Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery
Basic and clinical sciences of the equine athlete
- 3rd Edition - December 15, 2023
- Authors: Kenneth W Hinchcliff, Andris J. Kaneps, Raymond J. Geor, Emmanuelle Van Erck-Westergren
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 3 7 0 - 9
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 0 5 9 4 - 4
Get evidence-based guidelines to keeping athletic horses healthy and physically fit! Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive guide to exerci… Read more
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Request a sales quoteGet evidence-based guidelines to keeping athletic horses healthy and physically fit! Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive guide to exercise physiology and training within a clinical context, along with a detailed review of all diseases affecting horses participating in racing and competition. Not only does this text discuss the physiological responses of each body system to exercise, but it covers nutritional support, the prevention of exercise-induced disorders and lameness, and modification of training regimens. New to this edition are topics such as drug effects on performance and the use of cloud-based technologies for monitoring performance, as well as new content on exercise physiology, welfare, conditioning, farriery, behavior, and vision. Written by an expert team of international authors, each print purchase of this this authoritative, all-in-one resource comes with an ebook!
- NEW! Chapters in this edition include:
- History of Equine Exercise Physiology
- Welfare of Equine Athletes in Sport and the Social License to Operate
- The Connected Horse (focusing on innovative, cloud-based technologies used to monitor athletic horses)
- Conditioning of the Equine Athlete
- Principles of Sport Horse Farriery
- Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Respiratory Disease in Populations of Athletic Horses
- Behavior and Behavioral Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
- Vision and Disorders of Vision in Performance Horses
- Detection of Drug Use in Athletic Horses
- Drug Effects on Performance of the Equine Athlete
- Comprehensive coverage is based on sound research and evidence-based practice and provides an understanding of the physiologic processes underlying the responses of horses to exercise and physical conditioning — from musculoskeletal and respiratory disorders to nutrition and physical rehabilitation.
- International perspective on equine athletics includes guidelines pertinent to different geographic areas and racing jurisdictions.
- More than 1,000 images include medical illustrations and clinical photos depicting equine anatomy, testing, and treatment scenarios, as well as radiographic, ultrasonographic, CAT, and MRI imaging to support understanding and diagnosis.
- Coverage of abnormalities of the upper airway is now divided into two chapters: Disease of the Nasopharynx and Diseases of the Larynx and Trachea.
- Coverage of diseases of the heart is divided into two chapters: Arrhythmias and Abnormalities of the Cardiac Conduction System and Structural Heart Disease, Cardiomyopathy, and Diseases of Large Vessels.
- eBook version, included with print purchase, gives you the power to access all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Section 1. The Horse as an Athlete
- 1. History of Equine Exercise Physiology
- Modern Equine Exercise Physiology
- International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology
- 2. The Horse as an Athlete
- Origins of the Horse
- Limits to Performance
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise
- 3. Welfare of Equine Athletes in Sport and the Social License to Operate
- The Changing Role of the Veterinarian
- Veterinarians Making Decisions in Public
- Acknowledgment
- 4. Laboratory Exercise Testing
- Introduction
- Indications for Laboratory Exercise Testing in Horses
- Preparation for Exercise Testing
- Exercise Test Protocols
- Measurements That Can Be Made During Treadmill Exercise Testing
- Clinical Exercise Testing
- Conclusion
- 5. Exercise Testing in the Field
- Introduction
- Indications and Principles of Field Exercise Testing
- Measurable Data During Field Exercise Tests
- Performance Exercise Tests
- Clinical Exercise Testing
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- 6. The Connected Horse
- Embracing the Technological Revolution in Equine Sports Medicine
- Connected With the Equine Athlete at Rest
- Connecting With the Equine Patient
- Monitoring the Equine Athlete During Training
- Monitoring the Rider
- 7. Conditioning of the Equine Athlete
- General Adaptive Responses to Conditioning
- Conditioning Programs
- Assessment of Conditioning Load
- Assessment of Conditioning Responses
- Variation in Conditioning Responses
- Conclusion
- 8. Genetic Basis of Equine Performance
- Why Study Genetics?
