ulnar (Guyon’s) canal, flexor retinaculum
2.6.6. Ulnar canal and its opening: ulnar artery, superficial palmar arch, ulnar nerve, superficial and deep ulnar nerve, common and proper palmar digital nerves
2.6.7. Opening of flexor retinaculum, carpal canal: median nerve, tendon sheath and tendons of superficial (perforatus) and deep flexors (perforans)
2.6.8. Lumbrical muscles with their tendons to dorsal aponeurosis, branches of median and ulnar nerves
2.6.9. Radial artery through the adductor pollicis, in the deep palmar region forming deep palmar arch, palmar metacarpal arteries, deep branch of the ulnar nerve
2.6.10. Thenar muscles: abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis (superficial and deep heads), adductor pollicis
2.6.11. Hypothenar muscles: abductor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, palmaris brevis
2.7. Lower extremity: buttocks
2.7.1. Skin dissection, superior cluneal nerves, medial cluneal nerves, inferior cluneal nerves, gluteal fascia, fascia lata and iliotibial tract, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
2.7.2. Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus, piriformis, infrapiriform and suprapiriform foramen, cluneal nerves; infrapiriform foramen: sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal vessels
2.7.3. Suprapiriform foramen: superior gluteal vessels; infrapiriform foramen: inferior gluteal vessels, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, internal pudendal vessels, pudendal nerve
2.7.4. Ischioanal fossa, lesser sciatic foramen, Alcock’s canal
2.7.5. Sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinal ligament, gemelli muscles, obturatorius internus, quadratus femoris, obturatorius externus
2.8. Lower extremity: femoral triangle
2.8.1. Skin dissection, inguinal ligament, epifascial vessels: great saphenous and accessory veins, superficial epigastric vessels, external pudendal vessels, superficial circumflex iliac vessels, tributaries, saphenous opening
2.8.2. Epifascial nerves: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, anterior cutaneous branches of femoral nerve, cutaneous branches of obturator nerve
2.8.3. Muscular lacuna: iliopsoas, femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve; vascular lacuna: femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, lymph nodes
2.8.4. Pectineus and medial circumflex femoral artery, branches of obturator nerve
2.8.5. Sartorius and its innervation, opening of fascia lata
2.8.6. Femoral artery/vein/nerve, deep femoral artery with its branches: lateral circumflex femoral artery, medial circumflex femoral artery, perforating arteries (more distal and deep)
2.9. Lower extremity: upper and lower leg
2.9.1. Dorsal upper thigh: posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, removal of the fascia lata while retaining the iliotibial tract
2.9.2. Hamstring (ischiocrural) muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sciatic nerve: common fibular nerve, tibial nerve, muscular branches, perforating arteries
2.9.3. Popliteal fossa: popliteal artery and its branches, popliteal vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
2.9.4. Ventral side of the thigh: skin dissection on the thigh and knee (caution: synovial bursae); epifascial structures: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, anterior cutaneous branches of femoral nerve
2.9.5. Branches of femoral nerve; saphenous nerve, adductor canal: femoral artery/vein
2.9.6. Sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, iliotibial tract, quadriceps, vastoadductor intermuscular septum, gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis
2.9.7. Dorsal side of lower leg: skin dissection; epifascial structures: small saphenous vein; sural nerve: lateral sural cutaneous nerve, peroneal anastomotic nerve (n. communicans fibularis), medial sural cutaneous nerve, medial crural cutaneous branches
2.9.8. Crural fascia, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
2.9.9. Tibial nerve, popliteal vessels, arcus musculi solei, posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial vein, path of the anterior tibial artery, fibular artery
2.9.10. Deep flexors: flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, Chiasma cruris, flexor retinaculum
2.9.11. Ventral lower leg: skin dissection, epifascial structures: saphenous nerve, great saphenous vein, superficial fibular nerve
2.9.12. Crural fascia, superior and inferior extensor retinacula
2.9.13. Anterior compartment: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, anterior tibial artery, anterior tibial vein, deep femoral nerve, interosseous membrane
2.9.14. Lateral compartment: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius, superior and inferior peroneal retinacula
2.10. Lower extremity: foot
2.10.1. Skin dissection of the sole of the foot, plantar aponeurosis, plantar branch of the lateral plantar nerve, common plantar digital nerves/arteries, plantar metatarsal arteries
2.10.2. Plantar aponeurosis, flexor digitorum brevis, medial plantar nerve/artery, lateral plantar nerve/artery
