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Engaging Boys and Men in Sexual Assault Prevention

Theory, Research, and Practice

1st Edition - March 18, 2022

Editors: Lindsay M. Orchowski, Alan Berkowitz

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 0 2 - 3

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 8 8 - 7

Engaging Boys and Men in Sexual Assault Prevention: Theory, Research and Practice explores sexual assault prevention programs for boys and men. Following an ecosystemic… Read more

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Engaging Boys and Men in Sexual Assault Prevention: Theory, Research and Practice explores sexual assault prevention programs for boys and men. Following an ecosystemic perspective, the book examines individual risk and protective factors, discusses initiatives to prevent sexual aggression (i.e., bystander intervention programs, given their use among men), covers programs that specifically seek to engage boys and men in sexual assault prevention, presents key risk and protective factors for sexual aggression (i.e., healthy masculinity, rape myth acceptance), and describes the need and rationale for sexual assault prevention efforts.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction to the volume
References to other volumes and chapters cited above
Chapter 1: A brief history of the science and practice of engaging boys and men in sexual assault prevention
Abstract
The scope of sexual aggression among boys and men
Fundamental principles guiding prevention with boys and men
The evolution of efforts to engage men and boys in sexual violence prevention
What does it mean to “engage” boys and men in prevention of sexual assault?
Barriers to engaging men in violence prevention
Guiding prevention frameworks
Limitations and future directions
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 2: A review of theories describing the etiology of sexual aggression among boys and men and implications for prevention
Abstract
Introduction
Etiological theories of sexual aggression
Implications for Prevention
Summary, next steps, and conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 3: Sexual violence prevention with men and boys as a social justice issue
Abstract
Sexual violence prevention with men and boys as a social justice issue
Rationale for engaging men and boys in prevention of sexual violence
Features of sexual assault prevention work with men and boys
Sexual violence prevention as a social justice project
Violence prevention for social justice?
Next steps
References
Chapter 4: Risk and protective factors for sexual aggression across the ecosystem: An overview
Abstract
Introduction
Societal and community factors
Relationship factors
Individual factors
Situational factors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: The role of rape myths in contributing to sexual aggression: Theory, research, and implications for prevention
Abstract
Introduction
The definition and significance of rape myths
Theoretical frameworks for understanding rape myths
Historical development of the concept
Measurement
Correlates of rape myth beliefs
Rape myth beliefs and perpetration of sexual aggression
Prevention programming and rape myths
Rape myths as predictors of other prevention outcomes
Rape myths as a part of comprehensive prevention
Critiques and limitations of rape myths
Areas in need of further research
References
Chapter 6: The culture of masculinity and sexual violence: Raising boys to be nonviolent men
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptualizing masculinity
The way we measure: It matters
How masculine norms are learned
Evidence for the link between masculinity and sexual violence
Extant interventions addressing masculinity and sexual violence
Concluding thoughts and next steps
Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 7: The social norms approach as a strategy to prevent violence perpetrated by men and boys: A review of the literature
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of the social norms approach
The social norms approach and gender transformational approaches
Purpose of the present chapter
Summary of existing research
Misperception of peer support for rape myths as a facilitator for violence-prone men to perpetrate sexual assault and domestic violence
The influence of misperceptions on bystander intervention among nonperpetrators
Evaluations of norms correction interventions to prevent men’s violence
Conclusions and future directions
Recommendations regarding audience composition and format
Summary
References
Chapter 8: Alcohol and men’s sexual aggression: Review of research and implications for prevention
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
What have we learned from cross-sectional surveys which examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and sexual aggression within a single timepoint?
What have we learned from prospective surveys which examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and sexual aggression across multiple timepoints?
What have we learned from surveys that assess alcohol consumption during a sexual assault incident?
What have we learned from experiments that randomly assign participants to drink an alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage?
Suggestions for future research
Prevention and policy implications
References
Chapter 9: Sexual consent and the prevention of sexual aggression
Abstract
Introduction
Part 1: Operationalizing sexual consent: How do people conceptualize, define, and communicate sexual consent?
Part 2: Addressing sexual consent in the context of sexual assault prevention
Part 3: Recommendations for sexual consent and sexual violence prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Social marketing approaches to raising awareness about men’s violence against women: Theory, research, and practice
Abstract
Introduction
History of social marketing as a prevention tool
Social norms marketing: A specific type of social marking
Theoretical considerations pertaining to social marketing campaigns
The evidence base for social marketing campaigns to address violence