- Genetics 101
- Methods of Genome Analysis
- Genomics of Athletic Performance
- Genetic Contributions to Poor Performance
- Gene Therapy and Gene Doping
- Conclusion: How Important Is Genetics to Equine Performance?
- Section 2. Musculoskeletal System and Lameness
- 9. Muscle Physiology: Responses to Exercise and Conditioning
- Introduction
- Muscular Response to Exercise
- Methodology
- Muscle Structure and Function
- Muscle Heterogeneity
- Responses to Exercise
- Muscular Responses to Conditioning
- 10. Muscle Disorders of Equine Athletes
- Introduction
- General Response of Muscle to Trauma and Disease
- Muscle Damage Caused by Trauma, Strains, and Tears
- Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome
- Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
- Myotonia
- Myotonic Dystrophy
- Mitochondrial Myopathy
- Fibrotic Myopathy
- 11. Epidemiology of Orthopedic Injury and Death in Athletic Horses
- Epidemiology
- Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Thoroughbred Racehorses
- Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Quarter Horse Racehorses
- Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Standardbred Racehorses
- Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Other Athletic Horses
- How Does This Information Help?
- 12. Skeletal Physiology: Responses to Exercise and Training
- Introduction
- Bone as a Tissue
- Bone as a Structure/Organ
- Skeletal Development
- Functional Adaptation of Bone
- Training Strategies to Condition the Skeleton of the Equine Athlete
- Conclusion
- 13. Tendon and Ligament Physiology
- Introduction
- Structure of Tendon
- Functional Characteristics of Tendon
- Age and Exercise Effects on Tendon Physiology
- Tendon Injury and Repair
- Current Concepts in Prevention of Tendinitis in the Equine Athlete, With Recommendations for Training of Immature and Mature Horses
- 14. Joint Physiology: Response to Exercise and Training
- Introduction
- Articular Cartilage
- Subchondral Bone
- Synovial Membrane
- Synovial Fluid
- The Would-Be Athlete: Loading Is Crucial for the Conditioning of Articular Tissues in the Period Between Birth and the Start of Training
- The Young Athlete: The Fine Line Between Optimizing Performance and Guaranteeing Durability
- The Established Athlete: The Balance Between Maintenance and Morbidity
- Conclusion
- 15. Quantitative Assessment of Locomotion in the Athletic Horse
- Introduction
- History
- Definition and Classification of the Different Gaits
- Ongoing Developments and Future Perspectives
- 16. Objective Measurement of Lameness
- Introduction
- Methodology for Kinematic Data Capture
- Kinematic Parameters of Importance for the Detection of Lameness
- Challenges Posed by Subtle Movement Asymmetry
- Quantification of Lameness Based on Vertical Movement Asymmetry
- Kinematic Parameters to Detect and Differentiate Forelimb Lameness
- Kinematic Parameters to Detect and Differentiate Hindlimb Lameness
- Detection of Bilateral Lameness
- Kinematic Parameters in Compensatory Lameness
- Kinematic Parameters During Movement in a Circle
- Kinematic Parameters During Ridden Evaluation
- Future Directions for Kinematic Analysis of Lameness in Horses
- 17. Diagnosis of Lameness
- Introduction
- History
- Visual Examination at Rest
- In-Motion Examination
- Manipulative Tests and Techniques
- Localization With Diagnostic Local Analgesia
- Imaging
- 18. Diseases of the Foot
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Examination of the Distal Limb
- Diseases of the Hoof Wall
- Diseases of the Distal Phalanx
- Diseases of the Navicular Region
- Miscellaneous Diseases of the Distal Limb
- Acknowledgment
- 19. Principles of Sport Horse Farriery
- Introduction
