Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery

Basic and clinical sciences of the equine athlete

3rd Edition - October 27, 2023
Authors: Kenneth W Hinchcliff, Andris J. Kaneps, Raymond J. Geor, Emmanuelle Van Erck-Westergen
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 3 7 0 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 0 5 9 4 - 4

Get evidence-based guidelines to keeping athletic horses healthy and physically fit! Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive guide to exerci… Read more

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Get evidence-based guidelines to keeping athletic horses healthy and physically fit! Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive guide to exercise physiology and training within a clinical context, along with a detailed review of all diseases affecting horses participating in racing and competition. Not only does this text discuss the physiological responses of each body system to exercise, but it covers nutritional support, the prevention of exercise-induced disorders and lameness, and modification of training regimens. New to this edition are topics such as drug effects on performance and the use of cloud-based technologies for monitoring performance, as well as new content on exercise physiology, welfare, conditioning, farriery, behavior, and vision. Written by an expert team of international authors, each print purchase of this this authoritative, all-in-one resource comes with an ebook!

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Section 1. The Horse as an Athlete
1. History of Equine Exercise Physiology
Modern Equine Exercise Physiology
International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology
2. The Horse as an Athlete
Origins of the Horse
Limits to Performance
Integrative Physiology of Exercise
3. Welfare of Equine Athletes in Sport and the Social License to Operate
The Changing Role of the Veterinarian
Veterinarians Making Decisions in Public
Acknowledgment
4. Laboratory Exercise Testing
Introduction
Indications for Laboratory Exercise Testing in Horses
Preparation for Exercise Testing
Exercise Test Protocols
Measurements That Can Be Made During Treadmill Exercise Testing
Clinical Exercise Testing
Conclusion
5. Exercise Testing in the Field
Introduction
Indications and Principles of Field Exercise Testing
Measurable Data During Field Exercise Tests
Performance Exercise Tests
Clinical Exercise Testing
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
6. The Connected Horse
Embracing the Technological Revolution in Equine Sports Medicine
Connected With the Equine Athlete at Rest
Connecting With the Equine Patient
Monitoring the Equine Athlete During Training
Monitoring the Rider
7. Conditioning of the Equine Athlete
General Adaptive Responses to Conditioning
Conditioning Programs
Assessment of Conditioning Load
Assessment of Conditioning Responses
Variation in Conditioning Responses
Conclusion
8. Genetic Basis of Equine Performance
Why Study Genetics?
Genetics 101
Methods of Genome Analysis
Genomics of Athletic Performance
Genetic Contributions to Poor Performance
Gene Therapy and Gene Doping
Conclusion: How Important Is Genetics to Equine Performance?
Section 2. Musculoskeletal System and Lameness
9. Muscle Physiology: Responses to Exercise and Conditioning
Introduction
Muscular Response to Exercise
Methodology
Muscle Structure and Function
Muscle Heterogeneity
Responses to Exercise
Muscular Responses to Conditioning
10. Muscle Disorders of Equine Athletes
Introduction
General Response of Muscle to Trauma and Disease
Muscle Damage Caused by Trauma, Strains, and Tears
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Myotonia
Myotonic Dystrophy
Mitochondrial Myopathy
Fibrotic Myopathy
11. Epidemiology of Orthopedic Injury and Death in Athletic Horses
Epidemiology
Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Thoroughbred Racehorses
Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Quarter Horse Racehorses
Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Standardbred Racehorses
Musculoskeletal Injury or Death in Other Athletic Horses
How Does This Information Help?
12. Skeletal Physiology: Responses to Exercise and Training
Introduction
