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Epidemiologic Methods

The Essentials

1st Edition - November 15, 2022

Author: Stephen C. Newman

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 7 8 0 - 3

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 7 8 1 - 0

Epidemiologic Methods: The Essentials is a concise, but thorough volume that provides a solid grounding in core methodologic issues. The book takes a streamlined approach on… Read more

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Epidemiologic Methods: The Essentials is a concise, but thorough volume that provides a solid grounding in core methodologic issues. The book takes a streamlined approach on cohort studies, case-control studies, prevalence studies, randomized trials, demographic studies of morbidity and mortality, ecologic studies, screening, effect modification, bias and confounding. Organized according to study design, with each chapter building on those preceding it, the book provides detailed examples throughout, using data tables and graphs to reinforce methodologic points.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Classic Studies in Epidemiology
Abstract
1.1. Lind Scurvy Trial
1.2. Semmelweis Puerperal Fever Study
1.3. Farr Cholera Study
1.4. Snow Cholera Study
1.5. Lane-Claypon Breast Cancer Study
1.6. Doll and Hill Lung Cancer Study
1.7. National Health Survey
1.8. MRC Streptomycin Trial
1.9. Salk Polio Vaccine Trial
1.10. Newburgh-Kingston Fluoride Trial
1.11. Framingham Heart Study
References
Chapter 2: Preliminaries
Abstract
2.1. Natural History of Disease
2.2. Association and Causation
2.3. Types of Epidemiologic Studies
2.4. Weighted Averages
2.5. Sampling
2.6. Source Populations and Target Populations
2.7. Study Error
References
Chapter 3: Prevalence Studies
Abstract
3.1. Prevalence
3.2. Bias in Prevalence Studies
References
Chapter 4: Cohort Studies
Abstract
4.1. Closed Cohort Studies
4.2. Open Cohort Studies
4.3. Choosing a Measure of Effect
References
Chapter 5: Populations
Abstract
5.1. Incidence Rates
5.2. Direct Standardization
5.3. Indirect Standardization
5.4. Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
5.5. Prevalence = Incidence × Duration
5.6. Cross-Sectional Studies
References
Chapter 6: Effect Modification in Cohort Studies
Abstract
6.1. Effect Modification and Homogeneity
6.2. Effect Modification and Different Exposures
6.3. Effect Modification and Different Measures of Effect
6.4. Mathematical Models and Interaction
6.5. Qualitative Effect Modification
References
Chapter 7: Standardization in Cohort Studies
Abstract
7.1. Closed Cohort Studies
7.2. Open Cohort Studies
References
Chapter 8: Confounding in Cohort Studies - Part I
Abstract
8.1. Causal Diagram Confounding
8.2. Counterfactual Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
8.3. Classical Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
8.4. Counterfactual and Classical Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
8.5. Collapsibility in Closed Cohort Studies
8.6. Choosing a Definition of Confounding
8.7. Classical Confounding in Stationary Populations
References
Chapter 9: Confounding in Cohort Studies - Part II
Abstract
9.1. Attributable Fractions in Closed Cohort Studies
9.2. Unmeasured Confounders in Closed Cohort Studies
9.3. Controlling Confounding in Cohort Studies
References
Chapter 10: Bias in Cohort Studies
Abstract
10.1. Selection Bias
10.2. Information Bias
References
Chapter 11: Randomized Trials
Abstract
11.1. Randomized Clinical Trials
11.2. Randomized Field Trials
11.3. Community Intervention Trials
References
Chapter 12: Case-Control Studies - Part I
Abstract
12.1. Case-Control Studies Embedded in Cohort Studies
12.2. Population-Based Case-Control Studies
12.3. Hospital-Based Case-Control Studies
12.4. Case-Control Studies in a Stationary Population
12.5. Ratio of Controls to Cases
References
Chapter 13: Case-Control Studies - Part II
Abstract
13.1. Bias in Case-Control Studies
13.2. Stratification in Case-Control Studies
Effect Modification
13.3. Confounding in Case-Control Studies
13.4. Controlling Confounding in Case-Control Studies
References
Chapter 14: Ecologic Studies
Abstract
Example: Ecologic Study of Fluoride and Caries
Example: Ecologic Study of Birth Weight and Infant Mortality
14.1. Ecologic Bias
References
Chapter 15: Screening in Populations
Abstract
15.1. Natural History of Disease
15.2. Screening Programs
15.3. Validity of Screening Tests
15.4. Reliability of Screening Tests
15.5. Randomized Screening Trials
References
Appendix A: Appendix for Chapter 2
Bracket Convention
A.1. Proof of Item 1 of Section 2.4
Appendix B: Appendix for Chapter 3
B.1. Proof of (3.5)
Appendix C: Appendix for Chapter 4
C.1. Proof of (4.4)–(4.6)
C.2. Proof of (4.10)
Appendix D: Appendix for Chapter 5
D.1. Proof of (5.8)
D.2. sIR is a Weighted Average
D.3. Proof of (5.18)
Appendix E: Appendix for Chapter 6
E.1. Proof of (6.6)
E.2. Proof of (6.7)
E.3. Proof of (6.8)
E.4. Proof of (6.11)
E.5. Proof of (6.15)
Appendix F: Appendix for Chapter 7
F.1. sRR, sRD, RRMH, ORMH, RDMH are Weighted Averages
F.2. sIR, sID, IRMH, IDMH are Weighted Averages
F.3. Proof of (7.11)
Appendix G: Appendix for Chapter 8
G.1. Proof of (8.2)
G.2. Proof of (8.3)
G.3. Proof of Item 1 of Section 8.4
G.4. Proof of Item 2 of Section 8.4
G.5. Proof of Item 1 of Section 8.5
G.6. Proof of Item 2 of Section 8.5
Appendix H: Appendix for Chapter 9
H.1. No Counterfactual Confounding Implies a0(1)=R0n1
H.2. Proof of (9.7)
H.3. Proof of (9.5)
H.4. Proof of First Equality in (9.8)
H.5. Proof of Second Equality in (9.8)
H.6. Proof of First Equality in (9.6)
H.7. Proof of Second Equality in (9.6)
H.8. Proof of (9.9)
Appendix I: Appendix for Chapter 10
I.1. Proof of (10.1)
I.2. Proof of (10.2)
I.3. Proof of (10.3)
I.4. Proof of (10.4)
I.5. OR⋆=1 is Equivalent to OR=1
I.6. Formula for OR⋆/OR in Fig. 10.1
Appendix J: Appendix for Chapter 12
J.1. Proof of (12.5)
Appendix K: Appendix for Chapter 13
K.1. Proof of (13.1)
K.2. OR˜⋆=1 is Equivalent to OR=1
K.3. Formula for OR˜⋆/OR in Fig. 13.2
K.4. Proof of (13.3)
K.5. Proof of (13.4)
K.6. sOR˜ is a Weighted Average
K.7. Proof of (13.6)
K.8. Proof of (13.7)
K.9. OR˜≠sOR˜ if and Only if R0≠R0(1) in Case-Cohort Studies
K.10. Proof of (13.8)
K.11. Proof of (13.9)
Appendix L: Appendix for Chapter 14
L.1. Proof of (14.5)
Appendix M: Appendix for Chapter 15
M.1. Proof of (15.3)
M.2. Proof of (15.7)
M.3. Raters are Perfectly Valid or Perfectly Invalid
Index