2.10.3. Quadratus plantae on the tendon of flexor digitorum longus, Chiasma plantare, lumbrical muscles, abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis (medial and lateral head), abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis, presentation of tendons of fibularis longus on the sole of the foot
2.10.4. Deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve, lateral plantar artery and its anastomosis with the deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery, deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries
2.10.5. Skin dissection of the dorsum of the foot, dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve, dorsal venous network (of foot), superior and inferior extensor retinacula
2.10.6. Opening of the extensor retinaculum, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis
2.10.7. Anterior tibial artery and veins, deep fibular (peroneal) nerve, dorsal pedis artery, anterior medial and lateral malleolar artery, dorsal metatarsal arteries, dorsal digital arteries
Chapter 3: Dissection region 3: neck and thorax
3.1. Neck (deep) – anterior and lateral cervical regions
3.1.1. Fascia of the cervical region: demonstration of the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia and the carotid sheath in relation to the tendon of the omohyoid muscle
3.1.2. Infrahyoid muscles: removal of the pretrachial fascia; infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
3.1.3. Nerves of this region: opening of the carotid sheath and demonstration of the ansa cervicalis: superior root (up to hypoglossal nerve) and inferior root, internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve
3.1.4. Vagus nerve with the superior cardiac branch, rising from the vagus nerve: vagal trunk and recurrent laryngeal nerve around the subclavian artery on the right side and aortic arch on the left side, inferior cardiac branch
3.1.5. Prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia, sympathetic trunk, cervical ganglion: superior, middle and inferior parts (stellate ganglion) plus the ansa subclavia
3.1.6. Prevertebral layer in the lateral cervical region, phrenic nerve and scalene: anterior, middle and posterior scalene muscles, scalene hiatus, subclavian artery, brachial plexus: superior, middle and inferior trunks
3.1.7. Prevertebral muscles: longus colli and longus capitis muscles, vertebral artery
3.1.8. Vessels and nerves in the cervical region: common carotid artery, carotid bifurcation: external and internal carotid arteries, branches of the external carotid artery: superior thyroid artery with superior laryngeal artery, lingual artery and facial artery, superior laryngeal nerve
3.1.9. Internal jugular vein and its tributaries: facial vein, retromandibular vein, superior and middle thyroid veins
3.1.10. Brachiocephalic trunk: subclavian artery, vertebral artery, thyrocervical trunk: inferior thyroid artery, ascending cervical artery, suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery (superficial and deep branches), costocervical trunk
3.1.11. Brachiocephalic vein, inferior thyroid vein, subclavian vein, vertebral vein
3.2. Neck – anatomical structures
3.2.1. Tracheoesophageal groove with the recurrent laryngeal nerve; thyroid gland: right and left lobes, isthmus of the thyroid and (occasionally) pyramidal lobe; trachea: cervical section
3.2.2. Thyrohyoid membrane and ligament, superior laryngeal vessels and nerve with the internal branch; larynx: thyroid and cricoid cartilages, cricothyroid muscle; trachea: cervical section
3.2.3. The outer topography of larynx, removal and mediosagittal sectioning of the larynx, its topographical relations to pharynx and esophagus, epiglottic cartilage, arytenoid cartilage
3.2.4. Laryngeal muscles: cricothyroid, aryepiglottic, arytenoid: transverse and oblique parts, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, vocal muscles
3.2.5. Inner sections of the larynx (inspection of the inner larynx half); supraglottis: laryngeal vestibule, vestibular folds and laryngeal ventricle (laryngeal sinus); glottis: vocal fold, and rima glottidis; infraglottis: infraglottic cavity (inferior to the glottis)
3.3. Thorax and thoracic organs
3.3.1. Thoracic wall
3.3.2. Pleural cavities and mediastinum
3.3.3. Pulmo (lungs)
3.3.4. Middle mediastinum and the heart (cor)
3.3.5. Posterior mediastinum with its structures
3.3.6. Diaphragm: thoracic surface
Chapter 4: Dissection region 4: abdomen and pelvis
4.1. Abdomen and abdominal viscera
4.1.1. Dissection of the abdominal organs
4.1.2. In situ dissection of the abdominal organs
4.2. Retroperitoneal space
4.2.1. Inspection of the retroperitoneal space: kidney with the renal surface and the perirenal fat capsule, adrenal gland and the diaphragmatic surface, diaphragm, position of the ureter and major vessels (abdominal aorta and inf. vena cava)
4.2.2. Kidney and adrenal gland: mobilization (together with perirenal fat capsule), locating and the separation of the adrenal gland from the kidney (while preserving the vessels and nerves of this organ), moving the kidney and adrenal gland medially and demonstrating the splanchnic nerves (with the direct branches to the adrenal gland), opening the kidney from its lateral margin (renal cortex, medulla and calices)