Bone as a Tissue
Bone as a Structure/Organ
Skeletal Development
Functional Adaptation of Bone
Training Strategies to Condition the Skeleton of the Equine Athlete
Conclusion
13. Tendon and Ligament Physiology
Introduction
Structure of Tendon
Functional Characteristics of Tendon
Age and Exercise Effects on Tendon Physiology
Tendon Injury and Repair
Current Concepts in Prevention of Tendinitis in the Equine Athlete, With Recommendations for Training of Immature and Mature Horses
14. Joint Physiology: Response to Exercise and Training
Introduction
Articular Cartilage
Subchondral Bone
Synovial Membrane
Synovial Fluid
The Would-Be Athlete: Loading Is Crucial for the Conditioning of Articular Tissues in the Period Between Birth and the Start of Training
The Young Athlete: The Fine Line Between Optimizing Performance and Guaranteeing Durability
The Established Athlete: The Balance Between Maintenance and Morbidity
Conclusion
15. Quantitative Assessment of Locomotion in the Athletic Horse
Introduction
History
Definition and Classification of the Different Gaits
Ongoing Developments and Future Perspectives
16. Objective Measurement of Lameness
Introduction
Methodology for Kinematic Data Capture
Kinematic Parameters of Importance for the Detection of Lameness
Challenges Posed by Subtle Movement Asymmetry
Quantification of Lameness Based on Vertical Movement Asymmetry
Kinematic Parameters to Detect and Differentiate Forelimb Lameness
Kinematic Parameters to Detect and Differentiate Hindlimb Lameness
Detection of Bilateral Lameness
Kinematic Parameters in Compensatory Lameness
Kinematic Parameters During Movement in a Circle
Kinematic Parameters During Ridden Evaluation
Future Directions for Kinematic Analysis of Lameness in Horses
17. Diagnosis of Lameness
Introduction
History
Visual Examination at Rest
In-Motion Examination
Manipulative Tests and Techniques
Localization With Diagnostic Local Analgesia
Imaging
18. Diseases of the Foot
Introduction
Anatomy
Examination of the Distal Limb
Diseases of the Hoof Wall
Diseases of the Distal Phalanx
Diseases of the Navicular Region
Miscellaneous Diseases of the Distal Limb
Acknowledgment
19. Principles of Sport Horse Farriery
Introduction
Functional Anatomy of the Hoof
Kinetics of Equine Locomotion and Biomechanics of the Hoof
Farriery and Shoeing
Farriery Consideration for Different Disciplines
Evidence-Based Research and Equine Podiatry
20. Distal Limb: Fetlock and Pastern
Introduction
Fractures of the Fetlock Joint
Fetlock Injuries
Pastern Joint Injuries
21. Metacarpus/Metatarsus
Dorsal Metacarpal Disease (The “Bucked Shins” Complex)
Dorsal Cortical Stress Fractures of MC-III (“Saucer Fractures,” Metacarpal Fatigue Fractures)
Condylar Fractures (Parasagittal or Longitudinal Fractures of the Distal Third Metacarpus and Metatarsus)
Palmar Osteochondral Disease
Proliferative Periostitis of the Small Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones/Interosseous Desmitis (“Splints”)
Fractures of the Small Metacarpal/Metatarsal Bones (Splint Bone Fractures)
Stress Remodeling (Stress Reaction) and Stress Fracture (Avulsion Fracture) at the Suspensory Origin
Other Metacarpal/Metatarsal Injuries in Performance Horses
22. The Carpus
Introduction
Synovitis
Capsulitis
Osteochondral Fracture (Slab Fracture)
Catastrophic Injury (Breakdown)
Stress-Induced Bone Reaction (Subchondral Sclerosis)
Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease, Arthritis)
Tenosynovitis of the Carpal Sheath
Periarticular Disease
Tenosynovitis of Carpal Extensor Tendons
Acknowledgment
23. Elbow and Shoulder
Elbow
Shoulder
24. Tarsus and Stifle
Introduction
Tarsus
Stifle
Acknowledgment
25. Axial Skeleton: Neck, Back, and Pelvis
Introduction
Functional Anatomy
Movement of the Back
Clinical Examination of the Axial Skeleton
Diagnostic Laboratory Tests
Pathologic Conditions and Clinical Findings
26. Neurologic Causes of Gait Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Cervical Vertebral Malformation
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy and Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
Equine Motor Neuron Disease
Shivers
Stringhalt
Sweeny
Headshaking
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