Future directions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Efficacy of sexual assault prevention with men and boys
Abstract
Review approach for this chapter
Review of SV prevention programs with boys and men
Review of programs that engage boys in mixed gender contexts
Programs to watch: Important directions in men’s engagement programming
Discussion and implications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Engaging boys and men as allies in prevention: The efficacy of bystander program approaches for boys and men
Abstract
Introduction
History and definition of the bystander intervention model
Theoretical and conceptual influences on bystander behavior
Discussion of bystander intervention programs
Considerations for programming
References
Chapter 13: The integrated model of sexual aggression: A synthesis of 30 years of research and practice
Abstract
Components of the integrated model of sexual assault and acquaintance rape
Updating the integrated model of sexual assault to acknowledge the synergistic nature of social norms and bystander intervention
Applications of the integrated model of sexual assault to prevention programming with boys and men
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Using technology to engage boys and men in the prevention of sexual assault
Abstract
Strengths of eHealth sexual assault prevention
Weaknesses of eHealth sexual assault prevention
Technological frameworks for designing eHealth programs
Theoretical frameworks for sexual assault perpetration prevention utilized in eHealth programs
Overview of eHealth programs to prevent sexual assault that include boys and men
Conceptualizing existing eHealth programs
Future directions of technology in the prevention of sexual assault
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Sexual aggression in a global perspective: Theory and intervention efficacy
Abstract
The global burden of prevalence of male-perpetrated violence
How drivers of perpetration inform prevention approaches
Engaging boys and men in gender-transformative violence prevention programs
Lessons learned and future directions
Challenges of scaling up
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: False accusations of sexual assault: Prevalence, misperceptions, and implications for prevention work with men and boys
Abstract
Reporting sexual victimization
Defining a false report, unfounded report, unsubstantiated report, and baseless report
Study methodology
Overestimation of false reports by law enforcement and the public
Consequences of overestimating false allegations
When reports are false
Negative consequences of overestimations of false reports for prevention work with men and boys
Recommendations for facilitators
Addressing the real rapist stereotype
Creating a hospitable environment for discussing the fear of false accusation
Focus on the victim
Highlight misperceptions of social norms regarding sexual assault
Facilitator experiences with discussing false accusations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: The importance of addressing male sexual victimization in the context of sexual assault prevention programming
Abstract
Introduction
Recognizing men’s victimization in prevention efforts challenges deeply ingrained beliefs about masculinity and affirms men as human beings
The intersection of sexual victimization among men and men’s involvement in prevention efforts
Challenges in facilitating sexual assault prevention programming addressing men’s sexual victimization
Conclusions and future directions
References
Further reading
Chapter 18: A cross-disciplinary review of empirical studies addressing repeat versus time-limited sexual violence perpetration
Abstract
Definitions
Nonincarcerated perpetrators
Incarcerated perpetrators
Implications for future research
Implications for prevention and policy
Limitations and future directions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Perpetrator characteristics: Implications for programming, policy, and sanctioning on college campuses
Abstract
Introduction
Modus Operandi
Modus Operandi inspired prevention recommendations
Individual offender characteristics
Prevention strategies to address individual risk
Offender perceptions of peers and norms
Social norms prevention suggestions
Situational risk factors and the campus situational prevention approach
Prevention recommendation: Utilize the Campus Situational Prevention Approach (CSPA)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: What we can learn about effective prevention from the treatment of individuals convicted of sex crimes
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of this chapter
A note on language
A note on generalizing findings from research on convicted sexual offenders to other populations
How strategies for assessing sexual offenders can inform intervention and prevention efforts
Approaches to sanctioning sexual misconduct
What we know about treatment of sexual offenders can inform prevention and intervention efforts
The challenges treatment providers face can inform intervention and prevention
What we know about community reentry to inform prevention and institutional responses to sexual misconduct
Summary and overarching implications for prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Aspiring to be an ally to end men’s violence against women and other social injustices: Lessons learned along the journey
Abstract
Lesson One—Acknowledge our own biases
Lesson Two: Notice and embrace uncomfortable situations
Lesson Three—Our liberation depends on the liberation of others
Lesson Four—Aspiring to be an ally is an active process
Lesson Five—Listen to and learn from the stories of others
Lesson Six—Acknowledge and make constructive use of privilege
Lesson Seven—Accountability to groups we want to an ally to
Lesson Eight—The need for acknowledgment and healing of personal hurts
Lesson Nine: Recognize and affirm “adversity strengths”
Lesson Ten—Difference is transcended when we can see each other as spiritual beings
Lesson Eleven—Practice nonviolence and nonharm as a way of life
References
Index