- Functional Anatomy of the Hoof
- Kinetics of Equine Locomotion and Biomechanics of the Hoof
- Farriery and Shoeing
- Farriery Consideration for Different Disciplines
- Evidence-Based Research and Equine Podiatry
- 20. Distal Limb: Fetlock and Pastern
- Introduction
- Fractures of the Fetlock Joint
- Fetlock Injuries
- Pastern Joint Injuries
- 21. Metacarpus/Metatarsus
- Dorsal Metacarpal Disease (The “Bucked Shins” Complex)
- Dorsal Cortical Stress Fractures of MC-III (“Saucer Fractures,” Metacarpal Fatigue Fractures)
- Condylar Fractures (Parasagittal or Longitudinal Fractures of the Distal Third Metacarpus and Metatarsus)
- Palmar Osteochondral Disease
- Proliferative Periostitis of the Small Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones/Interosseous Desmitis (“Splints”)
- Fractures of the Small Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones (Splint Bone Fractures)
- Stress Remodeling (Stress Reaction) and Stress Fracture (Avulsion Fracture) at the Suspensory Origin
- Other Metacarpal/Metatarsal Injuries in Performance Horses
- 22. The Carpus
- Introduction
- Synovitis
- Capsulitis
- Osteochondral Fracture (Slab Fracture)
- Catastrophic Injury (Breakdown)
- Stress-Induced Bone Reaction (Subchondral Sclerosis)
- Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease, Arthritis)
- Tenosynovitis of the Carpal Sheath
- Periarticular Disease
- Tenosynovitis of Carpal Extensor Tendons
- Acknowledgment
- 23. Elbow and Shoulder
- Elbow
- Shoulder
- 24. Tarsus and Stifle
- Introduction
- Tarsus
- Stifle
- Acknowledgment
- 25. Axial Skeleton: Neck, Back, and Pelvis
- Introduction
- Functional Anatomy
- Movement of the Back
- Clinical Examination of the Axial Skeleton
- Diagnostic Laboratory Tests
- Pathologic Conditions and Clinical Findings
- 26. Neurologic Causes of Gait Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Cervical Vertebral Malformation
- Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
- Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
- Equine Motor Neuron Disease
- Shivers
- Stringhalt
- Sweeny
- Headshaking
- Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
- 27. Soft Tissue Injuries: Tendinitis and Desmitis
- Introduction
- Superficial Digital Flexor Tendinitis
- Deep Digital Flexor Tendinitis
- Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Desmitis
- Suspensory Ligament Desmitis
- Long Plantar Ligament Desmitis (Curb)
- Long Digital Extensor Tendinitis
- Common Digital Extensor Tendinitis
- Straight Sesamoidean Ligament Desmitis
- Oblique Sesamoidean Ligament Desmitis
- Collateral Ligament Desmitis of the Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal, Proximal Interphalangeal Joints, and Distal Interphalangeal Joints
- Tarsal Ligament Injuries
- Biceps Brachii Tendinitis/Bicipital Bursitis
- Dorsal Spinous Ligament and Interspinous Ligament
- Dorsal Sacroiliac Ligament
- Gastrocnemius (Achilles) Tendinitis
- Digital Sheath Syndrome
- Stifle Ligament Injuries
- General Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies
- 28. Pharmacotherapy of Joint and Tendon Disease
- Introduction
- Systemic Therapies
- Intraarticular/Intratendinous Therapies
- Biologic Therapies
- Other Joint Therapies
- Summary
- Acknowledgement
- 29. Equine Rehabilitation
- Introduction
- Therapeutic Modalities
- Section 3. Respiratory System
- 30. Upper Airway Function of Normal Horses During Exercise
- Introduction
- Obligate Nasal Breathing
- The Larynx
- 31. Abnormalities of the Nasopharynx
- Introduction
- Nasopharyngeal Collapse
- Retropharyngeal Abscesses
- Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate
- Guttural Pouch Mycosis
- Avulsion of the Longus Capitis/Rectus Capitis Ventralis Muscles
- Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
- Acknowledgment
- 32. Diseases of the Larynx and Trachea
- Introduction
- Epiglottic Entrapment
- Epiglottic Retroversion
- Subepiglottic Cyst
- Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds (Previously Termed Axial Deviation)
- Epiglottitis
- Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy
- Arytenoid Chondritis
- Rostral Displacement of the Palatopharyngeal Arch (Fourth and Sixth Branchial Arch Defect; Also Known As 4-BAD or Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia)
- Tracheal Obstructive Disease
- Acknowledgement
- 33. Lower Airway Function: Response to Exercise and Training
- Introduction
- General Overview: Structure and Function of the Lower Respiratory Airway
- Physiological Adjustments to Exercise
- Practical Aspects: Physiological Measurements During Exercise
- Other Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung
- Response of the Respiratory Function to Training
- Conclusion
- 34. Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases of the Lower Airway of Athletic Horses (Including Equine Asthma)
- Introduction
- Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma
- Treatment and Management
- Severe Equine Asthma
- 35. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
- Recognition of Disease
- Diagnostic Tests
- Necropsy Examination
- Diagnostic Confirmation
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Pathophysiology and Etiology
- Epidemiology
- 36. Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Respiratory Disease in Populations of Athletic Horses
- Importance of Infectious Respiratory Disease in Athletic Horses
- Etiology of Infectious Respiratory Disease
- Diagnosis of Infectious Respiratory Disease
- Treatment and Prognosis of Infectious Respiratory Disease
- Prevention of Infectious Respiratory Disease
- Acknowledgement
- Section 4. Cardiovascular System
- 37. Heart and Vessels: Function During Exercise and Conditioning Adaptations
- Key Points
- Introduction
- Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
- Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Immediate Responses to Exercise
- Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning
- Conclusion
- 38. Arrhythmias and Abnormalities of the Cardiac Conduction System in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Atrial Tachycardia
- Supraventricular Premature Depolarizations
- Ventricular Premature Depolarizations
- Bradyarrhythmias
- 39. Structural Heart Disease, Cardiomyopathy, and Diseases of the Large Vessels in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- General Approach to Diagnosing Structural Cardiovascular Disease in the Athletic Horse
- Cardiac Murmurs: Differentiating Physiological From Pathological Murmurs in Equine Athletes
- Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation
- Mitral Valve Regurgitation
- Aortic Valve Regurgitation
- Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation
- Ventricular Septal Defect and Other Congenital Lesions
- Myocardial Disease
- Pericardial Disease
- Diseases of the Vessels
- Section 5. Metabolism and Nutrition
- 40. Energy Metabolism: Responses to Exercise and Training
- Introduction
- Energetics of Exercise and Key Concepts
- Fuel Sources
- Pathways for Energy Transfer and Adenosine-5′-Triphosphate Resynthesis
- Regulation of Exercise Metabolism
- Metabolic Responses to Exercise
- Fatigue
- Metabolism During Recovery From Exercise
- Adaptations in Exercise Metabolism With Conditioning (Training)
- Acknowledgement
- 41. Nutrition for the Equine Athlete: Nutrient Requirements and Key Principles in Ration Design
- Introduction
- What Nutrients Does an Athletic Horse Need?