27. Soft Tissue Injuries: Tendinitis and Desmitis
Introduction
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendinitis
Deep Digital Flexor Tendinitis
Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Desmitis
Suspensory Ligament Desmitis
Long Plantar Ligament Desmitis (Curb)
Long Digital Extensor Tendinitis
Common Digital Extensor Tendinitis
Straight Sesamoidean Ligament Desmitis
Oblique Sesamoidean Ligament Desmitis
Collateral Ligament Desmitis of the Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal, Proximal Interphalangeal Joints, and Distal Interphalangeal Joints
Tarsal Ligament Injuries
Biceps Brachii Tendinitis/Bicipital Bursitis
Dorsal Spinous Ligament and Interspinous Ligament
Dorsal Sacroiliac Ligament
Gastrocnemius (Achilles) Tendinitis
Digital Sheath Syndrome
Stifle Ligament Injuries
General Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies
28. Pharmacotherapy of Joint and Tendon Disease
Introduction
Systemic Therapies
Intraarticular/Intratendinous Therapies
Biologic Therapies
Other Joint Therapies
Summary
Acknowledgement
29. Equine Rehabilitation
Introduction
Therapeutic Modalities
Section 3. Respiratory System
30. Upper Airway Function of Normal Horses During Exercise
Introduction
Obligate Nasal Breathing
The Larynx
31. Abnormalities of the Nasopharynx
Introduction
Nasopharyngeal Collapse
Retropharyngeal Abscesses
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
Avulsion of the Longus Capitis/Rectus Capitis Ventralis Muscles
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
Acknowledgment
32. Diseases of the Larynx and Trachea
Introduction
Epiglottic Entrapment
Epiglottic Retroversion
Subepiglottic Cyst
Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds (Previously Termed Axial Deviation)
Epiglottitis
Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy
Arytenoid Chondritis
Rostral Displacement of the Palatopharyngeal Arch (Fourth and Sixth Branchial Arch Defect; Also Known As 4-BAD or Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia)
Tracheal Obstructive Disease
Acknowledgement
33. Lower Airway Function: Response to Exercise and Training
Introduction
General Overview: Structure and Function of the Lower Respiratory Airway
Physiological Adjustments to Exercise
Practical Aspects: Physiological Measurements During Exercise
Other Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung
Response of the Respiratory Function to Training
Conclusion
34. Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases of the Lower Airway of Athletic Horses (Including Equine Asthma)
Introduction
Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma
Treatment and Management
Severe Equine Asthma
35. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Recognition of Disease
Diagnostic Tests
Necropsy Examination
Diagnostic Confirmation
Treatment
Prognosis
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Epidemiology
36. Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Respiratory Disease in Populations of Athletic Horses
Importance of Infectious Respiratory Disease in Athletic Horses
Etiology of Infectious Respiratory Disease
Diagnosis of Infectious Respiratory Disease
Treatment and Prognosis of Infectious Respiratory Disease
Prevention of Infectious Respiratory Disease
Acknowledgement
Section 4. Cardiovascular System
37. Heart and Vessels: Function During Exercise and Conditioning Adaptations
Key Points
Introduction
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
Cardiovascular Physiology and Immediate Responses to Exercise
Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning
Conclusion
38. Arrhythmias and Abnormalities of the Cardiac Conduction System in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Tachycardia
Supraventricular Premature Depolarizations
Ventricular Premature Depolarizations
Bradyarrhythmias
39. Structural Heart Disease, Cardiomyopathy, and Diseases of the Large Vessels in Athletic Horses
Introduction
General Approach to Diagnosing Structural Cardiovascular Disease in the Athletic Horse
Cardiac Murmurs: Differentiating Physiological From Pathological Murmurs in Equine Athletes
Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Aortic Valve Regurgitation
Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation
Ventricular Septal Defect and Other Congenital Lesions
Myocardial Disease
Pericardial Disease
Diseases of the Vessels
Section 5. Metabolism and Nutrition
40. Energy Metabolism: Responses to Exercise and Training
Introduction
Energetics of Exercise and Key Concepts
Fuel Sources
Pathways for Energy Transfer and Adenosine-5′-Triphosphate Resynthesis
Regulation of Exercise Metabolism
Metabolic Responses to Exercise
Fatigue
Metabolism During Recovery From Exercise
Adaptations in Exercise Metabolism With Conditioning (Training)
Acknowledgement
41. Nutrition for the Equine Athlete: Nutrient Requirements and Key Principles in Ration Design
Introduction
What Nutrients Does an Athletic Horse Need?
Section 6. Body Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-Base, and Thermoregulation
42. Body Fluids and Electrolytes: Responses to Exercise and Training
Introduction
Body Fluid Compartments
Plasma Osmolality and the Concentration of Key Electrolytes
Dynamics of Body Fluid Balance
Regulation of Fluid Balance
Effects of Acute Exercise on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Exercise-Associated Thirst and Drinking Behavior
Renal Function During and After Exercise
Adaptive Response to Repeated Exercise (Conditioning)
Acknowledgement
43. Acid-Base Physiology at Rest, During Exercise, and in Response to Training
Introduction
Acid-Base Balance in Resting Horses
Overview of Acid-Base Balance
Acidosis and Skeletal Muscle Fatigue
Assessment of Acid-Base Balance and Factors That Affect Acid-Base Regulation
Contracting Skeletal Muscle: Proton Generating and Removing Reactions
Changes in Plasma Acid-Base State During Exercise and Recovery
Responses to Training
Diet and Acid-Base Balance
Selected Clinically Relevant Issues for Seemingly “Normal” Horses
44. Abnormalities of Body Fluids and Electrolytes in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Exercise-Associated Dehydration/Exhaustion
Complications Associated With Exercise-Induced Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance
Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter (Thumps)
Acute Renal Failure
45. Thermoregulation and Exercise-Associated Heat Illnesses
Introduction
Heat Production and Dissipation
Thermoregulation During Exercise
Physiologic Factors Affecting Thermoregulatory Capacity
Recommendations for Preparation for Exercise or Competition in Hot Conditions
Diseases Caused by Inadequate Thermoregulation
Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke
Section 7. Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunity
46. Evaluation of Clinicopathological Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Sample Collection and Handling, and Interpretation of Results
Changes in Hematologic Variables in Performance Horses
Changes in Hematologic Variables Associated With Training and Exercise
Changes in Hematologic Variables Associated With Exercise-Related Disorders and Illicit Manipulation
Changes in Biochemical Variables Associated With Training and Exercise
Changes in Biochemical Variables Associated With Exercise-Related Disorders and Illicit Manipulation
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Disorders
Administration of Ergogenic Agents
Conclusion
47. Exercise and Immunity in Horses
Introduction
How to Assess Immunocompetence
What Do We Learn From Epidemiological Studies?
Immunity Status Based on Biocellular and Biomolecular Studies
Exercise Immunology
Physiological Mechanisms Involved in the Exercise-Induced Adjustments of Innate Immunity
Exercise, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
Conclusion
Section 8. Gastrointestinal System
48. Gastrointestinal Disorders in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
Sand Enteropathy
Undifferentiated Hindgut Disease
NSAID-Induced Toxicoses and Right Dorsal Colitis
Exercise-Associated Colic
Medication-Associated Colic
Interaction of Diet and Exercise With Gastrointestinal Function
Acknowledgement
Section 9. Behavior
49. Behavior and Behavioral Abnormalities in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Underlying Key Points of Equine Behavior
The Normal Equine Ethogram, Species-Specific Behavioral Needs of the Horse, and the Effect of the Domestic Environment
Learning and Motivation