4.2.3. Coeliac plexus and ganglions: removal of the fatty capsule, moving the kidney and adrenal gland back laterally and opening and removing the right inferior vena cava caudally, demonstrating the coeliac plexus and ganglions as well as the splanchnic nerves communicating with these ganglions
4.2.4. Azygos and hemiazygos veins, sympathetic trunk, aortic hiatus, right and left crus of the lumbar diaphragm, cisterna chyli
4.2.5. Diaphragm: quadrate, psoas and aortic arcades (lateral, medial and median arcuate ligaments), subcostal and iliohypogastric nerves (through the quadrate arcade), inferior phrenic artery and its branches on the abdominal side of the diaphragm
4.2.6. Vessels of the retroperitoneal space: superior suprarenal artery/arteries (from the inf. phrenic artery), middle suprarenal artery/arteries (directly from the aorta) and inferior suprarenal artery (from the renal artery), right suprarenal vein (draining into the inferior vena cava) and left suprarenal vein (draining into the left renal vein), right and left renal vessels, sympathetic trunk (up to the pelvic region), testicular and ovarian vessels, lumbar vessels (dorsal branches of the aorta), bifurcation of the aorta and inf. vena cava (common iliac vessels)
4.2.7. Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall: psoas major and minor, quadratus lumborum, iliacus and lumbar triangle
4.2.8. Nerves of the retroperitoneal space: subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, presentation of the lumbar plexus and the lumbosacral trunk after the removal of the psoas muscle in line with the terminal line
4.3. Pelvic region and perineum
4.3.1. Inspection of the organs, vessels, and nerves of the pelvic region: right and left common iliac vessels, the bifurcation into internal and external iliac arteries as well as the internal and external iliac veins, superior rectal artery (from the inferior mesenteric artery), bladder (vesica urinaria) and rectum; in female pelvis: position of the uterus, broad ligament of the uterus, uterine tube and the ovaries with the mesentery and their ligaments; in male pelvis: prostate and the seminal glands
4.3.2. Plica mediana, Plica medialis, and Plica lateralis (median, middle, and lateral folds)
4.3.3. Lesser pelvis: vessels: obturator artery (corona mortis: anastomosis between the inf. epigastric or the external iliac artery and the obturator artery), sup. gluteal artery, inf. gluteal artery, internal pudendal artery, lateral and medial sacral arteries, umbilical artery and its branch, sup. vesical artery, inf. vesical artery, middle rectal artery and uterine artery (from the female pelvis)
4.3.4. Lesser pelvis: nerves: obturator nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, sympathetic nerves of the pelvis, the plexus of the pelvic region, sacral plexus
4.3.5. Lesser pelvis: external iliac vessels up to the lacuna vasorum, the outflow of the inf. epigastric artery
4.3.6. Lesser pelvis: muscles: piriformis, levator ani, coccygeus, obturatorius internus
4.3.7. Pelvic organs: study of the structures of the female and male pelvis: rectum and bladder, ureter; male: rectovesical pouch; female: rectouterine pouch and the vesicotuterine pouch
4.3.8. Removing the left lower extremity with the help of the assistants and median-sagittal removal of the bladder, uterus/penis and scrotum, rectum, anus and the pelvic floor with the sacrum
4.3.9. Perineum: perineal nerves (from the posterior cutaneous femoral nerve), demonstration of the tranversus perinei superficialis (mostly connective tissue), dissection of the ischioanal fossa with the presentation of the levator ani, sphincter ani externus and anococcygeal ligaments, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus
4.3.10. Presenting the following structures: internal pudendal vessels and pudendal nerve in the Alcock’s canal and alongside the perineum: inferior rectal vessels and nerve, perineal artery and nerves, scrotal nerves/posterior labial nerves
4.3.11. Pudendal branches: male anatomy: dorsal artery of the penis, artery of bulb of penis, deep artery of the penis, dorsal nerve of the penis; female anatomy: artery of the clitoris, artery of the vestibule bulb, deep artery of the clitoris, dorsal artery of the clitoris
4.3.12. Male genital organs
4.3.13. Female genital organs
Chapter 5: Dissection region 5: Head
5.1. Face, superficial
5.1.1. Skin removal in the facial region, cutting around the vermilion border, the nasal and eye region, opening to the extent of the orbital cavity, removal of the cutis while conserving the mimetic muscles, localization of the branches of the facial nerve at the upper border of the parotid
5.1.2. Finding and dissecting the parotid duct on the medial border of the parotid gland and the transverse facial artery; on the upper region of the parotid: auriculotemporal nerve, superficial temporal artery and vein as well as their branches (frontal branch and parietal branch: superficial!)