- Section 6. Body Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-Base, and Thermoregulation
- 42. Body Fluids and Electrolytes: Responses to Exercise and Training
- Introduction
- Body Fluid Compartments
- Plasma Osmolality and the Concentration of Key Electrolytes
- Dynamics of Body Fluid Balance
- Regulation of Fluid Balance
- Effects of Acute Exercise on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Exercise-Associated Thirst and Drinking Behavior
- Renal Function During and After Exercise
- Adaptive Response to Repeated Exercise (Conditioning)
- Acknowledgement
- 43. Acid-Base Physiology at Rest, During Exercise, and in Response to Training
- Introduction
- Acid-Base Balance in Resting Horses
- Overview of Acid-Base Balance
- Acidosis and Skeletal Muscle Fatigue
- Assessment of Acid-Base Balance and Factors That Affect Acid-Base Regulation
- Contracting Skeletal Muscle: Proton Generating and Removing Reactions
- Changes in Plasma Acid-Base State During Exercise and Recovery
- Responses to Training
- Diet and Acid-Base Balance
- Selected Clinically Relevant Issues for Seemingly “Normal” Horses
- 44. Abnormalities of Body Fluids and Electrolytes in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Exercise-Associated Dehydration/Exhaustion
- Complications Associated With Exercise-Induced Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance
- Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter (Thumps)
- Acute Renal Failure
- 45. Thermoregulation and Exercise-Associated Heat Illnesses
- Introduction
- Heat Production and Dissipation
- Thermoregulation During Exercise
- Physiologic Factors Affecting Thermoregulatory Capacity
- Recommendations for Preparation for Exercise or Competition in Hot Conditions
- Diseases Caused by Inadequate Thermoregulation
- Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke
- Section 7. Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunity
- 46. Evaluation of Clinicopathological Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Sample Collection and Handling, and Interpretation of Results
- Changes in Hematologic Variables in Performance Horses
- Changes in Hematologic Variables Associated With Training and Exercise
- Changes in Hematologic Variables Associated With Exercise-Related Disorders and Illicit Manipulation
- Changes in Biochemical Variables Associated With Training and Exercise
- Changes in Biochemical Variables Associated With Exercise-Related Disorders and Illicit Manipulation
- Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Disorders
- Administration of Ergogenic Agents
- Conclusion
- 47. Exercise and Immunity in Horses
- Introduction
- How to Assess Immunocompetence
- What Do We Learn From Epidemiological Studies?
- Immunity Status Based on Biocellular and Biomolecular Studies
- Exercise Immunology
- Physiological Mechanisms Involved in the Exercise-Induced Adjustments of Innate Immunity
- Exercise, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
- Conclusion
- Section 8. Gastrointestinal System
- 48. Gastrointestinal Disorders in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
- Sand Enteropathy
- Undifferentiated Hindgut Disease
- NSAID-Induced Toxicoses and Right Dorsal Colitis
- Exercise-Associated Colic
- Medication-Associated Colic
- Interaction of Diet and Exercise With Gastrointestinal Function
- Acknowledgement
- Section 9. Behavior
- 49. Behavior and Behavioral Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Underlying Key Points of Equine Behavior
- The Normal Equine Ethogram, Species-Specific Behavioral Needs of the Horse, and the Effect of the Domestic Environment
- Learning and Motivation
- Operant Training and the Horse
- Behavioral Abnormalities
- Equine Stereotypies
- Crib-Biting
- Weaving and Box-Walking
- Depression
- Learned Aberrant (“Unwanted”) Behaviors in the Performance Horse
- Section 10. Vision
- 50. Vision and Disorders of Vision in Performance Horses
- Introduction
- Equine Vision as Related to Performance Horses
- Ophthalmic Examination
- Prepurchase Examination
- Vision Disorders: Their Treatment and Significance
- Conclusion
- Section 11. Veterinary Management of Athletic Horses
- 51. Veterinary Aspects of Training, Conditioning, and Racing Thoroughbred Racehorses
- Introduction
- Training the Thoroughbred Racehorse
- Training Methods and Conditioning Programs
- Major Causes of Poor Productivity