Operant Training and the Horse
Behavioral Abnormalities
Equine Stereotypies
Crib-Biting
Weaving and Box-Walking
Depression
Learned Aberrant (“Unwanted”) Behaviors in the Performance Horse
Section 10. Vision
50. Vision and Disorders of Vision in Performance Horses
Introduction
Equine Vision as Related to Performance Horses
Ophthalmic Examination
Prepurchase Examination
Vision Disorders: Their Treatment and Significance
Conclusion
Section 11. Veterinary Management of Athletic Horses
51. Veterinary Aspects of Training, Conditioning, and Racing Thoroughbred Racehorses
Introduction
Training the Thoroughbred Racehorse
Training Methods and Conditioning Programs
Major Causes of Poor Productivity
Common Conditions Affecting the Thoroughbred Racehorse
Respiratory and Cardiorespiratory Diseases
Poor Performance
52. Veterinary Aspects of Training, Conditioning, and Racing Horses Used for Harness Racing
The Breed and Racing
Training and Conditioning the Harness Horse
Veterinary Problems of Harnessed Horses
53. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Event Horses
Definitions and Background
Equestrian Sports Governance
Demographics
Veterinary Services
Medications During Eventing Competitions
Acknowledgment
54. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Dressage Horses
Definitions and Background
A Brief History of Dressage
Demographics
Common Diseases and Conditions
Medications During Competition
55. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing the Showjumping Horse
Introduction
Features of the Sport
Exercise Demands
Type of Horse
Nutrition
Horse Clothing/Tack
Clinical Evaluation of the Jumping Horse
Specific Injuries
Training for Prevention of Injury
56. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Polo Ponies
History
Organization of the Sport
57. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Endurance Horses
Introduction
Overview of the Sport
Training and Conditioning Programs
Tack and Equipment
Specific Diseases
Metabolic Conditions
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Poor Performance
58. Veterinary Aspects of Conditioning, Training, and Competing Western Performance Horses
Introduction
Demographics
Common Western Performance Disciplines
Tack and Equipment
Farriery
Arena Footing
Common Problems in Selected Disciplines
Major Causes of Poor Productivity (Wastage)
Specific Diseases and Management
59. Veterinary Aspects of the Aged Equine Athlete
Definition and Demographics of the Aged Equine Athlete
Physiological Alterations Associated With Aging
Common Conditions Affecting the Aged Equine Athlete
60. Reproductive Management of the Athletic Horse
Introduction
The Mare
Control of Reproductive Behavior in the Stallion
Combining Breeding and Athletic Careers
Management of Performance Horses to Optimize Future Reproductive Potential
Acknowledgement
61. Emergency Procedures and First Aid for the Equine Athlete
Introduction
Traumatic Injuries
Metabolic Conditions
Sudden Death and Euthanasia
62. Examination of the Equine Athlete Prior to Purchase
Introduction
Requirements for Prepurchase Evaluation
Examination Sequence
Section 12. Drug and Medication Use in Athletic Horses
63. Detection of Drug Use in Athletic Horses
Introduction
Sample Collection Protocols and Chain of Custody
Classification of Prohibited Substances and Detection Criteria
Test Distribution Plan (TDP)
Biological Matrices
Sample Storage and Further Analysis
Analytical Methodologies for Detection
Emerging Detection Capabilities
Other Considerations
Summary
64. Drug Effects on Performance of the Equine Athlete
Introduction
Doping (Drugs Enhancing or Used With the Intention to Increase Performance)
Drugs and Medications Used With the Intention to Impair Performance
Medications Used With the Intention to Restore or Improve Performance
Miscellaneous Substances With Potential Performance-Enhancing Effects or Abuse
Appendix A. Reference Values for Red Cell Variables in Athletic Horses
Appendix B. Reference Values for the Leukogram of Athletic Horses
Appendix C. Reference Values for Biochemical Variables in Athletic Horses
Index

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Kenneth W Hinchcliff

Andris J. Kaneps

Raymond J. Geor

Emmanuelle Van Erck-Westergen