5.1.3. Mimetic muscles: mentalis, depressor anguli oris (Note: the facial vessels run in the direct vicinity), depressor labii inferior, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major
5.1.4. Dissection of the skin around the orbita and demonstrating the orbicularis oculi, supratrochlear nerve and infratrochlear nerve (a very delicate nerv) on the medial corner of the eye (caution: the angular vessels are the terminal branches of the facial vessels)
5.1.5. Facial artery/vein and their branches, such as the inferior and superior labial arteries
5.1.6. Removal of the parotid gland: first superficially up to the parotid plexus of the facial nerve, next removing the remaining parotid gland from the retromandibular fossa and presenting the root of the facial nerve, removing the buccal fat pad (careful of the branches of the buccal nerve)
5.1.7. Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis, supraorbital nerve (from the frontal nerve which arises from trigeminal nerve, V1), infraorbital nerve, mentalis muscle and mental nerve, study of the 3 trigeminal branches
5.2. Deep facial region/head from lateral
5.2.1. Facial nerve, parotid plexus, auriculotemporal nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery, posterior belly of the digastricus and the digastric branch of the facial nerve, masseter, masseteric artery, masseteric nerve, mandibular notch, zygomatico-orbital artery, zygomatic arch, dissection of the temporal fascia (two layers), temporalis, sawing off of the zygomatic arch
5.2.2. Buccal nerve (exit between the two heads of the pterygoideus lat.), buccinator, sawing off the mandibular coronoid process of the mandible and folding it up with the insertion of the temporalis, deep temporal nerves, anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries, demonstration of the infratemporal fossa
5.2.3. Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles; exit point of the lingual nerve and the inferior alveolar nerv between these two muscles, sawing off the condylar process of the mandible, mylohyoid nerve from the inferior alveolar nerve, lateral ligament of temporomandibular joint, exarticulation of this joint, articular disc with the insertion of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid, mandibular head with the insertion of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle
5.2.4. Dissection of the infratemporal fossa: articular disc with the insertion of the superior head of the pterygoideus lateralis, mandibular head with the insertion of the inferior head of the pterygoideus lateralis, maxillary artery and its branches: deep auricular artery, posterior auricular artery, anterior tympanic artery, inferior alveolar artery, middle meningeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, masseteric artery, anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries, pterygoid branches, buccal artery, superior posterior alveolar artery, infraorbital artery, descending palatine artery, artery of pterygoid canal, sphenopalatine artery, mandibular nerve, lingual nerve, chorda tympani, otic ganglion, inferior alveolar nerve, posterior superior alveolar nerves, auriculotemporal nerve
5.3. Head from medial
5.3.1. Nasal cavity: braking up and removal of the nasal septum if necessary, sphenopalatine artery, internal and lateral nasal branches, anterior ethmoidal nerve; pterygopalatine fossa: removal of the nasal conchae in the rear third, chiseling open of the bony lamella (horizontal plate of palatine bone up to the greater palatine foramen) over the greater palatine canal as well as the pterygopalatine fossa: pterygopalatine ganglion, palatine nerves, descending palatine artery
5.3.2. Sphenoidal sinus, pterygoid canal, probing of the foramen rotundum into the pterygopalatine fossa, branching point of the infraorbital nerve from the pterygopalatine ganglion; maxillary sinus: resection of the medial wall, infraorbital nerve on maxillary sinus’ roof, middle and anterior superior alveolar nerves
5.3.3. Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, medial pterygoid nerve
5.4. Oral cavity floor
5.4.1. Mylohyoid muscle and nerve, lingual nerve, hypoglossal nerve, submandibular gland, facial artery
5.4.2. Oral cavity floor: digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid muscles and glossopharyngeal nerve
5.4.3. Outer lingual musculature: genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus
5.5. Orbital cavity
5.5.1. Dura relations in the opened skull: dural venous sinuses (if preserved), removal of the dura mater, anterior and middle meningeal arteries, trigeminal ganglion with roots from the maxillary nerve to the foramen rotundum, ophthalmic nerve to the superior orbital fissure, mandibular nerve to the foramen ovale, exit points of the cranial nerves
5.5.2. Chiseling open of the orbital roof/periorbita: supraorbital nerve, levator palpebrae superioris, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic artery, supratrochlear nerve, frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, lacrimal artery, lacrimal gland
5.5.3. Outer eye muscles and their innervation: rectus lateralis, abducens nerve, tendinous ring, ciliary ganglion, rectus superior, rectus medialis, superior branch of the oculomotor nerve, obliquus superior, ophthalmic artery, anterior ethmoidal artery and nerve, posterior ethmoidal artery and nerve, infratrochlear nerve, nasociliary nerve, obliquus inferior, inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve, rectus inferior, infraorbital artery and nerve
5.6. Ear
5.6.1. Internal acoustic pore, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, chiseling of the tympanic bone’s petrous part, geniculum of facial nerve canal, geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, tympanic cord, bony labyrinth (semicircular canal)
5.7. Vertebral canal situs and cranial cavity situs
5.7.1. Cranial cavity situs

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Ergün`s Anatomical Dissection Class

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