- Common Conditions Affecting the Thoroughbred Racehorse
- Respiratory and Cardiorespiratory Diseases
- Poor Performance
- 52. Veterinary Aspects of Training, Conditioning, and Racing Horses Used for Harness Racing
- The Breed and Racing
- Training and Conditioning the Harness Horse
- Veterinary Problems of Harnessed Horses
- 53. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Event Horses
- Definitions and Background
- Equestrian Sports Governance
- Demographics
- Veterinary Services
- Medications During Eventing Competitions
- Acknowledgment
- 54. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Dressage Horses
- Definitions and Background
- A Brief History of Dressage
- Demographics
- Common Diseases and Conditions
- Medications During Competition
- 55. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing the Showjumping Horse
- Introduction
- Features of the Sport
- Exercise Demands
- Type of Horse
- Nutrition
- Horse Clothing/Tack
- Clinical Evaluation of the Jumping Horse
- Specific Injuries
- Training for Prevention of Injury
- 56. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Polo Ponies
- History
- Organization of the Sport
- 57. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Endurance Horses
- Introduction
- Overview of the Sport
- Training and Conditioning Programs
- Tack and Equipment
- Specific Diseases
- Metabolic Conditions
- Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Poor Performance
- 58. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Western Performance Horses
- Introduction
- Demographics
- Common Western Performance Disciplines
- Tack and Equipment
- Farriery
- Arena Footing
- Common Problems in Selected Disciplines
- Major Causes of Poor Productivity (Wastage)
- Specific Diseases and Management
- 59. Veterinary Aspects of the Aged Equine Athlete
- Definition and Demographics of the Aged Equine Athlete
- Physiological Alterations Associated With Aging
- Common Conditions Affecting the Aged Equine Athlete
- 60. Reproductive Management of the Athletic Horse
- Introduction
- The Mare
- Control of Reproductive Behavior in the Stallion
- Combining Breeding and Athletic Careers
- Management of Performance Horses to Optimize Future Reproductive Potential
- Acknowledgement
- 61. Emergency Procedures and First Aid for the Equine Athlete
- Introduction
- Traumatic Injuries
- Metabolic Conditions
- Sudden Death and Euthanasia
- 62. Examination of the Equine Athlete Prior to Purchase
- Introduction
- Requirements for Prepurchase Evaluation
- Examination Sequence
- Section 12. Drug and Medication Use in Athletic Horses
- 63. Detection of Drug Use in Athletic Horses
- Introduction
- Sample Collection Protocols and Chain of Custody
- Classification of Prohibited Substances and Detection Criteria
- Test Distribution Plan (TDP)
- Biological Matrices
- Sample Storage and Further Analysis
- Analytical Methodologies for Detection
- Emerging Detection Capabilities
- Other Considerations
- Summary
- 64. Drug Effects on Performance of the Equine Athlete
- Introduction
- Doping (Drugs Enhancing or Used With the Intention to Increase Performance)
- Drugs and Medications Used With the Intention to Impair Performance
- Medications Used With the Intention to Restore or Improve Performance
- Miscellaneous Substances With Potential Performance-Enhancing Effects or Abuse
- Appendix A. Reference Values for Red Cell Variables in Athletic Horses
- Appendix B. Reference Values for the Leukogram of Athletic Horses
- Appendix C. Reference Values for Biochemical Variables in Athletic Horses
- Index
- No. of pages: 1440
- Language: English
- Edition: 3
- Published: December 15, 2023
- Imprint: Saunders Ltd.
- Paperback ISBN: 9780702083709
- eBook ISBN: 9780443105944
KH
Kenneth W Hinchcliff
Affiliations and expertise
Warden and CEO, Trinity College, Parkville Victoria, Australia; Professor (Emeritus), Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaAK
Andris J. Kaneps
Affiliations and expertise
Owner Kaneps Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery Beverly, MassachusettsRG
Raymond J. Geor
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Equine Medicine and Pro Vice-Chancellor, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandEV
Emmanuelle Van Erck-Westergren
Affiliations and expertise
Founder & Owner, Equine Sports Medicine Practice, Waterloo, BelgiumRead Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery on ScienceDirect