Lindsay M. Orchowski

Associate Professor (Research) at the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and a Staff Psychologist at Rhode Island Hospital. She completed her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at Ohio University, where she studied under the apprenticeship of Dr. Christine A. Gidycz in the Laboratory for the Study and Prevention of Sexual Assault. In concert with collaborators, she has published three prior evaluations of sexual assault prevention programs for college women (Gidycz et al., 2006; Orchowski et al., 2008; Gidycz et al., 2015), as well as prevention approaches for college men (Orchowski et al., 2018; Gidycz et al., 2011), and has authored work on the implementation of sexual assault prevention programs for men (Gidycz et al., 2011), and the supervision of such work (Orchowski et al., 2011). As a Principal Investigator, she completed a NIAAA-funded research examining sexual assault prevention with college men, and is currently the Principal Investigator of two CDC-funded evaluations of sexual assault prevention, risk reduction, and bystander intervention programming among high school and middle school students, and a Department of Defense Funded evaluation of sexual assault prevention for men in the military. She has previously published Sexual Assault Risk Reduction and Resistance: Theory, Research and Practice with Elsevier, as well as Engaging Boys and Men in Sexual Assault Prevention: Theory, Research and Practice with American Psychological Association.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Alan Berkowitz

Dr. Alan Berkowitz received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Cornell University in 1981 and is a New York State licensed Psychologist. At Hobart and William Smith Colleges he developed one of the first rape prevention programs for men in the United States for men, was co-director of the college's highly regarded Men and Masculinity Program and chaired the Prejudice Reduction Task Force. He edited or co-edited two of the first books on men’s responsibility for preventing sexual assault and is highly regarded for his extensive research, training, and theoretical contributions to this topic. He was the Editor and founder of The Report on Social Norms, and has over forty-five years of experience in higher education as a trainer, psychologist, faculty member, and Counseling Center Director. Dr. Berkowitz is currently an independent consultant who helps colleges, universities, public health agencies, military organizations, and communities design programs that address health and social justice issues. His lecture and workshop topics include: changing campus, community and military base culture, effective drug and sexual assault prevention strategies, reducing prejudice, racial identity theory, multicultural issues, alcohol and sexual assault, men's responsibility for preventing sexual assault, developing alliances across differences, and understanding today's youth. He is a Fellow of the American College Health Association, has been recognized by the American College Personnel Association for his "Outstanding Contributions to Men's Issues”, and is a sexual assault prevention Subject Matter Expert for the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard and National Guard.

Affiliations and expertise

Independent Researcher and Consultant, Mount Shasta CA, USA